英語演講的藝術(shù)weekthree課件

英語演講的藝術(shù)weekthree英語演講的藝術(shù)weekthree英語演講的藝術(shù)weekthreeAsampleofthetopics:Acupuncture針灸BreastcancerComputerDuFuEnvironmentFreetradeGeneticengineeringHainanislandInternetfraudJadeKitesLeonardodaVinciMountTaiNeo-ConfucianismOlympicMathPekingOperaQiuJinRobotsStudyabroadTempleofHeavenUnitedNationsVolunteeringWomen’sgymnasticsXuankongSiYogaZoosAsampleofthetopics:Acupuncture針灸BreastcancerComputerDuFuEnvironmentFreetradeGeneticengineeringHainanislandInternetfraudJadeKitesLeonardodaVinciMountTaiNeo-ConfucianismOlympicMathPekingOperaQiuJinRobotsStudyabroadTempleofHeavenUnitedNationsVolunteeringWomen’sgymnasticsXuankongSiYogaZoosThisarrayoftopicsisfromAtoZ.Itjusthappenednaturally.There’reliterallyendlesspossibilitiesforspeechtopics-fromAtoZ.ChoosingaTopicTopic:thesubjectofaspeech.Firststepinspeechmaking.Thetopicisdeterminedby:occasion,audience,speaker’squalifications.TwoBroadCategoriesofTopics

Subjectsyouknowalotabout.Subjectsyouwanttoknowmoreabout.TopicsYouKnowaLotAboutMostpeoplespeakbestaboutsubjectswithwhichtheyaremostfamiliar.Thinkatopic,drawonyourownknowledgeandexperience.Hereareafewexamplesoftopicsbasedonyourpersonalknowledge:HowtoHaveaSuccessfulJobInterviewChangchun:TheMovieCityofChinaATourofNanhuLakeMigraineHeadache:YouCanLiveWithItTopicsYouWanttoKnowMoreAboutMakeyourspeechalearningexperience.Asubjectaboutwhichyoualreadyhavesomeknowledgeorexpertisebutnotenoughtoprepareaspeechwithoutdoingadditionalresearch.Wanttoexploreforthefirsttime.Subjectsaboutwhichyouholdstrongopinionsandbeliefs,suchas:Nationalorinternationalconcernssuchasglobalwarming,mediaviolence,orstock-marketregulations.Avoidpoliticaltopics.Brainstorming

forTopicsBrainstorming:amethodofgeneratingideasforspeechtopicsbyfreeassociationofwordsandideas.Procedures:1.Personalinventory2.Clustering3.InternetsearchPersonalInventory盤點法Makeaquickinventoryofyourexperiences,interests,hobbies,skills,beliefs,andsoforth.Jotdownanythingthatcomestomind.Fromthislistmaycomeageneralsubjectareaoutofwhichyoucanfashionaspecifictopic.Clustering聚類法Takeasheetofpaperanddivideitintoninecolumnsasfollows:People,Places,Things,Events,Processes,Concepts,NaturalPhenomenon,Problems,PlansandPolicies.Listineachcolumnthefirstfourorfiveitemsthatcometomind.Result:People:myfamily;MaoZedong;YangLiwei;GuoJingjing.Places:myhometown;myprovince;ThreeGorges;Dujiangyan.Things:cellphones;MP3;movies;cartoons.Events:graduation;marriage;OlympicGames;WorldCup.Processes:dreaming;takingphotographs;cookingYunnanfood;carvingjade.Concepts:Buddhism;multiculturalism;medicalethics;feminism.NaturalPhenomenon:earthquakes;tsunami(海嘯);glaciers;iceage.Problems:cybercrime;childhoodobesity;collegeentranceexam;divorce.PlansandPolicies:developingsolarpower;changinggraduationrequirements;buildinganewcomputercenter;recycling.Sublistsformovies,ThreeGorges,andYangLiwei:Movies:AcademyAwards;prizes;lotteries;gambling.ThreeGorges:YangtzeRiver;Chongqing;mountains;flooding.YangLiwei:astronauts;spaceprogram;moon;aliens.InternetSearchConnecttoasubject-basedWesit.BaiduBYahoo!DLibrarian’sIndextotheInternet-Whateverthemeansyouuseforselectingatopic,startearly!Jotdownideasfortopicsastheyoccurtoyou.DeterminingtheGeneralPurposeGeneralpurpose:thebroadgoalofaspeech.Toinform:actasateacherorlecturer,giveinformation.Topersuade:actasanadvocateorapartisan,winoveryourlistenerstoyourpointofview-gogetthemtobelievesomethingordosomething.DeterminingtheSpecificPurposeSpecificpurpose:asingleinfinitivephrasethatstatespreciselywhataspeakerhopestoaccomplishinhisorherspeech.Forexample:Toinformmyaudienceaboutrecentdiscoveriesofdinosaurfossils.Toinformmyaudienceaboutthebenefitsofmusictherapyforpeoplewithpsychologicaldisabilities.Topersuademyaudiencethatpersonalhappinessismoreimportantthanfinancialsuccess.Topersuademyaudiencethatthenationwidecollegeentranceexaminationisthebestwaytoselectqualifiedstudent.Thesespecificpurposestatementsaresoclear.Theystatewhatthespeakerwantstosayandwhatthespeakerwantstheaudiencetoknow.Ithelpskeeptheaudienceatthecenterofyourattention.TipsforTheSpecificPurposeStatementFormulatingaspecificpurposeisthemostimportantearlystepindevelopingasuccessfulspeech.WritethePurposeStatementasaFullInfinitivePhraseIneffective:Calendars.MoreEffective:Toinformmyaudienceaboutthefourmajorkindsofcalendarsusedintheworldtoday.Theineffectivestatementisadequateasanannouncementofthespeechtopic.Butitisnotthoughtoutfullyenoughtoindicatethespecificpurpose.ExpressYourPurposeasaStatement,NotasaQuestionIneffective:WhatisHalloween?MoreEffective:ToinformmyaudienceaboutthehistoryofHalloweenfestivities.Thequestionmightarousethecuriosityofanaudience.Butit’snoteffectiveasaspecificpurposestatement.Itgivesnoindicationaboutwhatdirectionthespeechwilltakeorwhatthespeakerhopestoaccomplish.AvoidFigurativeLanguageinYourPurposeStatementIneffective:Toinformmyaudiencethatyogaisextremelycool.MoreEffective:Toinformmyaudiencehowyogacanimprovetheirhealth.Theineffectivestatementdoesn’tstateconciselywhatthespeakerwantstoachieve.Figurativelanguagecanreinforceideaswithinaspeech.Butitistooambiguousforaspecificpurposestatement.MakeSureYourSpecificPurposeIsNotTooVagueorGeneralIneffective:TopersuademyaudiencethatsomethingshouldbedoneaboutFraudulentlanddevelopers.MoreEffective:ToPersuademyaudiencethatharsherpenaltiesareneededtopreventthepracticesofFraudulentlanddevelopers.Theineffectivepurposestatementistoobroadandill-defined.Nocluesaboutwhatthespeakerbelievesshouldbedone.Themoreeffectivepurposestatementrevealsclearlywhatthespeakerplanstodiscuss.Themorepreciseyourspecificpurpose,theeasiertoprepareyourspeech.Comparethefollowingtopicandspecificpurpose:Topic:Hot-air-balloons.SpecificPurpose:Toinformmyaudienceabouthot-air-balloons.Topic:Hot-air-balloons.SpecificPurpose:Toinformmyaudienceaboutthescientificusesofhot-air-balloons.ChooseaSpecificPurposeThatIsAppropriateforYourAudienceNomatterhowwellyouconstructyourspeeches,theyarelikelytofallflatunlessyouspeakaboutmattersofinteresttoyourlisteners.Makesureyourspecificpurposeisnottootechnicalforyouraudience.Makethenumberofjargonsassmallaspossible.ChooseaSpecificPurposeYouCanAchieveintheAllottedTimeClassroomspeechesareusuallyquiteshort,rangingfrom2to8minutes.Nomatterwhattheaudienceoroccasion,makesureyouhaveaspecificpurposethatyoucanreasonablyhopetoachieveintheallottedtime.PhrasingtheCentralIdeaCentralidea:aone-sentencestatementthatsumsuporencapsulatesthemajorideasofaspeech.Aconcisestatementofwhatyouexpecttosay.Expressedasasimple,declarativesentencethatrefinesandsharpensthespecificpurposestatement.Residualmessage:whataspeakerwantstheaudiencetorememberafterithasforgotteneverythingelseinaspeech.Mostofthetimethecentralideawillencapsulatethemainpointstobedevelopedinthebodyofthespeech.Forexample:Topic:Qipao.GeneralPurpose:Toinform.SpecificPurpose:Toinformmyaudienceofthehistory,styles,andculturalimpactofQipao.CentralIdea:Qipaowascreatedinthe1920s,comesinanumberofstyles,andhasexertedsignificantculturalimpactonChinesewomen.Thespeakerstartswithabroadsubject(Qipao)thatbecomesnarrowerandnarrowerasthespeakermovesfromthegeneralpurposetothespecificpurposetothecentralidea.Settleonaspecificpurposeearly.Thendoyourresearchanddecideonthemainpoints.TipsfortheCentralIdeaMakesurethecentralideaisnottoogeneral.Expressthecentralideaasafullsentence.Statethecentralideaasadeclarativesentence,notasaquestion.Avoidfigurativelanguageinthecentralidea.MakeSuretheCentralIdeaIsNotTooGeneralIneffective:Banningviolentcontentontelevisionisagoodidea.MoreEffective:Becauseviolentcontentontelevisionincreasesantisocialbehaviorinyoungchildren,itshouldbebannedonweekendsandbefore9:00p.m.onschoolnights.TheIneffectiveistoogeneral.Notconveythespeaker’sviewpointsharplyandclearly.Whatdoesthespeakermeanbya“goodidea”?TheMoreEffectiverevealsexactlywhatthespeakerthinksshouldbedone,andwhy.ExpresstheCentralIdeaasaFullSentenceIneffective:Greenteaversusblacktea.MoreEffective:Despitedifferentmethodsofpreparation,greenteaandblackteaarebothmadefromtheleavesofCamelliasinensisandbothhavetheir