rvorgcr歸屬學(xué)苑教育隸屬于科技開(kāi)發(fā)中心

25145A、B兩節(jié)，A節(jié)為段落閱讀，第一章英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)（注重結(jié)構(gòu)性）以及閱讀理解題材的特點(diǎn)（以說(shuō)明文、議為主）決定了它的例：Globally,mostsmokersstartsmokingbeforetheageof18,withalmostaquarterofthosebeginningbeforetheageof10.Theyoungerchildrenarewhentheyfirsttrysmoking,themorelikelytheyareto eregulartobaccousersandthelesslikelytheyaretoquit.Astronglinkbetweenadvertisingandsmokinginyoungpeoplehasbeenproven.Themoreawareandappreciativeyoungpeopleareoftobaccoadvertising;themorelikelytheyaretosmokeorsaytheyintendto.Asaresult,thetobaccoindustryspendsbillionsofdollarsworldwideeachyearspreadingitsmarketingnetaswidelyaspossibletoattractyoungcustomers.Tobaccocompaniesmarkettheirproductswhereveryouthcanbeeasilyaccessed—inthemovies,ontheInternet,infashionmagazines,andatmusicconcertsandsportsevents.Inresponsetothisthreat,WorldNoTobaccoDay2008nsforatotalbanonallformsoftobaccoadvertising,promotionandsponsorshipbythetobaccoindustry.（1）獨(dú)立主格表伴隨狀語(yǔ)…withalmostaquarterofthosebeginningbeforetheageof（2）慣用句型…Theyounger…themorelikely…andthelesslikely…;Themoreawareandappreciative…themorelikely…詞匯慣用搭配…spendsbillionsofdollarsworldwideeachyearspreadingitsmarketingnetaswidelyaspossibletoattract…地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句…whereveryouthcanbeeasily1：WiththepossibleexceptionofequalrightsperhapsthemostcontroversialissueacrosstheUnitedStatestodayisdeathpenaltyManyarguethatitisaneffectivedeterrent（威懾）tomurder，whileothersmaintainthereisnoconvincingevidencethatthedeathpenaltyreducesthenumberofmurders.Theprincipalargumentadvancedbythoseopposedtothedeathpenalty，basicallyisthatitiscruelandinhumanpunishment，thatitisthemarkofabrutalsociety，andfinallythatitisofquestionableeffectivenessasadeterrenttocrimeanyway.Inouropinion，thedeathpenaltyisanecessaryevil.Throughouttherecordedhistorytherehavealwaysbeenthoseextremeindividualsineverysocietywhowerecapableofterriblyviolentcrimessuchasmurder.Butsomearemoreextremethanothers.Forexample，itisonethingtotakethelifeofanotherisafitofblindrage，butquiteanothertocoldlyplotandcarryoutthemurderofoneormorepeopleinthestyleofabutcher.Thus，murder，likeallothercrimes，isamatterofrelativedegree.Whileitcouldbearguedwithsomeconvictionthatthecriminalinthefirstinstanceshouldbemerelyisolatedfromsociety，suchshouldnotbethefateofthelattertypeofmurder.Thevalueofthedeathpenaltyasadeterrenttocrimemaybeopentodebate.Buttheoverwhelmingmajorityofcitizensbelievethatthedeathpenaltyprotectsthem.TheirbeliefisreindbyevidencewhichshowsthatthedeathpenaltydetersmurderForexample，from1954to1963，whenthedeathpenaltywasconsistentlyimposedinCalifornia，themurderrateremainedbetweenthreeandfourmurdersforeach100，000population.Since1964thedeathpenaltyhasbeenimposedonlyonce，andthemurderratehasarisento10.4murdersforeach100，000population.Thesharpclimbinthestate’smurderrate，whichbeganwhenexecutionsstopped，isnocoincidence.Itisconvincingevidencethatthedeathpenaltydoesdetermanymurderers.Ifthebillreestablishingthedeathpenaltyisvetoed（否決，innocentpeoplewillbemurdered—somewhoselivesmayhavebeensavedifthedeathpenaltywereineffect.Thisislillyalifeordeathmatter.Thelivesofthousandsofinnocentpeoplemustbeprotecte.1999年第六IntheUSA,85%ofthepopulationovertheageof21approveofthedeathpenalty.Inthemanystateswhichstillhavethedeathpenalty,someusetheelectricalchair，whichcantakeupto20minutestokill,whileothersusegasorlethalThefirstofthesewasthecaseofRuthElliswhowashangedforshootingherloverinwhatwasgenerallyregardedasacrimeofpassion.Thesecondwashangedformurderswhich,itwaslaterproved,hadbeencommittedbysomeoneelse.Thepro-hanginglobbyusesfourmainargumentstosupportitscallforthereintroductionofcapitalpunishment.First,thereisthedeterrencetheory，whicharguesthatthepotentialmurdererswouldthinktwicebeforecommittingtheactiftheyknewthattheymightdieiftheywerecaught.Thearmedbankrobbermight,gobacktobeingunarmed.Theothertwoargumentsaremore.Theideaofretributiondemandsthatcriminalsshouldgetwhattheydeserve:ifamurdererintentionallysetouttocommitacrime,heshouldaccepttheconsequences.Retribution,whichisjustanotherwordforrevenge,issupportedbythereligiousdoctrineofaneyeforaneyeandatoothforatooth.Theargumentsagainstthedeathpenaltyarelargelyhumanitarian.Buttherearealsostatisticalreasonsforopposingit:thedeterrencefiguredonotaddup.InBritain,1903wastherecordforexecutionsandyetin1904thenumberofmurdersactuallyrose.Therewasasimilaroccurrencein1946and1947.Ifthedeterrencetheorywerecorrect，therateshouldhavefallen.TheotherreasonstoopposethedeathpenaltyarelargelyamatterofindividualconscienceandOneisthatmurderismurderandthestatehasnomorerighttotakealifethantheindividual.TheotherisChristianityadvisesforgiveness,notrevenge.（1997年第一篇）分析：這兩篇都是討論人對(duì)問(wèn)題爭(zhēng)論的文章。由于這兩篇文章探討的題材類(lèi)似，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)它們同時(shí)使用了同一批詞匯，即用黑體突出了的詞匯，它們都屬于司法領(lǐng)域的詞匯?？忌梢栽陂喿x理解的基礎(chǔ)上，將它們集中。這樣做的好處有三點(diǎn)：第一，通過(guò)上下文單詞，不容易忘記；第二，通過(guò)同類(lèi)閱讀題材的重復(fù)，可以使這批與相關(guān)的詞匯不斷復(fù)現(xiàn)，加深(一)dogoodto，defect，weakness，drawback，ing，flaw，obstacle，negative，problem，block，crisis，(二)有影響：yarolein，haveeffect(四)前果后因：becausedby，beattributedto，resultfrom，putdown(五)減少：cutdown，cutbackon，decline，decrease，reduce，drop，godown，diminish，lower，lessen，語(yǔ)篇無(wú)論是口頭表達(dá)，還是表達(dá)，都必須渾然一體、內(nèi)在統(tǒng)一、意思連貫、銜接適當(dāng)、邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。以形式表達(dá)的閱讀理解短文中，語(yǔ)篇的連貫主要是通過(guò)連接；連接的方式多種多樣。earlier，former，previous等，副詞already，before，ago，beforehand，earlier，firstbeforethat，beforethis，inadvance，beforenow，notlongbefore，bynow，bythen，untilthen，untilnow，uptothen，uptonow等都可以充當(dāng)先時(shí)性關(guān)聯(lián)成分。例如：Hefinallyhandedinagoodessay.HispreviousessayswereallveryIfyouwanttohavedinnerinthisrestaurantatthistimeoftheday，you’dbettermakeareservationin在這個(gè)例子中，inadvance表明了makeareservation這個(gè)動(dòng)作需發(fā)生在havedinnerinthisrestaurantatthistimeoftheday之前。同時(shí)性關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)是指那些用來(lái)表示兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上同時(shí)發(fā)生的詞語(yǔ)，如形容詞then等，以及介詞詞組atthispoint，intheme，inthemeanwhile，atthesametime等都可以充當(dāng)同時(shí)性關(guān)聯(lián)成分。例如：ThedeathofthewasreportedthisafternoononCairoradio.AsimultaneousannouncementwasbroadcastfromBaghdad.Iwenttocollegetwoyearsago.Meanwhile，allmyfriendsbeganto在這個(gè)例子中，meanwhile表明了前后兩句話(huà)中涉及的兩個(gè)是在同一階段發(fā)生的，因此起連接soon等，以及介詞詞組afterawhile，inamoment，afterthis，afterthat等都可以充當(dāng)后時(shí)性關(guān)聯(lián)成例如：Themotherwenttothesupermarkettobuysomefoodathalfpastfour.Later，shepickedupherchildrenatschool.WevisitedtheGreatWallonthefirstdaywhenwearrivedinBeijing.Inthefollowingdays，wevisitedmanyothercesofinterestsinBeijingincludingtheForbiddenCity，theTempleofHeavenandtheSummerPhefollowingdays的意思是“在隨后的幾天里”followingthefirstdaywhenwearrivedinBeijing形成了對(duì)照，使前后兩句話(huà)在時(shí)間上形成地點(diǎn)關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)(也稱(chēng)空間關(guān)聯(lián)成分)主要指能用來(lái)表示位置、方向、地點(diǎn)等意義的詞語(yǔ)。下面這些詞語(yǔ)(有的要和其他詞語(yǔ)連用)都可以作地點(diǎn)關(guān)聯(lián)成分：abovearound，before，below，beyond，right，opposite，ontopof，over，under，up，inside，outside，atthebottomof等。例如：OnThursdayevening，Iwasatthefrontdoortalkingtoacaller.Suddenlyweheardacrashandtwocarscollidedjustopposite.Wehurriedacrosstoseeifwecouldhelp.Onedriverwasscramblingout，bleedingprofusely，andmyvisitorhelpedhimovertothepavement.Thenalongcamesomepeople，runningupthestreet.Idashedbackinandphonedforhelp.WhenIwentoutagain，theotherdrivertryingtomovehiscardowntheroadalittleandintotheside.供了指向意義，點(diǎn)明了發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)參考點(diǎn)，這樣justopposite指的就是敘述者當(dāng)時(shí)站的地方的across表示的意思是到敘述者當(dāng)時(shí)站的地方的對(duì)面去。upthestreetdownthestreet形成了對(duì)比。back的含義是“我”out表示“我”又從家里出來(lái)。overtothepavement表示邏輯聯(lián)系語(yǔ)指的是表示各種邏輯意義的句子連接。邏輯聯(lián)系語(yǔ)的功能是表示兩個(gè)或的句子之間的某種邏輯關(guān)系，并句子是在什么意義上相互聯(lián)系起來(lái)的。邏輯聯(lián)系語(yǔ)還可用來(lái)表明wordsconsideringallthat，toconclude，allthingsconsidered，thatistosay，whatismore，whatismoreimportant等。大類(lèi)下，又分出了“增補(bǔ)”(andandalsofurthermorebesidesinaddition)“否定”(norand..not)“選擇”(or，orelse，alternatively)、“說(shuō)明”(thatis，Imean，inotherwords)、“示例”(forinstance，thus)、相似”(likewisesimilarlyinthesameway、反意”(ontheotherhandbycontrast、事后補(bǔ)充”(ally，bytheway)等幾個(gè)小類(lèi)。Iwanttogivejusttwopiecesofadvice.Onethereisnoreasonwhyheshouldknowaboutyourdecision.Two，itwouldbebetterifyouactedbeforehefindsout.frsecod...tobeginwith，tostartwith，forastart；neat，then，last，finally，inconclusion，lastofall，toconcludewhatismore等來(lái)表示，例如：1：I’mnotlookingforajobFurthermore，Iamnotgoingtolookfora2：ThepubliccanseethepaintingsnextweekWhatismoretheycanbuythemforaslittleastendollars3：Thehousefacesnorth，soitnevergetsthesunAlso，itisrathersame，infact，atthesametime，ontheotherhand，asamatteroffact，bycontrast，while，whereas等例1：Therewillstillbedifficulties.Buttheycan 3：Hedidnotshowanyonethepapers.Instead，assoonashegotachance，heburnt述。能表示這一語(yǔ)義關(guān)系的有：thatis，thatistosay，namely，forexample，forinstance，suchas，inotherwords，toputitanotherway等。例如：1：HeisascholarwhoisdevotedtohisresearchtoareprehensibleextentThatistosay，heneglectshisfamilyanddoesnotfulfillhisresponsibilitiesasacitizen.2：Itisimportantthatyoungchildrenshouldseethings，andnotmerelyreadaboutthemForexample，itisvaluableexperiencetotakethemonatriptoafarm.而，有時(shí)也可把這種語(yǔ)義關(guān)系稱(chēng)為同位，用于表示等同的邏輯聯(lián)系語(yǔ)很多，常見(jiàn)的有：equally，2：HeisbeingafoolInotherwords，heisbehaving如becauseof，onaccountof，owingto，thanksto等。例如：例1：Mrs.Cox’sfavoritesubjectisli ture，andhermostexcitingclassesarethoseontheli tureofBlackAmericans.ForMrs.Cox，likemostofthestudentsinherschool,isBlack.2：WhenIsawherintheriverIwasfrightenedForatthatpointthecurrentswereaccordingly，consequently，hence，now，so，therefore，thus，asaconsequence，inconsequence，forthatreason，asaresult，ofcourse等詞語(yǔ)表示。例如：1：Hewastoosicktostay.Accordingly,wesenthim例 swerenotready.Consequently，wecouldnotsign3：TheyrefusedtopaythehigherrentwhenanincreasewasannouncedAsaresulttheywereevictedfromtheirapartment.brief，onthewhole，toconclude，tosumup，tosummarize等。例如：例1：Helosthiswatch，hiscarbrokedown,andhegotaletterofcomintfromacustomer:allinall,hehadabadday.2：Thefilmhasaveryunusualplotwithplentyofaction.Boththeactingandphotographyareexcellent.Tosumup,thisisafilmyoushouldnotmiss.第二章OurhopeandvisionwastoforgeaSino-Americanrelationshipwhichwouldcontributetoworldpeaceandthewelfareofourtwopeoples.Iallylookedupontheforgin（鍛造）offirmSino-Americantiesasahistoricallysignificantexperiment.Question:TheSino-AmericanrelationshipisofgreatimportancebecauseThetwonationsaredifferentintheirThetwonationsarebigTheworldpeaceandthewelfareofthetwopeoplesmaybefurtherThetwonationsbelongtodifferent Onereasonthatstudentevaluationsofteachershave esopopularisthattheyareeasytoadministerandtoscore.Buttheyalsoareeasytoabuse.Iftheyaretoshedmeaningfulllightonteachers’performance,theratingsmustbeusedinawaythatreflectsatleastsomeofwhatwe’velearnedaboutthemfromresearchandfromexperience.Question:ThecentralideaofthepassageisStudentratingsaretheonlysourceofinformationonteachingRatings ethemostwidelyused ofinformationonteachingBesidesstudentratings,thereareothermethodstoevaluateStudentratingsareverypopularandshouldbeproperlyMostofuscompareourselveswithanyonewethinkishappier---arelative,anacquaintance,oroften,someonewebarelyknow.Ioncemetayoungmanwhostruckmeasparticularlysuccessfulandhappy.Hespokeofhisloveforhisbeautifulwifeandtheirdaughters,andofhisjoyatbeingaradiotalk-showhostinacityheloved.Irememberthinkinghewasoneofthoseluckyfewforwhomeverythinggoeseffortlesslyright.ThenwestartedtalkingabouttheInternet.Heblessed(祝福）itsexistence,hetoldme, becausehecouldlookupinformationonmultiplesclerosis(硬化癥）--theterriblediseaseafflictinghiswife.Ifeltlikeafoolforassumingnothingwrongexistedinhislife.Question:WhatwritingtechniqueisusedinthisA. C. D.Mr.GretzcalculatesthatifsolarenergyonlyprovidedthreepercentoftheEEC’sneeds,thiscouldstillproduceasavingofaboutabillionpoundsinthepresentbillforimportedenergyeachyearandhebelievesthatwiththepossibilityofutilizingmoreadvancedtechnologyinthisfielditmightbepossibletosatisfymuchbiggershareoftheCommunity’sfutureenergyneeds.Question:Theapplicationofadvancedtechnologytoresearchanddevelopmentinsolar wouldleadtoabigincreaseinresearchwouldmakeitunnecessarytoimportwouldmakeitpossibletomeetthefutureenergyneedsofthewouldprovideamuchgreaterproportionoftheCommunity’sfutureenergyAqualityeducationistheultimateliberator.Itcanpeoplefrompoverty,givingthemthepowertogreatlyimprovetheirlivesandtakeaproductiveceinsociety.Itcanalsocommunitiesandcountries,allowingthemtoleapforwardintoperiodsofwealthandsocialunitythatotherwisewouldnotbepossible.Actually,twobasicapproachesleadtothediscoveryofnewinformation.One,aimedatsatisfyingcuriosity,isreferredtoaspurescience.Theotherisaimedatusingknowledgeforspecificpurposes,forinstanceimprovinghealth,raisingstandardsofliving,orcreatingnewconsumerproducts.Inthiscaseknowledgeisputtoeconomicuse.Suchanapproachisreferredtoasappliedscience.7、HealthproblemsmentionedinthepassageincludeallthefollowingpoorhospitalconditionsinAngelaMerkelunderhealthfinancinginlongwaitinglinesinCanadaUnderattach=underfireEveryone,itseems,hasahealthproblem.AfterpouringbillionsintotheNationalHealthService,Britishpeoplemoanaboutdirtyhospitals,longwaitsandwastedmoney.InGermanythenewchancellor,AngelaMerkel,isunderfireforsuggestingchangingthefinancingofitshealthsystem.Canada’snewConservativePrimeMinister,StephenHarper,madeabigfussduringtheelectionaboutreducingthecountry’slengthymedicalqueues.Acrosstherichworld,affluence,ageingandadvancingtechnologyaredrivinguphealthspendingfasterthan FromthefirstParagraphwecaninferthatallofthefollowing sareeasilythrownintounemploymentEXCEPT Bstock C. DOfficejobsareamongthepositionshardesthitbycomputation(計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)化).Wordprocessorsandtypistswillloseabout93,000jobsoverthenextfewyears,while57,000secretarialjobswillvanish.BlamethePC:Today,manyexecutivestypetheirownmemoandcarrytheir“secretaries”inthepaoftheirhands.Timeisalsohardforstockclerks,whoseranksareexpectedtodecreaseby68,000.Andemployeesinmanufacturingfirmsandwholesalersarebeingrecedwithcomputerizedsystems.Which thefollowingisNOTthereasonforcollegestochangetheirATheypreferhighereducationBTheytrytogainadvantageinmarketCTheywanttoprojecttheirDTheyhopetomakesomeNameshavegainedincreasingimportanceinthecompetitiveworldofhighereducation.Ascollegesstriveformarketsharetheyarelookingfornamesthatprojecttheimagetheywantorreflectthechangestheyhopetomake.TrentonStateCollege,forexample,becametheCollegeofNewJerseynineyearsagowhenitbeganraisingadmissionsstandardsandappealingtostudentsfromthroughoutthestate.“AllIhearhighereducationis,Brand,brand,brand,”saidTimWesterbeck,whospecializesinbrandingandismanagingdirectorofLipmanHearne,amarketingfirmbasedinChicagothatworkswithuniversitiesandothernonprofitorganizations.“Therehasbeenaseachangeoverthelast10years.Marketingusedtobealmostadirtywordinhighereducation.Theword“savvy”(Line2Para.2)probably A. B. D.Withalmosthalfallmarriagesendingdivorce,menandwomenarerealizingtheyneedtobefinanciallysavvy,regardlessofwhethertheyareinrelationship.Theword“illusory”(Para,4)isclosestinmeaning A. B. C. D.DanielKahnman,aNobel-PrizewinnerandPrincetoneconomist,andcolleagues,recentlydeclaredthatthenotionthatmakingalotofmoneywillproducegoodoverallmoodis“mostlyillusory”.Theynotedthatinonestudy,membersofthe egroupwerealmosttwiceaslikelytocallthemselves“veryhappy”aspeoplefromhouseholdswith esbelow$20000.Butotherstudies,ratherthanaskingforasummaryestimateofhappiness,followpeoplethroughthedayandrepeatedlyrecordtheirfeeling.Thesestudiesshowlesseffectof eonhappiness,Kahnemanandcolleaguessaid.Innationswhereworkerscanproducealargetyofgoodsandservicesperunitoftime,mostpeopleenjoyahighstandardofliving;innationswhereworkersarelessproductive,mostpeoplemustendureamoremeagerexistence.Theword“meager”inthesecondparagraphisclosestinmeaningto A. B. C. D.AccordingtothepassagetheJavik-7artificialheartprovedto A.atechnical B.atechnicalC.agoodlife- D.aneffectivetotreatheartJustsevenyearsago,theJarvik-7artificialheartcheeredasthemodelofhumancreativeness.ThesightofBarneyClark-aliveandconsciousaftertradinghisdiseasedheartformetal-and-sticpump—convincedthepress,thepublicandmanydoctorsthatthefuturehadarrived.Ithadn’t.AftermonitoringproductionoftheJarvik-7,andreviewingitseffectsonthe150orsopatients,theU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationconcludedthatthemachinewasngmoretoendangerliversthantosavethem.Lastweektheagencycancelleditsearlierapproval,effectivelybanningthedevice.Whileregulatedecotourismcanhelpconservationeffortsbyencouragingpeopletomanageendangeredspeciesandtheirhabitats,manyprojectsarepoorlydesignedandunregulated,itsays.“Manyecotouristprojectsareunaudited,unauthorizedandmerelyhinttheyarebasedonenvironmentallyfriendlypoliciesandoperations.”AccordingtoNewScientist,manyecotourist reallyencouragepeopletoprotectwildlifeanditsactuallylackproperexaminationandofficialseriouslydamagethehabitatsofendangeredThehugegrowthofglobal“ecotourism”industry inganincreasingconcernconservationistswithmountingevidencethatmanywildspeciesdonotrespondwelltocontactwithhumanbeings.Overexposuretotouristshasbeenlinkedtostress,abnormalbehaviorandadversehealtheffectsinspeciessuchaspolarbears,dolphinsandgorillas(大猩猩)，saysareportinNewScientist.Accordingtothepassage,thegrowthintheglobal“ecotourism” reflectsanincreasingconcernforarousesagrowingconcernforcoincideswithamountingconcernfororiginatesfromagreaterconcernforPathInligence,aBritish trackedpeople’sphonesatGunwharfQuays,alargeretailcentreinPortsmouth-notbymonitoringcalls,butbyplottingthepositionsofhandsetsastheytransmitautomaticallytocellularnetworks.Itfoundthatwhendwelltimerose1%salesrose1.3%.WhathappenedatGunwharfQuaysshowedthatsales wasindirectproportiontodwellwasreverselylinkedtodwellwasaffectedmorebyfootfallthanbydwellwasaffectedmorebydwelltimethanbyDiegoChiapello,legallyblindsincebirth,isn’toneofItaly’sfamous“mama’sboys”wholivewiththeirparentsintoadulthood.The27-year-oldlivesaloneinMilan,worksasanetworkadministrator,lovesdivinganddreamsofsailingacrosstheAtlanticwithasight-impaired（有視力的）crew.Obviously,he’snotyouraveragedisabled butespeciallysoinItaly.Inthispassage,Chiapelloiscitedasanexample unusualdisabled B.courageousblindC.typicalhandicapped D.vulnerabledisabledMissWorldorganizersclaimthatcontestantsarejudgedonqualitiesotherthanjusttheirphysicalappearance.ButJacquelineGold,England’srepresentativeatthisyear’scontest,wasnotchosenbecauseofheracademicrecord.TheMissWorldWebsitestatesthatshe“l(fā)eftschoolhavinggainedmanycomputerqualifications,andsinFirstAidandLiftSaving.”meaning,notmuchofaneducation.(2007)TheauthorusesJacquelineGoldasanexampletoshowheracademicrecordwasveryshehadgainedmanyqualificationsandcontestantsarejudgedonphysicalcontestantsarejudgedontheirIntheUSA,85%ofthepopulationovertheageof21approveofthedeathpenalty.Inthemanystateswhichstillhavethedeathpenalty,someusetheelectricalchair,whichcantakeupto20minutestowhileothersusegasorlethalAllofthefollowingdeathpenaltymethodsarementionedinthepassage A.theelectrical B.thelethalC.thepoisonous D.theOntheotherhand,don’texpectAmericanstobeknowledgeableaboutinternationalgeographyorworldaffairs,unlessthosesubjectsdirectlyinvolvetheUnitedStates.BecausetheUnitedStatesisnotsurroundedbymanyothernations,someAmericanstendtoignoretherestoftheworld.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUEaccordingtotheAmericandonotliketodependonotherFriendshipsamongAmericansarepronetobeAmericansknowalotaboutinternationalAmericansalwaysseemtobeTraditionalinstitutions,suchasschoolsandcolleges,willprovidetrainingatsomenon-traditionalcesoflearning,suchassupermarkets,pubs,andchurches.Thetheoryisthatinsuchcesstudentswillfeelmoreatease,andthereforewillbebettermotivated,thaninaclassroom.AllthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPT pupilscanlearnskillsoutsidethestudentswillbebettermotivatedinathenewschemesareintendedtoimprovetheskillsofBritain’straditionalteachingmethodscannotsatisfytheneedsofindividualThemediacanimpactcurrentevents.AsagraduatestudentatBerkeleyinthe1960s,IrememberexperiencingtheeventsrelatedtothePeople’sParkthatwereoccurringoncampus.SomeoftheseeventsweregivennationalmediacoverageinthepressandonTV.Ifounditinterestingtocomparemyimpressionsofwhatwasgoingonwithperceptionsobtainedfromthenewsmedia.Icouldbegintoseeeventsofthattimefeedonnewscoverage.Thisalsoprovidedmewithsomehealthyinsightsintothedistinctionsbetweentheserealities.AllthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPT alltheeventsoccurringontheuniversitycampusatBerkeleyweregivennationalmediacoverageofthe1989SanFranciscoearthquakegavetheviewerstheimpressionoftotalelectronicmediacanextendone’scontactwiththethoselivingfarawayfromacertaineventcanalsohavesomeperceptionofrealitiesbywatchingIntheory,annualperformancereviewsareconstructiveandpositive ctionsbetweenandemployeesworkingtogethertoattain umperformanceandstrengthentheorganization.Inreality,theyoftencreatedivision,underminemorale,andsparkangerandlousy.Thusalthoughtheobjectoftheannualperformancereviewistoimproveperformance,itoftenhastheoppositeresult.AllthefollowingarementionedasthedrawbacksofannualperformancereviewsEXCEPT reducingcreating inducing第三章實(shí)PartIII prehension(25points) Directions:Inthissection,therearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatements,eachwithfoursuggestedanswersA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestanswerandmarkyouranswerontheAnswerPassageSometimesaraceisnotenough.Sometimesarunnerjustwantstogofurther.That’swhathappenedtoDennisMartinandBrookeCurran.Martin,68,aretireddetectivefromNewYorkCity,tookuprunningafterhisfirstwifedied.Curran,46,aphilanthropist(慈善家）fromAlexandria,startedrunningtogetoutofthehouseandcollectherthoughts.BothsheandMartingotgoodatrunningbutfeltthedesiretodomore.“ThemoreItrained,thebetterIgot,”Curransaid,”butIwouldcrossthefinishlinewithnosenseof Eventually,theyworkeduptorunningmarathons(）（andlongerraces)inothercountries,onothercountries.Nowbothhaveachievedanotable-andincreasinglylessrate- tone;runningthe26.2-raceonallsevencontinents.Theyarepartofaphenomenonthathasgrownoutoftherunningcultureinthepasttwodecades,attheintersectionofathleticismandleisure:“runcations,”whichcombinedistancerunningwithtraveltoexoticces.Theretrips,asexpensiveastheyarephysicallychallenging,areagrowingandcompetitivemarketinthetravelindustry.“Inthebeginning,runningwasenough,”saidSteenAlbrech,apressmanager.“Theclassicmarathonwastheultimategoal,thencamethesupermarathons,likeLondonandNewYork.Butwhen90,000peopleayearcantakethatchallenge,itisnolongerexcitingandadventurous.Hence,thesearchfornewadventuresbegan.”“Noonecouldeverhaveimaginedthatrunningwould ethelifestyleactivitythatitistoday,”saidThomGilligan,founderandofBoston-basedMarathonToursandTravel.Gilligan,whohasbeeninbusinesssince1979,ispartlyresponsiblefortheseven-continentphenomenon.Itstartedwithacasualtalktoaninterviewerabouthis offeringtripstoeverycontinentexceptAntarctica.Andthenin1995,MarathonTourshosteditsfirstAntarcticaMarathononKingGeorgeIsland.OffthetipoftheAntarcticPeninsula:160runnersgottothestartinglineofadirt-andice-trailrouteviaaRussianicebreakerthroughtheDrakePassage.Atthebeginning,Martintookuprunningjust meetrequirementsofhis B.winarunningC.joininaphilanthropic D.getawayfromhisMartinandCurranarementionedasgoodexamples winnersinthe26.2-raceonallsevenpeoplewhoenjoylongrunningasalifestylerunningracerssatisfiedwiththeirownoldpeoplewholiveanactivelifeafterAnewtrendinthetravelindustryisthedevelopment B.professionalC.Antarcticatravel D.expensiveTheclassicmarathonnolongersatisfiessomepeople itdoesnotprovideenough B.itmaybetoughandC.itinvolvestoofiercea D.ithasattractedtoomanyThefirstAntarcticaMarathononKingGeorgeIslandindicates internationalcooperationisamusttosuchanruncationsareexpensiveandphysicallyMarathonToursisaleaderofthetraveladventurousrunning eincreasinglyPassageBeforethe1970s,collegestudentsweretreatedaschildren.Somanycollegesraninlocoparentissystem.“Inlocoparentis”isaLatintermmeaning“intheceofaparent.”Itdescribeswhensomeoneelseacceptsresponsibilitytoactintheinterestsofachild.ThisideadevelopedlongagoinBritishcommonlawtodefinetheresponsibilityofteacherstowardtheirstudents.Foryears,AmericancourtsupheldinlocoparentisincasessuchasGottversusBereaCollegein1913.Gottownedarestaurantoffcampus.Bereathreatenedtoexpelstudentswhoateatcesnotownedbytheschool.TheKentuckyhighcourtdecidedthatinlocoparentisjustifiedthatrule.InlocoparentismeantthatmaleandfemalecollegestudentsusuallyhadtoliveinseparateWomenhadtobebackattheirdormsbytenorelevenonschoolButinthe1960s,studentsbegantorulesandrestrictionslikethese.Atthesametime,courtsbegantosupportstudentswhowerebeingpunishedforpoliticalandsocialdissent.In1960,AlabamaStateCollegeexpelledsixstudentswhotookpartinacivilrightsTheysuedtheschoolandwon.AfterthatitbecameharderandhardertodefendinlocoAtthattime,studentswerenotconsideredadultsuntil21.Then,in1971,the24thamendmenttotheConstitutionsetthevotingageateighteen.Soinlocoparentisnolongerreallyapplied.Slowly,collegesbegantotreatstudentsnotaschildren,butasadults.Studentscametobeseenasconsumersofeducationalservices.GaryDickstein,anassistantviceatWrightS