北京科技大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院《618基礎(chǔ)英語》歷年考研真題及詳解

2004年北京科技大學(xué)318基礎(chǔ)英語考研真題及詳解PartⅠVocabulary（25minutes,25points）SectionADirections:Therearetenincompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheONEthatbestcompletesthesentence.1.Wehadnocomputerbackupandhadtorelyonoldpaperfilesto_____therecordswelost.A.remedyB.reconditionC.reconstructD.register【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：我們沒有電腦備份，只得靠落后的紙檔案重做記錄。reconstruct（根據(jù)證據(jù)或想象）重現(xiàn)，重建。remedy治療，補(bǔ)救，矯正。recondition修理，修復(fù)。register登記，注冊(cè)。2.Theaccidenthappenedasaresultofyearsof_____onthepartofthesafetyregulators.A.indifferenceB.incuriosityC.consistenceD.loneliness【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：事故的發(fā)生是安全調(diào)節(jié)器年久失修的結(jié)果。indifference不關(guān)心，不在意。incuriosity不關(guān)心，強(qiáng)調(diào)缺乏理性的探詢和本能的好奇心，常與of連用。consistence堅(jiān)固性；連貫。loneliness孤獨(dú)，寂寞。3.Mr.Hillisapianistwhoisableto_____thedifficultpassageworkinthesonatawitheaseandbrilliance.A.implementB.conductC.accomplishD.accommodate【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：希爾先生是一位鋼琴家，他能夠輕松自如地完成奏鳴曲中很難演奏的部分。accomplish完成，達(dá)到，實(shí)現(xiàn)。implement貫徹，執(zhí)行。conduct引導(dǎo)，管理，指揮。accommodate使適應(yīng)，調(diào)節(jié)，容納。4.Wehadalotofgoodapplicantsforthejob,butThomasTaylor_____fromtherestbyhavingadegreeinmarketing.A.singledoutB.checkedoutC.stoodapartD.stoodout【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：我們有很多優(yōu)秀的求職者，但托馬斯·泰勒擁有市場營銷方面的學(xué)位，因此脫穎而出。standout突出，出色。singleout挑選。checkout付賬后離開；檢驗(yàn)；合格。standapart離開；遠(yuǎn)離。5.Totalinvestmentsforthisyearreached$56million,andtoputthisinto_____,investmentsthisyearwilldoublethosemadein1997.A.sightB.perspectiveC.visionD.horizon【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：今年的總投資達(dá)到了5600萬美元，并且客觀地來說，今年的投資將是1997年的兩倍。putsth.intoperspective客觀地看待……；對(duì)……展望。6.Lookingafterababyathomealldayisnicebutitdoesn’tprovidemuch_____stimulation.A.intellectualB.rationalC.discerningD.perspective【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：整天在家照看嬰兒是件好事，但它并不能激發(fā)太多智力。intellectualstimulation智力激發(fā)。rational理性的，合理的。discerning有辨識(shí)能力的。perspective遠(yuǎn)景；觀點(diǎn)。7.Mr.MaCreaadvancesatheoryto_____someofthedifficultiesconnectedwiththeprocessoftheaggregationofmatterintheuniverse.A.exemplifyB.explainawayC.reasonoutD.explore【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：MaCrea先生提出的理論把宇宙中與物質(zhì)的集合過程相關(guān)的一些難點(diǎn)弄明白了。reasonout弄明白，推論出。exemplify示范，舉例。explainaway（把過失、懷疑等）搪塞，巧辯過去。explore探索，研究。8.Alexhasbadtroublesstudyingforthefinalexaminationbecausehehasbeentoo_____withthehappythoughtsofmatterofhiswintervacation.A.preoccupiedB.absorbedC.engrossedD.concentrated【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：亞歷克斯期末考試復(fù)習(xí)不進(jìn)去，因?yàn)樗麑?duì)寒假計(jì)劃太上心了。preoccupied全神貫注的，常與介詞with連用。absorbed全神貫注的，一心一意的，常與介詞in連用。engrossed全神貫注的，熱心于，常與介詞in連用。concentrated集中的，常與介詞on連用。9.Anxietywasshowntoincrease_____withthedecreaseinsuccessrate.A.reversiblyB.systematicallyC.deliberatelyD.proportionately【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：憂慮的增加能相應(yīng)地降低成功的幾率。proportionately相稱地，成比例地。reversibly可逆地。systematically系統(tǒng)地。deliberately故意地。10.Johndoesn’tunderstandtruefriendship;heneverdoesanythingforanyoneunlesshethinkstheotherpersonwill_____.A.reciprocateB.emergeC.dissipateD.yield【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：約翰不懂得什么是真正的友誼；他從不為任何人做任何事，除非他認(rèn)為別人會(huì)報(bào)答他。reciprocate互給，報(bào)答。emerge顯現(xiàn)，浮現(xiàn)。dissipate驅(qū)散，消散。yield生產(chǎn)，產(chǎn)出，屈服。SectionBDirections:Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthetwowordsgiveninthebracketsattheendofeachsentence.11.Onthebasisofrecentopinionpolls,commentatorsare_____anarrowwinfortheDemocrats.（forecasting/foreseeing）【答案】forecasting查看答案【解析】句意：在最近的民意調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上，評(píng)論家們預(yù)測民主黨將會(huì)獲得險(xiǎn)勝。兩個(gè)詞都有“預(yù)言，預(yù)測”的意思：forecast指通過分析一些相關(guān)的信息、數(shù)據(jù)來預(yù)測。foresee著重宣布未來的事，而不表明所預(yù)言的事情是否正確。這里預(yù)測的是選舉結(jié)果，forecast更加合適。12.Thompson_____underquestioningthathewasintheserviceofaforeignpower,butdeniedthathewasguiltyofespionage.（acknowledged/admitted）【答案】acknowledged查看答案【解析】句意：湯普森在接受質(zhì)詢時(shí)承認(rèn)，他是在為外國勢(shì)力服務(wù)，但他否認(rèn)自己犯有間諜罪。acknowledge指“公開承認(rèn)”，常用于過去隱瞞或否認(rèn)之事。admit通常指因外界壓力、良心或判斷而承認(rèn)某事的存在或真實(shí)性，含“不情愿”之意。這里指在受盤問的情況下承認(rèn)事情，acknowledge更加合適。13.Afterthepresidentresigned,thevicepresidentwasthe_____headofthefirm.（real/virtual）【答案】virtual查看答案【解析】句意：總統(tǒng)辭職后，副總裁是公司的實(shí)際負(fù)責(zé)人。virtual意為“實(shí)質(zhì)上的，實(shí)際上的”。real強(qiáng)調(diào)人或事物真實(shí)的存在，而不是想象的或虛構(gòu)的。14.Thatwasthefamousspeechinwhichthepresident_____thatslaverywasdoneawaywithnationwide.（proclaimed/exclaimed）【答案】proclaimed查看答案【解析】句意：那就是那場著名的演講，在演講中總統(tǒng)宣稱奴隸制在全國范圍內(nèi)被廢除了。proclaim宣布，聲明。exclaim呼喊，驚叫。15.ThebookbyProfessorRobinsonhas_____anawakeningofthenation’sconsciencetotheproblemsofwildlifeconservation.（completed/achieved）【答案】achieved查看答案【解析】句意：羅賓遜教授的這本書使全國人民意識(shí)到了野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)問題。achieve指經(jīng)過努力最終達(dá)到預(yù)期的目標(biāo)。complete指全部完成。16.Mr.Harrisonsaysit’sthebestmusicalequipmentyoucanbuybutIthinkthat’sopento_____.（contradiction/dispute）【答案】dispute查看答案【解析】句意：哈里森先生說，這是你能買到的最好的音樂設(shè)備，但我認(rèn)為這是有爭議的。beopentodispute有待于商榷；有爭議。contradiction反駁，矛盾。17.Itwas_____thatshewasatthesceneofthecrime,butsheassertedthatshewasoutoftownatthetime.（affirmed/alleged）【答案】alleged查看答案【解析】句意：據(jù)說，她當(dāng)時(shí)在犯罪現(xiàn)場，但她堅(jiān)稱自己當(dāng)時(shí)不在城里。。allege多指無真憑實(shí)據(jù)，不提供證據(jù)的斷言或宣稱。Itwasallegedthat...據(jù)說……。affirm側(cè)重在作出斷言時(shí)表現(xiàn)出的堅(jiān)定與不可動(dòng)搖的態(tài)度18.Inviewofthecurrentsituations,Iwouldbegratefulifyouwouldgive_____tothefollowingproblems.（speculation/consideration）【答案】consideration查看答案【解析】句意：鑒于目前的情況，如果你考慮一下以下問題，我將不勝感激。giveone’sconsiderationto慎重考慮……。speculation猜測，投機(jī)。19.WhilethepresshasgonealongwaytoprovingthatBoforshandledoutmillionsofdollarstoIndianmiddlemen,the_____oftheultimaterecipientsofthemoneyremainsamystery.（identification/identity）【答案】identity查看答案【解析】句意：盡管媒體經(jīng)過努力證實(shí)了Bofors向印度中間商運(yùn)作了數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的美元，但是最終收款人的身份仍然是個(gè)謎。identity身份；同一性，一致。identification辨認(rèn)，鑒定，證明。20.Despitegeneralneglectofthecountry’_____,restorationisapopulartopicfordebate,perhapsascompensationforthelackofaction.（inheritance/heritage）【答案】heritage查看答案【解析】句意：盡管人們普遍忽視了這個(gè)國家的遺產(chǎn)，但修復(fù)是一個(gè)很受歡迎的話題，可能是對(duì)缺乏行動(dòng)的補(bǔ)償。兩者都有“遺產(chǎn)”的意思：heritage尤指國家或社會(huì)長期形成的文化遺產(chǎn)。inheritance指金錢、財(cái)產(chǎn)等繼承物。根據(jù)句意，heritage更符合語境。SectionCDirections:Completethefollowingsentenceswiththeappropriateformsofthewordsgiveninthebrackets21.Whetherouterspacecanbethenewhomeforearthimmigrantswasamatterofserious_____（speculate）longbeforeman’sfirstlandingonthemoon.【答案】speculation查看答案【解析】句意：在人類首次登上月球之前，外太空是否能成為地球移民的新家園只是一個(gè)猜測?？崭袂盀樾稳菰~，因此可推測出空格處應(yīng)填一個(gè)名詞。speculate的名詞形式為speculation，意為“投機(jī)；思索”。22.ThedomeofSt.Paul’shadapeculiar_____（fascinate）formanypeoplearoundtheworld.【答案】fascination查看答案【解析】句意：圣保羅的穹頂對(duì)世界上許多人來說都是一種特殊的魅力。空格前為形容詞，因此可推測出空格處應(yīng)填一個(gè)名詞。fascinate的名詞形式為fascination，意為“魅力；魔力；入迷”。23.Theformationofrainisacomplicatedprocedure,onethat_____（involvement）theslowgrowthofclouddropletsintoraindropsandthecollisionoftheseraindropswitheachother.【答案】involves查看答案【解析】句意：雨的形成是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程，其中包括云滴的緩慢增長，以及雨滴之間的碰撞。that引導(dǎo)定語從句，空格處應(yīng)該是從句的謂語動(dòng)詞，主語為單數(shù)，根據(jù)句子時(shí)態(tài)可知應(yīng)該填involves。24.Agriculturewasastepinhumanprogresstowinchsubsequentlytherewasnothing_____（compare）untilourownmachineage.【答案】tocompare查看答案【解析】句意：農(nóng)業(yè)是人類進(jìn)步的一步，后來，在我們到達(dá)機(jī)器時(shí)代之前，沒有什么是可以與之比較的。nothingtodo沒什么可干。動(dòng)詞不定式可以看作是一個(gè)后置定語，修飾nothing。25.Thereviewerdescribesitas“anintelligent,_____（insight）bookthatrevealsthetruthbehindthePresidency”.【答案】insightful查看答案【解析】句意：評(píng)論家認(rèn)為這本書是一本智慧而深刻的書，揭示了總統(tǒng)職位背后的真相。根據(jù)空格前的形容詞intelligent以及空格后的名詞book可知空格處也應(yīng)該填一個(gè)形容詞修飾book。insight的形容詞形式為insightful，意為“有深刻見解的，富有洞察力的”。26.Television_____（trivial）almosteverythingittouchesandmakesuslesssensitivetohumantragedyandsuffering.【答案】trivializes查看答案【解析】句意：電視把它接觸到的幾乎所有東西都平凡化了，使我們對(duì)人類的悲劇和苦難變得不那么敏感。通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知句子缺少謂語動(dòng)詞，主語是television，單數(shù)概念；且句子主語為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，所以空格處應(yīng)該填trivializes，意為“使平凡；使瑣碎”。27.Thecostoflivinginthecityismoreexpensivebutsalariesaresupposedtobe_____（correspond）higher.【答案】correspondingly查看答案【解析】句意：住在城市里的生活成本要高得多，但工資也應(yīng)該相應(yīng)地更高?？崭窈鬄樾稳菰~，由此可推測出空格處應(yīng)該是副詞，correspond的副詞形式為correspondingly，意為“相應(yīng)地，相對(duì)地”。28.Psychologistshavebeenstudying_____（perceive）inratsinanattempttodiscovermoreabouthumanmentalprocessesconnectedwithsight.【答案】perception查看答案【解析】句意：心理學(xué)家們一直在研究老鼠的感知能力，試圖發(fā)現(xiàn)更多有關(guān)人類心理過程中與視覺有關(guān)的信息?？崭袂盀閯?dòng)詞study，其后可填名詞、代詞或動(dòng)詞做賓語；空格后有介詞短語做限定成分，所以推測出空格處應(yīng)該填名詞perception，意為“感知（能力），覺察”。29.Thefuelusedisalmost_____（vary）charcoalmadefromwoodorcoconutshell.【答案】variedin查看答案【解析】句意：使用的燃料幾乎在由木頭或椰子殼制成的木炭中變化。bevariedin意為“在……之間變化”。30.Thesideeffectsofthenewdrugarebeing_____（extend）researched.【答案】extensively查看答案【解析】句意：新藥物的副作用正在被廣泛研究。謂語動(dòng)詞前應(yīng)該用副詞修飾，extend的副詞形式為extensively，意為“廣泛地；大量地”。PartⅡCloze（20minutes,20points）Directions:Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithanappropriatewordtomakethepassageunifiedandcoherent.Waterisoneofthemostcommonsubstancesinourlifeandwork.Wedrinkit,1______electricitywithit,2______ourcropswithit.Andwe’restretchingoursuppliestothebreaking3______.Willwehaveenoughcleanwaterto4______alltheworld’sneeds?Historyhas5______witnesstothefactthathumancivilizationisalwaysentwined6______man’shistorytomanipulatewaterresources.7______theelaboratesystemsforwatersupplyanddrainage,therewouldnothavebeentheancientRomancivilization.8______,withouttheunprecedentedconstructionofnumerousmonumentalengineeringprojects,theindustrialrevolutionwouldnothave9______somuch.Oursignificantprogresscannot10______thehardfactthathalfoftheworld’spopulationstill11______withpoorerwaterservicesthantheancientGreeksandRomans.To12______thissituation,manygovernmentshavedesignednetworksofcanals,damsandreservoirs,withthedamaging13______thattheygainlittlebutlosemore.Aclearindicationistheseverelydamagedecosystemsinandaroundthedams14______manyvaluablefishspeciesbecoming15______,notto16______theforcedmoveofpeoplefromtheirhomeswithlittlewarning17______compensation.Fortunatelythewindhasturned18______.Thepublicoutcry19______stimulatedmanygovernmentstorethinktheirplanforthecostly20______ofdamsandotherwater-relatedcivilengineeringprojects.【答案與解析】1.generate（generateelectricity意為“發(fā)電”，為固定表達(dá)。）2.irrigate（根據(jù)crops可知應(yīng)該填irrigate，表示“灌溉莊稼”。）3.point（breakingpoint轉(zhuǎn)換點(diǎn)；斷裂點(diǎn)；強(qiáng)度極限。句意為水資源供給將近達(dá)到斷點(diǎn)。）4.meet（meettheneedof滿足……的需要，為固定搭配。）5.been（has為助動(dòng)詞，空格處應(yīng)填一個(gè)過去分詞；空格后為名詞，所以可以填been；表示“歷史是見證人”。）6.with（beentwinedwith與……密切相關(guān)，為固定搭配。句意為歷史見證了人類文明總是與人類歷史緊密地聯(lián)系在一起，以操縱水資源。）7.Without（根據(jù)后文的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)可知此處應(yīng)該填without，表示“如果沒有復(fù)雜的供水系統(tǒng)和排水系統(tǒng)的話，就不會(huì)有古羅馬文明”。）8.Moreover（上文說到“如果沒有復(fù)雜的供水系統(tǒng)和排水系統(tǒng)，就不會(huì)有古羅馬文明”，空格處又提到如果沒有大量工程項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)會(huì)怎么樣，由此可知句子間存在遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，所以應(yīng)填moreover，意為“另外；而且”。）9.achieved（根據(jù)下文出現(xiàn)的progress可知此處說的也是一些進(jìn)步和成就，所以空格處填achieved。句意為如果沒有史無前例的大量工程項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)，工業(yè)革命就不會(huì)取得如此巨大的成就。）10.hide（hide掩藏；掩蓋。這里指的是“不能掩蓋一個(gè)不爭的事實(shí)”。）11.do（dowith勉強(qiáng)湊合著用，為固定搭配。句意為我們的重大進(jìn)步也不能掩蓋一個(gè)不爭的事實(shí)，那就是世界上仍有一半的人口使用著比希臘和羅馬時(shí)期都要差的水服務(wù)系統(tǒng)。）12.change（下文提到“許多政府設(shè)計(jì)了運(yùn)河、水壩和水庫的網(wǎng)絡(luò)”，這樣做的目的是為了改變之前水利用設(shè)施不完善的情況，所以應(yīng)該填change。）13.result（that引導(dǎo)同位語從句與空格處句子表達(dá)相同意思，所以應(yīng)該填result，表示“有害的結(jié)果”。）14.bring（根據(jù)becoming一詞的形式可知應(yīng)該填bring。bringsb./sth.doingsth.意為“導(dǎo)致/引起某人或某事……，為固定搭配。）15.endangered（這里表達(dá)的意思為堤壩旁邊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的破壞使得一些珍貴的魚類瀕臨滅絕。）16.mention（nottomention意為“更別提”，為固定搭配。）17.and（空格前后都為名詞，中間缺少連接詞，所以應(yīng)填and；表達(dá)的意思為人們被迫搬家，都沒有提前收到警告和賠償。）18.better（turnbetter意為“發(fā)生好轉(zhuǎn)”。句意為風(fēng)向發(fā)生好轉(zhuǎn)。言下之意就是情況發(fā)生了好轉(zhuǎn)。）19.has（通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知空格處應(yīng)該填入一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞，句子時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，所以助動(dòng)詞用has。）20.design（句意為公眾的強(qiáng)烈抗議刺激了許多政府重新考慮水壩和其他與水有關(guān)的土建工程的代價(jià)高昂的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)劃。designplan設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)劃。）PartⅢReadingComprehension（50minutes,40points）Directions:Thereare3passagesinthispart.Readeachpassagecarefullyandfinishtheexercisesfollowingeachpassageasyouarerequired.PassageOneThediscoveryofthewhitedwarf,theneutronstar,andtheblackhole,comingwellafterthediscoveryoftheredgiant,areamongthemostexcitingdevelopmentsindecadesbecausetheymaywellpresentphysicistswiththeirgreatestchallengesincethefailureofclassicalmechanics.Inthelifecycleofastar,afterallofthehydrogenandheliumfuelhasbeenburned,thedelicatebalancebetweentheoutwardnuclearradiationpressureandthestablegravitationalforcebecomesdisturbedandslowcontractionbegins.Ascompressionincreases,averydenseplasmaforms.Iftheinitialstarhadamassoflessthan1.4solarmasses（1.4timesthemassofoursun）,theprocessceasesatadensityof1,000tonspercubicinch,andthestarbecomesawhitedwarf.However,ifthestarwasoriginallymoremassive,thewhitedwarfplasmacannotresistthegravitationalpressures,andinarapidcollapse,allnucleiofthestarareconvertedtoagasoffreeneutrons.Gravitationalattractioncompressesthisneutrongasrapidlyuntiladensityof109tonspercubicinchisreached;atthispointthestrongnuclearforceresistsfurthercontraction.Ifthemassofthestarwasbetween1.4andafewsolarmasses,theprocessstopshere,andwehaveaneutronstar.Butiftheoriginalstarwasmoremassivethanafewsolarmasses,eventhestrongnuclearforcescannotresistthegravitationalcrunch.Theneutronsareforcedintooneanothertoformheavierhadrons—andtheseinturncoalescetoformheavierentities,ofwhichweasyetknownothing.Atthispoint,acompletecollapseofthestellarmassoccurs;existingtheoriespredictacollapsetoinfinitedensityandinfinitelysmalldimensions.Wellbeforetiffs,however,thesurfacegravitationalforcewouldbecomesostrongthatnosignalcouldeverleavethestar—anyphotonemittedwouldfallbackundergravitationalattraction—andthestarwouldbecomeablackholeinspace.Thisgravitationalcollapseposesafundamentalchallengetophysics.Whenthemostwidelyacceptedtheoriespredictsuchimprobablethingsininfinitedensityandinfinitelysmalldimensions,itsimplymeansthatwearemissingsomevitalinsight.Thislasthappenedinphysicsinthe1930s,whenwefacedafundamentalparadoxconcerningatomicstructure.Atthattime,itwasrecognizedthatelectronsmovedinstableorbitsaboutnucleiinatoms.However,itwasalsorecognizedthatifachargeisaccelerated,asitmustbetoremaininorbit,itradiatesenergy;sotheoretically,theelectronwouldbeexpectedeventuallytospiralintothenucleusanddestroytheatom.Studiescenteredaroundthisparadoxledtothedevelopmentofquantummechanics.Itmaywellbethatanequivalentadvanceawaitsusininvestigatingthetheoreticalproblemspresentedbythephenomenonofgravitationalcollapse.Choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgivenaccordingtothepassageyouhavejustread.1.Theprimarypurposeofthispassageisto_____.A.offernewexplanationsforthecollapseofstarsB.explaintheoriginsofblackholes,neutronstars,andwhitedwarfsC.comparethestructureofatomswiththestructureofthesolarsystemD.explainhowthecollapseofstarschallengesacceptedtheoriesofphysics2.Accordingtothepassage,inthefinalstagesofitsdevelopment,ourownsunislikelytotaketheformofa_____.A.whitedwarfB.neuronstarC.redgiantD.gasoffreeneutrons3.Accordingtothepassageanimbalancearisesbetweennuclearradiationpressureandgravitationalforceinstarsbecause_____.A.thedensityofastarincreasesasitagesB.radiationpressureincreasesasastarincreasesinmassC.radiationpressuredecreaseswhenastar’sfuelhasbeenconsumedD.thecollapseofastarincreasesitsgravitationalforce4.Theauthorassertsthatthediscoveriesofthewhitedwarf,theneutronstar,andtheblackholearesignificantbecausethesediscoveries_____.A.demonstratetheprobabilityofinfinitedensityandinfinitelysmalldimensionsB.posethemostcomprehensiveandfundamentalproblemfacedbyphysicistsindecadesC.clarifytheparadoxsuggestedbythecollapseofelectronsintoatomicnucleiD.establishtherelationshipbetweenmassandgravitationalpressure5.Paradoxconcerningatomicstructureisdiscussedinorderto_____.A.showwhyitwasnecessarytodevelopquantummechanicsB.comparethestructureofanatomwiththestructureofastarC.demonstratebyanalogythatavitalinsightinastrophysicsismissingD.illustratethecontentionthatimprobablethingsdohappeninastrophysics【答案與解析】1.D 文章首段第一句提到“在發(fā)現(xiàn)了紅巨星之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)了白矮星、中子星和黑洞，這是幾十年來最令人興奮的進(jìn)展之一，因?yàn)樗鼈兒芸赡芙o物理學(xué)家?guī)砹俗怨诺淞W(xué)失敗以來最大的挑戰(zhàn)”，文章最后一段第一句也提到“Thisgravitationalcollapseposesafundamentalchallengetophysics.”，這種引力坍塌對(duì)物理學(xué)構(gòu)成了根本性的挑戰(zhàn)。文章主要圍繞恒星的坍塌的機(jī)理展開描寫，詳細(xì)介紹了這種坍塌對(duì)物理學(xué)帶來的挑戰(zhàn)。故選項(xiàng)D最能總結(jié)文章大意。2.A 文章首段第二、三、四、五句的大意是：在一顆恒星的生命周期中，氫和氦燃料全部燃燒后，外部核輻射壓力和穩(wěn)定的重力之間的微妙平衡變得紊亂，緩慢收縮開始。隨著壓縮的增加，恒星形成非常致密的等離子體。如果最初的恒星質(zhì)量小于太陽質(zhì)量的1.4倍，那么這個(gè)過程將停留在每立方英寸1000噸的密度，恒星就變成白矮星。然而，如果這顆恒星本來就是更大的，那么白矮星等離子體就不能抵抗重力的壓力，而且在快速崩潰的過程中，恒星的所有原子核都會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)化為自由中子的氣體。由此可知比太陽質(zhì)量約大1.4倍的恒星最后會(huì)變成白矮星，更大的恒星則會(huì)變?yōu)闅怏w，所以太陽最后也應(yīng)該是變成白矮星。故答案選A。3.C 文章首段第二句提到“...afterallofthehydrogenandheliumfuelhasbeenburned,thedelicatebalancebetweentheoutwardnuclearradiationpressureandthestablegravitationalforcebecomesdisturbedandslowcontractionbegins”，在氫和氦燃料全部燃燒之后，外部核輻射壓力和穩(wěn)定的重力之間的微妙平衡變得紊亂，開始緩慢收縮。由此可知燃料耗盡后，外部核輻射壓力會(huì)縮小。故答案選C。4.B 根據(jù)文章首段第一句提到的“白矮星、中子星和黑洞的發(fā)現(xiàn)是幾十年來最令人興奮的進(jìn)展之一，因?yàn)樗鼈兒芸赡芙o物理學(xué)家?guī)砹俗怨诺淞W(xué)失敗以來最大的挑戰(zhàn)”以及文章最后一句提到的“很可能，我們研究引力崩潰現(xiàn)象所提出的理論問題會(huì)得到相同的進(jìn)展”。由此可知這些發(fā)現(xiàn)給物理學(xué)界、物理學(xué)家?guī)砹撕艽筇魬?zhàn)，給他們提出了一些很關(guān)鍵的問題。故答案選B。5.C 文章最后一段第二句提到“Whenthemostwidelyacceptedtheoriespredictsuchimprobablethingsininfinitedensityandinfinitelysmalldimensions,itsimplymeansthatwearemissingsomevitalinsight.”，當(dāng)最廣為接受的理論預(yù)測了無限密度和無限小尺寸的這種不可思議的事物時(shí)，這僅僅意味著我們錯(cuò)過了一些重要的見解。而后文提到“Thislasthappenedinphysicsinthe1930s…”，最近一次發(fā)生在20世紀(jì)30年代，由此可知舉這個(gè)例子就是為了說明“我們錯(cuò)過了一些重要的見解”。故答案選C。PassageTwoInMay1968,withstudentsriotinginthestreetsandPadsteeteringonthebrinkofanarchy,graphicnewsphotosofbloodieddemonstratorsetchedintheFrenchconsciousnessthesocialupheavalthatwasconvulsingthenation.In1976,whenamild-manneredyoungfishingenthusiastwasarrestedforthechild’smurder,photographsofamanacledPatricHenrybeingtakenintocustodyweresplashedacrossFrance’sfrontpages.Butinthecountrythatinventedphotographyandhaslongnurturedtheartofphotojournalism,indelibleimageslikethoseofthenewseventsthatshapeanation’scollectivememorymaysoonbemuchhardertocomeby.Latelastmonth,aspartofJusticeMinisterElisabethGuigou’ssweepingreformofthecriminaljusticesystem,theFrenchParliamentpassedlegislationdesignedtoreinforcethelegalpresumptionofinnocenceuntilproofofguilt.Thenewlaw,whichtakeseffectnextyear,willprohibitthepublicationoftwocrucialcategoriesofphotographs.Suspectswhohavenotyetbeenconvictedofacrimecannolongerbeshownhandcuffed,althoughshotsthatdonotdisplaythecuffscanstillbeused.Morecontroversially,photographsfromcrimescenesoraccidentsthatareconsideredtojeopardizethedignityofthosedepictedwillalsobebanned.Wherepressfreedomimpingesonpersonaldignityisahazylegalline,whichthenewrulesdrawfirmlyinfavorofprivacy.IfaterroristattacktakesplaceinFrancetheFrenchmediawillnolongerbeallowedtoprintphotosofanyofthevictimsunlessthoseindividualshadeachconsentedtotheuseoftheirimage—anunlikelyscenariogiventhechaoticcircumstancesofsuchanevent.GuigouhassaidthattheseenhancedprivacysafeguardswillshowthatFrance“remainsthehomeofhumanrights,”butcriticsarguethatthenewrestrictionsaresymptomsofadisturbingtrendtowardtheover-privatizationofpublicspace.UnderFrenchlaw,forexample,everyoneownsthecopyrighttohisownimage,andforthepastdecadepeoplehaveeverbeenmorewillingtogotocourttoclaimwhateverbenefitsmayaccruefromthisright.Notallnewsphotoswillberequiredaquidproquoexchangeofcashoraformalrelease,however,evenunderthenewlaw.Usinghighlysubjectiveguidelines,GuigoujustifiestheiconicVietnamWarimageof9-year-oldKimPhucrunningnakeddownaroad,screaminginpainfromnapalmbums,asahistoricaldocument,overridingconcernsaboutintrusionsofprivacyorcompromiseddignity.Somebelievedthatthisselectivityreflectsakindofhypocriticalcolonialism.Asthefounderofphotoagencyputsit,“thereisnoreasontoforbidphotographingmiseryclosetohomebutnotthatattheotherendoftheworld.”Thefullimpactofthe“Guigoulaw”won’tbeclearuntilitgoesintoeffect,butsomemembersoftheFrenchmediafeartheworst.ThegrowingpreoccupationofFrenchlawwiththeprivaterightsoftheindividualmeansthatmanypublicationshavealreadystoppedshowinglifeinFranceasitisreallylived.Someeditorsprefertoavoidlegalrisksandinsteadchooseposedimagesproducedbyspecializedagenciestoillustrateeverythingfromweddingstodrugaddiction.“ThelawhaskilledanyhopeforphotojournalismtosurviveinFrance“initsmostpertinentandgloriousform,”saysDerekHudson,aBritishphotographerwholivesinParisandpublisheshisworkinbothFranceandtheU.K.OnassignmentforLeMondeinCannesthisyearheshotonlycelebrities.Takingcandidsofordinarypeopleinthestreetwouldhavebeenfartoorisky.TheeditorofParisMatchhaspledgedtofloutthelaw“inthenameoftherighttoinform”andpromisedtobringthematterbeforetheEuropeanCourtifthemagazineisprosecuted.Untilthen,editorsarefindingthatmuchlikethesuspectswhoseimagestheywillhavetocensor,theirhandsarebound.Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothepassageyouhavejustread.6.Whatistheauthormainlyconcernedwithinthispassage?7.Whydoestheauthormentionthe1968and1976eventsinthepassage?8.Whydoesthenewlawplacerestrictionsonphotosinnewspapersandmagazines?9.Whatdoesthephrase“quidproquo”meaninparagraph5?10.Whatmaybetheauthor’sattitudetowardsthenewlaw?【答案與解析】6.Anewlawaboutpressphotographyrequirement.（本文主要討論了法國新出臺(tái)的關(guān)于新聞攝影要求的法律以及新聞媒體各界對(duì)這條法律的看法。）7.Becausetheseeventsprovethatphotosareessentialforthenewstocarryoutitsinfluence.（作者舉1968年1976年的事件是為了證明照片對(duì)于新聞的重要性，它可以讓新聞更真實(shí)更具影響力。）8.Becausethelawisinfavorofprivacy.（文章第三段第二句提到“Wherepressfreedomimpingesonpersonaldignityisahazylegalline,whichthenewrulesdrawfirmlyinfavorofprivacy.”，由此可知這條法律是為了保護(hù)人的隱私而限制在報(bào)紙和雜志上刊登人物照片。）9.exchangeofcash（定位至原文第五段第一句話，意思是：然而，即使根據(jù)新的法律，并不是所有的新聞?wù)掌夹枰葍r(jià)的現(xiàn)金交換或正式發(fā)行。quidproquo表示“補(bǔ)償物；相等物；交換條件”，也就是指代句中的exchangeofcash。）10.Negative（作者在第一段就舉了兩個(gè)例子證明照片對(duì)于新聞的重要性，而且在第一段最后一段也提到“但在這個(gè)發(fā)明了攝影、長期培育攝影藝術(shù)的國家，那些形成一個(gè)國家的集體記憶的新聞事件中的令人印象深刻的照片可能很難再看得到了。由此可知作者對(duì)新出臺(tái)的法律是不贊同的。）PassageThree（11）InrecentyearsWesternershavereassuredthemselvesandirritatedothersbyexpoundingthenotionthatthecultureoftheWestisandoughttobethecultureoftheworld.Thisconceittakestwoforms.OneistheCoca-colonizationthesis.ItsproponentsclaimthatWestern,andmorespecificallyAmerican,popularcultureisenvelopingtheworld:Americanfood,clothing,popmusic,movies,andconsumergoodsaremoreandmereenthusiasticallyembracedbypeopleoneverycontinent.Theotherhastodowithmodernization.ItclaimsnotonlythattheWesthasledtheworldtomodernsociety,butthataspeopleinothercivilizationsmodernizetheyalsowesternize,abandoningtheirtraditionalvalues,institutions,andcustomsandadoptingthosethatprevailintheWest.Boththesesprojecttheimageofanemerginghomogeneous,universallyWesternworld—andbotharetovaryingdegreesmisguided,arrogant,false,anddangerous.（12）AdvocatesoftheCoca-colonizationthesisidentifyculturewiththeconsumptionofmaterialgoods.Theheartofaculture,however,involveslanguage,religion,values,traditions,andcustoms.DrinkingCoca-ColadoesnotmakeRussiansthinklikeAmericansanymorethansushimakesAmericansthinklikeJapanese.Throughouthumanhistory,fadsandmaterialgoodshavespreadfromonesocietytoanotherwithoutsignificantlyalteringthebasiccultureoftherecipientsociety.EnthusiasmsforvariousitemsofChinese,Hindu,andothercultureshaveperiodicallyswepttheWesternworld,withnodiscerniblelastingspillover.TheargumentthatthespreadofpopcultureandconsumergoodsaroundtheworldrepresentsthetriumphofWesterncivilizationdepreciatesthestrengthofothercultureswhiletrivializingWesternculturebyidentifyingitwithfattyfoods,fadedpants,andfizzydrinks.TheessenceofWesterncultureistheMagnaCarta,nottheMagnaMac.（13）ThemodernizationargumentisintellectuallymoreseriousthantheCoca-colonizationthesis,butequallyflawed.Thetremendousexpansionofscientificandengineeringknowledgethatoccurredinthenineteenthcenturyallowedhumanstocontrolandshapetheirenvironmentinunprecedentedways.Modernizationinvolvesindustrialization;urbanization;increasinglevelsofliteracy,education,wealth,andsocialmobilization;andmorecomplexanddiverseoccupationalstructures.RisarevolutionaryprocesscomparabletotheshiftfromprimitivetocivilizedsocietiesthatbeganinthevalleysoftheTigrisandEuphrates,theNile,andtheIndusabout5000B.C.Theattitudes,values,knowledge,andcultureofpeopleinamodernsocietydiffergreatlyfromthoseinatraditionalsociety.Asthefirstcivilizationtomodernize,theWestisthefirsttohavefullyacquiredthecultureofmodernity.Asothersocietiestakeonsimilarpatternsofeducation,work,wealth,andclassstructure,themodernizationargumentruns,thisWesternculturewillbecometheuniversalcultureoftheworld.Thattherearesignificantdifferencesbetweenmodernandtraditionalculturesisbeyonddispute.Aworldinwhichsomesocietiesarehighlymodernandothersstilltraditionalwillobviouslybelesshomogeneousthanaworldinwhichallsocietiesarecomparablymodern.（14）Itdoesnotnecessarilyfollow,however,thatsocietieswithmodernculturesshouldbeanymoresimilarthanaresocietieswithtraditionalcultures.Onlyafewhundredyearsagoallsocietiesweretraditional.Wasthatworldanylesshomogeneousthanafutureworldofuniversalmodernityislikelytobe?Probablynot.“MingChina…wasassuredlyclosertotheFranceoftheValois,”FernandBraudelobservers,“thantheChinaofMaoTse-tungistotheFranceoftheFifthRepublic.”Modernsocietieshavemuchincommon,buttheydonotnecessarilymergeintohomogeneity.（15）Theargumentthattheydorestsontheassumptionthatmodernsocietymustapproximateasingletype,theWesterntype;thatmoderncivilizationisWesterncivilization,andWesterncivilizationismoderncivilization.This,however,isafalseidentification.VirtuallyallscholarsofcivilizationagreethatWesterncivilizationemergedintheeighthandninthcenturiesanddevelopeditsdistinctivecharacteristicsinthecenturiesthatfollowed.Itdidnotbegintomodernizeuntiltheeighteenthcentury.TheWest,inshort,wasWesternlongbeforeitwasmodern.ReadthepassageagainandparaphrasetheunderlinedsentencesinthepassageinyourownwordsinEnglish.【答案與解析】11.Recently,WesternershaveregainedtheirconfidencebyclaimingthattheWesterncultureisandshouldbethecultureoftheworld,whichhasmadeotherpartsoftheworldangry.（reassure意為“使安心；打消疑慮”。在句中可理解為“重獲信心”。irrigate意為“激怒；惹怒”。）12.ThosewhosupporttheCoca-colonizationthesisbeli