人工智能英文版課件

ArtificialintelligenceCanitreplaceahumanbrainoneday??

Artificialintelligen1Artificialintelligenceistousecomputerstoanalogandinsteadofhumanbrain.Theadventofcomputershasmadeartificialintelligenceamajorbreakthrough.Thecomputercannotonlyreplacesomeofthehumanbrainfunction,butexceedthehumanbraingreatlyinspeedandaccuracy.Itcannotonlysimulatepartofanalysisandthecomprehensivefunction,butisgettingtodisplayacertaincharacteristicsofconsciousness.Itreallybecameanextensionofthehumanbrain.WhatisAI?Artificialintelligenceisto2Theexcitingnewefforttomakecomputersthinks…machinewithminds,inthefullandliteralsense”(Haugeland1985)“Theartofcreatingmachinesthatperformfunctionsthatrequireintelligencewhenperformedbypeople”(Kurzweil,1990)“Thestudyofmentalfacultiesthroughtheuseofcomputationalmodels”(Charniaketal.1985)Afieldofstudythatseekstoexplainandemulateintelligentbehaviorintermsofcomputationalprocesses”(Schalkol,1990)SystemsthatthinklikehumansSystemsthatthinkrationallySystemsthatactlikehumansSystemsthatactrationallyViewsofAIfallintofourcategories:WhatisAI?Theexcitingnewefforttomak3AISearchenginesLaborAppliancesScienceWhatelse?AISearchenginesLaborAppliance4AIHondaHumanoidRobotWalkTurnStairsAIHon5Turingtest(1936)Alanturing（1912-1954）Computerscanfoolpeople,peoplewhobelieveitisnotthemachine,thenitshouldbecalledintelligent.Turingtest(1936)Alanturing61956,theAmericanscholarMcCarthywhoisconsideredthefatherofartificialintelligenceoforganizedaSociety,manyexpertsandscholarsgatheredtogetherforadiscussionofuptotwomonths.Invitingthemtoparticipateinthe"SummerDartmouthArtificialIntelligenceResearchSociety."Sincethen,thisfieldisnamed"artificialintelligence"McCarthy麥卡錫BirthofAI1956,theAmericanscholar7McCarthy麥卡錫Minsky明斯基Shannon香農BirthofAIMcCarthy麥卡錫MinskyShannonBirth8Simon-1975Newell-1975More,Samuel,Selfridge,Solomonff莫爾（Princeton），塞繆爾（IBM），塞爾夫里奇，索羅莫夫（MIT）BirthofAISimon-1975Newell-1975More,Sam9Inmachinelearning,in1957Rosenblatt(羅森布拉特)successfullydevelopedPerceptron(感知機);Intheoremproving,in1958WangHaointheIBM-704machinewitha3-5minuteprovedall220theorem“PrincipiaMathematica”intherelevantpropositionalcalculus;In1965,Robinsonmadeduetotheresolutionprinciple(歸結原理);Inpatternrecognition(模式識別),1959Selfridge(塞爾福里奇)launchedapatternrecognitionprogram;1965Robertspreparedadistinguishedbuildingblockconstructionprocedures(可分辨積木構造程序);Thefirst10yearsofachievement

Inmachinelearning,in1957R10Intermsofproblemsolving(問題求解):1960Newell(紐厄爾)compiledauniversalproblemsolver(GPS),cansolve11differenttypesofproblems;

Inexpertsystems(專家系統):theresultsofthe1968Feigenbaum(費根鮑姆)developed

DENDRALexpertsystemandputintouse;

Intheartificialintelligencelanguage(人工智能語言):1960McCarthy(McCarthy)developedtheartificialintelligencelanguage-LISPlanguage.Thefirst10yearsofachievement

Intermsofproblemsolving(問題11SecondaryTranslation-MachineTranslation

thespiritiswillingbutthefleshisweak

thevodkaisgoodbutthemeatisrottenCombinatorialexplosionproblem(組合爆炸)

Thefactthataprogramcanfindasolutioninprincipledoesnotmeansthattheprogramcontainsanyofthemechanismsneededtofinditinpractice.Perceptronlimitations(感知機局限性)

Atwo-inputperceptroncannotbetrainedtorecognizewhenitstwoinputsaredifferent.Difficulties(thelate1960s)SecondaryTranslation-M12Feigenbaum(費根鮑姆)presentedKnowledgeEngineeringatthe5thIJCAI(InternationalJointConferenceOnArtificialIntelligence，國際人工智能聯合會議)KnowledgeEngineering(1977)KnowledgeEngineering(1977)13HopfieldNeuralNetworks(Hopfield,霍普菲爾德，1982)Back-propagationalgorithm(Rumelhart&McClelland,魯梅爾哈特，麥克萊倫德1986)It’sthemostcommonneuralnetwork

NeuralNetworks

HopfieldNeuralNetworks(Hopf14ComputationalIntelligencethriving(90s-now)ArtificialNeuralNetwork人工神經網絡GeneticAlgorithm遺傳算法FuzzyReasoning模糊推理AntColonyAlgorithm蟻群算法ParticleSwarmOptimization粒子群優(yōu)化ArtificialImmuneSystem人工免疫系統ComputationalIntelligencethr151956BirthEnthusiasm（狂熱）1966DifficultiesNeuralNetworksReborn1986ComputationalIntelligence1969IJCAIwasheld1970AIwaslaunchedKnowledgeEngineering1977Present國際人工智能聯合會議TheHistoryofAI1956BirthEnthusiasm（狂熱）1966Dif16May1997,theU.S.IBM‘s“DeepBlue”supercomputerbeattheworldchesschampionGarryKasparov(卡斯帕羅夫).ThegreatachievementsofartificialintelligenceMay1997,theU.S.IBM‘s“Dee