大學物理波動光學知識點總結

大學物理波動光學知識點總結SummaryofWaveOpticsinUniversityPhysics1.Huygens-FresnelPrinciple:Eachpointonawavefrontisconsideredasasourceofsecondarywaves.Theintensitydistributionofthesewaveswhentheymeetinspaceistheresultofcoherentsuperposition.2.SuperpositionofLightWaves:WhentwocoherentlightwavesmeetatpointPinspace,theintensityoflightatpointPisgivenbyI=I1+I2+2I1I2cosΔφforcoherentsuperposition,andI=I1+I2forincoherentsuperposition.3.InterferenceofLightWaves:(1)OpticalPathLength:l=∑niri(whereriisthedistancethatlighttravelsinvacuumandniistherefractiveindexofthemedium).(2)GeneralConditionforInterference:δ=n2r2-n1r1=kλor(2k+1)λ/2forconstructiveanddestructiveinterference,respectively.(3)Young'sDoubleSlitInterference:Theopticalpathdifferenceδ=n(r2-r1)≈dsinθ≈tanθ=d,wheredisthedistancebetweenthetwoslits.Thepositiondistributionofbrightanddarkfringesonthescreenisgivenbyx=Dλ/d(k+1)orx=Dλ/d(2k+1)forbrightordarkfringes,respectively.(4)ThinFilmInterference:(a)Equal-InclinationInterference:Theopticalpathdifferenceisδ=2ne+(2k+1)λ/2forbrightfringes,andδ=2ne+kλfordarkfringes,whereeisthethicknessofthefilmandkisaninteger.(b)Newton'sRings:Theopticalpathdifferenceisδ=2ne+kλforbrightrings,andδ=2ne+(2k+1)λ/2fordarkrings,whereristheradiusofcurvatureofthelens.4.MichelsonInterferometer.5.DiffractionofLight:(1)Single-SlitFraunhoferDiffraction:Thepositionofthenthdarkfringeisgivenbyasinθ=nλ,andtheintensityoflightatanangleθisgivenbyI=I0(sinπasinθ/πaθ)2.(2)CircularApertureFraunhoferDiffraction:Thefirstdarkringcorrespondstoanangleofasinθ=1.22λ/D,whereDisthediameteroftheaperture.TheresolutionlimitisR=λ/δθ=D/1.22λ.(3)GratingDiffraction:Fornormalincidence,thepositionofthenthbrightfringeisgivenbydsinθ=nλ,wheredisthespacingbetweenthegratinglines.Theintensityoflightisgivenbythegratingequation:I=I0(sinNπdsinθ/λNπdθ)2,whereNisthenumberofgratinglines.Forobliqueincidence,thepositionofthenthbrightfringeisgivenbydsinθ=nλ+mλ',wheremisanintegerandλ'isthewavelengthinthegratingmaterial.1.將公式進行排版，改為：asinθ'=±k'λ，k'=1,2,3,...θ=θ'd_k=a_k'^2/2k=d/d_k'I_p=I_single(sinα/α)2d(sinθ±sinι)=±kλ(sinNβ/β)sinβ布拉格公式2d·sinΦ=kλ，k=1,2,3,...加強布拉格公式2.刪除明顯有問題的段落。3.