2023年10月26日雅思閱讀考試真題及答案

20231026雅思的最一期考試，在上周末進(jìn)展，大家對(duì)自己的考試有信念嗎？跟著店鋪來(lái)一起看看2023年10月26日雅思閱讀考試真題及答案。Passage1：蝴蝶保護(hù)色Copyyourneighbour參考答案：ATHERE’Snoanimalthatsymbolisesrainforestdiversityquiteasspectacularlyasthetropicalbutterfly.Anyoneluckyenoughtoseethesecreaturesflittingbetweenpatchesofsunlightcannotfailtobeimpressedbythevarietyoftheirpatterns.Butwhydotheydisplaysuchcolourfulexuberance ？Untilrecently，thiswasalmostaspertinentaquestionasithadbeenwhenthe19th-centurynaturalists， armedonlywithbutterflynetsandinsatiablecuriosity， battledthroughtherainforests.Theseearlyexplorerssoonrealisedthatalthoughsomeofthebutterflies’brightcoloursaretheretoattractamate，othersarewarningsignals.Theysendoutamessagetoanypredators：“Keepoff，we’repoisonous.”Andbecausewearingcertainpatternsaffordsprotection，otherspeciescopythem.Biologistsusetheterm“mimicryrings”fortheseclustersofimpostorsandtheirevolutionaryidol.BButhere’stheconundrum.“Classicalmimicrytheorysaysthatonlyasingleringshouldbefoundinanyonearea，”explainsGeorgeBeccalonioftheNaturalHistoryMuseum，London.Theideaisthatineachlocalitythereshouldbejusttheonepatternthatbestprotectsitswearers.Predatorswouldquicklylearntoavoiditandeventuallyallmimeticspeciesinaregionshouldconvergeuponit.“Thefactthatthisispatentlynotthecasehasbeenoneofthemajorproblemsinmimicryresearch，”saysBeccaloni.Inpursuitofasolutiontothemysteryofmimeticexuberance，Beccalonisetoffforoneofthemegacentresforbutterflydiversity，thepointwherethewesternedgeoftheAmazonbasinmeetsthefoothillsofthe AndesinEcuador.“It’sexceptionallyrich， butcomparativelywellcollected， soIprettymuchknewwhatwasthere， saysBeccaloni.”Thetrickwastoworkouthowallthebutterflieswereorganisedandhowthisrelatedtomimicry.”CWorkingattheJatunSachaBiologicalResearchStationonthebanksoftheRioNapo，Beccalonifocusedhisattentiononagroupofbutterfliescalledithomiines.ThesedistantrelativesofBritain’sCamberwellBeautyareabundantthroughoutCentralandSouthAmericaandtheCaribbean.Theyarefamousfortheirbrightcolours，toxicbodiesandcomplexmimeticrelationships.“Theycancompriseupto85percentoftheindividualsinamimicry ringandtheirpatternsaremimickednotjustbybutterflies，butbyotherinsectsasdiverseasdamselfliesandtruebugs，”saysPhilipDeVriesoftheMilwaukeePublicMuseum’sCenterforBiodiversityStudies.DEventhoughallithomiinesarepoisonous，itisintheirintereststoevolvetolooklikeoneanotherbecausepredatorsthatlearntoavoidonespecieswillalsoavoidothersthatresembleit.ThisisknownasMiillerianmimicry.Mimicryringsmayalsocontaininsectsthatarenottoxic，butgainprotectionbylookinglikesamodelspeciesthatis：anadaptationcalledBatesianmimicry.Sostrongisanexperiencedpredator’savoidanceresponsethatevenquiteineptresemblancegivessomeprotection.“Oftentherewillbeawholeseriesofspeciesthatmimic，withvaryingdegreesofverisimilitude，afocalormodelspecies，”saysJohnTurnerfromtheUniversityofLeeds.“Theresultsofthesedeceptionsaresomeofthemostexquisiteexamplesofevolutionknowntoscience.”Inadditiontocolour，manymimicscopybehavioursandeventheflightpatternoftheirmodelspecies.EButwhyaretheresomanydifferentmimicryrings？Oneideaisthatspeciesflyingatthesameheightintheforestcanopyevolvetolooklikeoneanother.“Ithadbeensuggestedsincethe1970sthatmimicrycomplexeswerestratifiedbyflightheight，”saysDeVries.Theideaisthatwingcolourpatternsarecamouflagedagainstthedifferentpatternsoflightandshadowateachlevelinthecanopy，providingafirstlineofdefenceagainstpredators.”Butthelightpatternsandwingpatternsdon’tmatchverywell，”hesays.Andobservationsshowthattheinsectsdonotshiftinheightasthedayprogressesandthelightpatternschange.Worsestill，accordingtoDeVries，thistheorydoesn’texplainwhythemodelspeciesisflyingatthatparticularheightinthefirstplace.F“WhenIfirstwentouttoEcuador，Ididn’tbelievetheflight height hypothesis and set out to test it，” saysBeccaloni.”Afewweekswiththecollectingnetconvincedmeotherwise.Theyreallyflewthatway.”Whathedidn’taccept，however，wastheexplanationaboutlightpatterns.“Ithought，ifthisideareallyistrue，andIcanworkoutwhy，itcouldhelpexplainwhytherearesomanydifferentwarningpatternsinanyoneplace.Thenwemightfinallyunderstandhowtheycouldevolveinsuchacomplexway.”ThejobwascomplicatedbythesheerdiversityofspeciesinvolvedatJatunSacha.Notonlywerethere 56 ithomiine butterfly species divided among eightmimicryrings， therewerealso69otherinsectspecies，including34day-flyingmothsandadamselfly，allina200-hectarestudyarea.Likemanyentomologistsbeforehim，Beccaloniusedalargebag-likenettocapturehisprey.Thisallowedhimtosamplethe2.5metresimmediatelyabovetheforestfloor.Unlikemanypreviousworkers，hekeptveryprecisenotesonexactlywherehecaughthisspecimens.GTheattentiontodetailpaidoff.Beccalonifoundthatthemimicryringswereflyingattwoquiteseparatealtitudes.“Theiruseoftheforestwasquitedistinctive，”herecalls.“Forexample，mostmembersoftheclear-wingedmimicryringwouldflyclosetotheforestfloor，whilethemajorityofthe12speciesinthetiger-wingedringflyhighup.”Eachmimicryringhaditsowncharacteristicflightheight.HHowever，thisbeingpracticeratherthantheory，thingswereabitfuzzy.“They’dspendthemajorityoftheirtimeflyingatacertainheight.Butthey’dalsospendasmallerproportionoftheirtimeflyingatotherheights，”Beccaloniadmits.Speciesweren’tstackedrigidlylikepassengerjetswaitingtoland，butydroeadene.osogood，buthestillhadn’texplainedwhatcausesthevariousgroupsofithomiinesandtheirchromaticconsortstoflyinformationsattheseparticularheights.IThenBeccalonihadabrightidea.“Istartedlookingatthedistributionofithomiinelarvalfoodplantswithinthecanopy，”hesays.“ForeachoneI’drecordtheheighttowhichthehostplantgrewandtheheightabovethegroundatwhichtheeggsorlarvaewerefound.OnceIgotthembacktothefieldstation’slab，itwasjustamatterofkeepingthemaliveuntiltheypupatedandthenhatchedintoadultswhichIcouldidentify.”1-5.E、B、G、F、D6-E、TRUE、NOTGIVEN、FALSE、NOTGIVEN、TRUE12-13.D、BPassage2：CRS企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任感參考答案：Themoralappeal---arguingthatcompanieshaveadutytobegoodcitizensandto“dotherightthing”---isprominentinthegoalofBusinessforSocialResponsibility， theleadingnonprofitCSRbusinessassociationintheUnitedStates.AAn excellentdefinitionwasdevelopedinthe1980s‘‘Meetingtheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.”Thenotionoflicensetooperatederivesfromthefactthateverycompanyneedstacitorexplicitpermissionfromgovernments，communities，andnumerousotherstakeholderstodobusiness.Finally，reputationisusedbymanycompaniestojustifyCSRinitiativesonthegroundsthattheywillimproveacompany’simage，strengthenitsbrand，enlivenmorale，andevenraisetheValueofitsstock.BToadvanceCSR，wemustrootitinabroadunderstandingoftheinterrelationshipbetweenacorporationandsociety.Tosaybroadlythatbusinessandsocietyneedeachothermightseemlikeacliché，butitisalsothebasictruththatwillpullcompaniesoutofthemuddlethattheircurrentcorporate-responsibilitythinkinghascreated.Successfulcorporationsneedahealthysociety.Education，healthcare，andequalopportunityareessentialtoaproductiveworkforce.Safeproductsandworkingconditionsnotonlyattractcustomersbutlowertheinternalcostsofaccidents.Efficientutilizationofland，water，energy，andothernaturalresourcesmakesbusinessmoreproductive.Goodgovernment，theruleofJaw，andpropertyrightsareessentialforefficiencyandinnovation.Anybusinessthatpursuesitsendsattheexpenseofthesocietyinwhichitoperateswillfinditssoeydy.tee，ahealthsocietyneedssuccessfulcompanies.Nosocialprogramnlesrntsogewealth，andinnovationthatimprovestandardsoflivingandsocialconditionsovertime.CAcompany’simpactonsocietyalsochangesovertime，associalstandardsevolveandscienceprogresses.Asbestos，nowunderstoodasaserioushealthrisk，wasthoughttobesafeintheearly1900s，giventhescientificknowledgethenavailable.Evidenceofitsrisksgraduallymountedformorethan50yearsbeforeanycompanywasheldliablefortheharmsitcancause.Manyfirmsthatfailedtoanticipatetheconsequencesofthisevolvingbodyofresearchhavebeenbankruptbytheresults.Nolongercancompaniesbecontenttomonitoronlytheobvioussocialimpactsoftoday.Withoutacarefulprocessforidentifyingevolvingsocialeffectsoftomorrow，firmsmayrisktheirverysurvival.DNobusinesscansolveallofsociety’sproblemsor bearthecostofdoingso.Instead，eachcompanymustselectissuesthatintersectwithitsparticularbusiness.Corporationsarenotresponsibleforalltheworld＇sproblems，nordotheyhavetheresourcestosolvethemall.Eachcompanycanidentifytheparticularsetofsocietalproblemsthatitisbestequippedtohelpresolveandfromwhichitcangainthegreatestcompetitivebenefit.Addressingsocialissuesbycreatingsharedvaluewillleadtoself-sustainingsolutionsthatdonotdependonprivateorgovernmentsubsidies.Whenawell-runbusinessappliesitsvast resources， expertise， and management talent toproblemsthatitunderstandsandinwhichithasastake，itcanhaveagreaterimpactonsocialgoodthananyotherinstitutionorphilanthropicorganization.EThebestcorporatecitizenshipinitiativesinvolvefarmorethanwritingacheck：theyspecifyclear，measurablegoalsandtrackresultsovertime.AgoodexampleisGE’sprogramtoadoptunderperformingpublichighschoolsnearseveralofitsmajorU.S.Facilities.Thecompanycontributesbetween$250，000and$1millionoverafive-yearperiodto eachschoolandmakesin-kinddonationsaswellGEmanagersandemployeestakeanactiverolebyworkingwithschooladministratorstoassessneedsandmentorortutorstudents.Thegraduationrateofthese schoolsalmost doubled during this time period.Effectivecorporatecitizenshipinitiativessuchasthisonecreategoodwillandimproverelationswithlocalgovernmentsandotherimportantconstituencies.What’smore，GE’semployeesfeelgreatprideintheirparticipation.Theireffectisinherentlylimitedthough.Nomatterhowbeneficialtheprogramis，itremainsincidentaltothecompany＇sbusiness，andthedirecteffectonGE’srecruitingandretentionismodest.FMicrosoftisagoodexampleofashared-valueopportunityarisingfrominvestmentsincontext.TheshortageofinformationtechnologyworkersisasignificantconstraintonMicrosoft’sgrowth，currently，therearemorethan450，000unfilledITpositionsintheUnitedStatesalone.Communitycolleges，representing45%ofallU.S.Undergraduates，couldbeamajorsolution.Microsoftrecognizes， however， thatcommunitycolleges face special challenges： IT curricula are notstandardized，technologyusedinclassroomsisoftenoutdated，andtherearenosystematicprofessionaldevelopmentprogramstokeepfacultyuptodate.Inadditiontocontributingmoneyandproducts，Microsoftsentemployeevolunteerstocollegestoassessneeds，contributetocurriculumdevelopment，andcreatefacultydevelopmentinstitutes.Notethatinthiscase，volunteersandassignedstaffwereabletousetheircorelsosal，arymvolunteerprograms.Microsofthasachievedresultsthathavebenefitedmanycommunitieswhilehavingadirect-andpotentiallysignificant-impactonthecompany.Gtetfyysaeeasetofneedsacompanycanmeetforitschosencustomersthatotherscannot.ThemoststrategicCSRoccurswhenacompanyaddsasocialdimensiontoitsvalueproposition，makingsocialimpactintegraltotheoverallstrategyConsiderWholeFoodsMarket，whosevaluepropositionistosellorganic，natural，andhealthyfoodproductstocustomerswhoarepassionateaboutfoodandtheenvironment.WholeFoods’commitmenttonaturalandenvironmentallyfriendlyoperatingpracticesextendswellbeyondsourcing.Storesareconstructedusingaminimumofvirginrawmaterials.Recently， thecompanypurchasedrenewablewindenergycreditsequalto100%ofitselectricityuseinallofitsstoresandfacilities，theonlyFortune500Companytooffsetitselectricityconsumptionentirely.Spoiled produce and biodegradable waste are trucked toregionalcentersforcomposting.WholeFoods’vehiclesarebeingconvertedtorunonbiofuels.Eventhecleaningproductsusedinitsstoresareenvironmentallyfriendly.Andthroughitsphilanthropy，thecompanyhascreatedtheAnimalCompassionFoundationtodevelopmorenaturalandhumanewaysofraisingfarmanimals.Inshort，nearlyeveryaspectofthecompany’svalue chain reinforces the social dimensions of its valueproposition，distinguishingWholeFoodsfromitscompetitors.V、viii、iv、vii、i、iii、iiequalopportunity、internalcostC、C、A、BPassage3：沙漠造雨參考答案：Sometimesideasjustpopupoutoftheblue.OrinCharliePaton’scase，outoftherain.“IwasinabusinMoroccotravellingthroughthedesert，”heremembers.“Ithadbeenrainingandthebuswasfullofhot，wetpeople.ThewindowssteamedupandIwenttosleepwithatowelagainsttheglass.WhenIwoke，thethingwassoakingwet.Ihadtowringitout.Anditsetmethinking.Whywasitsowet？”Theanswer，ofcourse，wascondensation.BackhomeinLondon，aphysicistfriend，PhilipDavies，explainedthattheglass，chilledbytherainoutside，hadcooledthehothumidairinsidethebusbelowitsdewpoint，causingdropletsofwatertoformontheinsideofthewindow.Intrigued，Paton-alightingengineerbyprofession-startedrigginguphisownequipment.“Imademyownsolarstills.Itoccurredtomethatyoumightbeabletoproducewaterinthiswayinthedesert ，simplybycoolingtheair.Iwonderedwhetheryoucouldmakeenoughtoirrigatefieldsandgrowcrops.”Today，adecadeon，hisdreamhastakenshapeasgiantgreenhouseonadesertislandoffAbuDhabiinthePersianGulf---thefirstcommerciallyviableVersionofhis“seawatergreenhouse”.Localscientists，workingwithPatonunderalicensefromhiscompanyLightWorks，arewateringthedesertandgrowingvegetablesinwhatisbasicallyagiantdew-makingmachinethatproducesfreshwaterandcoolairfromsumandseawater.InawardingPatonfirstprizeinadesigncompetitiontwoyearsago，MarcoGoldschmied，presidentoftheRoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects，calledit“atrulyoriginalideawhichhasthepotentialtoimpactonthelivesofmillionsofpeoplelivingincoastalwater-starvedareasaroundtheworld.”seawatergreenhouseasdevelopedbyPatonhasthreemain bothair-conditionthegreenhouseandprovidewaterforfrontofthegreenhousefacesintotheprevailingwindsothathotdryairblowsinthroughafrontwallismadeofperforatedcardboardkeptmoistbyaconstanttrickleofseawaterpumpedup from purpose is to cool and moisten the incomingdesert coolmoistairallowstheplantstogrowfaster.And，，emuchsrsmetheplantsneedmuchlessmoisturetogrowthaniftheywerebeingirrigatedinthehotdrydesertairoutsidethegreenhouse.air-conditioning of the interior of the greenhouse iscompletedbythesecondfeature：theroof.Ithastwolayers：anouterlayerofclearpolyethyleneandaninnercoatedlayerthatreflectsinfraredradiation.Thiscombinationensuresthatvisiblelightcansteamthroughtotheplants，maximizingtherateofplantgrowththroughphotosynthesisbutatthesametimeheatfromtheinfraredradiationistrappedinthespacebetweenthelayer，sandkeptawaykeeptheairaroundtheplant