2023年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試考前點(diǎn)題卷二

2023年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試考前點(diǎn)題卷二[問(wèn)答題]1.TheImportanceofFrustrationEducatio（江南博哥）nAmongCollegeStudents提交答案[問(wèn)答題]2.昆曲(KunquOpera)是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)戲劇中最受推崇的形式之一，至今已有600多年的歷史。幾百年來(lái)，昆曲在上海及長(zhǎng)江三角洲下游地區(qū)發(fā)展繁榮。從16世紀(jì)到18世紀(jì)，昆曲一直主宰著中國(guó)戲曲。此外，昆曲還影響了許多其他的中國(guó)戲曲形式。例如，在京劇里，我們可以看到昆曲的影子。2001年，聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織宣布昆曲為“人類口述和非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作”。提交答案共享題干題Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffectiveascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT，BAisanoutside-in26_____inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27_____,"saysDavidRichards，ahealthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeter.Ifapatientvaluesnatureandfamily，forexample，atherapistmightencouragehimto28_____adailywalkintheparkwithhisgrandchildren，whichcouldcreatea(n)29_____tomorenegativepastimessuchasponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades，andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT，yetmore30_____scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-aloneapproach.Inarecentstudy，a31_____of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBThead-to-head.They32_____440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwoapproaches，thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6，12and18monthsaftertreatmentbegan.As33_____inapaperpublishedintheLancet，theteamfoundthetreatmentstobeequallyeffective.

Inaddition，Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34_____healthworkerscouldprovideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod—makingit35_____cheapertoimplementthanCBT，whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboontodevelopingcountries，whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.[單選題]1.空白處26.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique[單選題]2..空白處27.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique[單選題]3.空白處28.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique[單選題]4.空白處29.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique[單選題]5.空白處30.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique[單選題]6.空白處31.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique[單選題]7.空白處32.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique[單選題]8.空白處33.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique[單選題]9.空白處34.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique[單選題]10.空白處35.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechniqueUniversalHealthCare，Worldwide，IsWithinReach

(A)Bymanymeasurestheworldhasneverbeeninbetterhealth.Since2000thenumberofchildrenwhodiebeforetheyarefivehasfallenbyalmosthalf，t05.6m.Lifeexpectancyhasreached71，againoffiveyears.Morechildrenthaneverarevaccinated.Malaria，TBandHIV/AIDSareinretreat.

(B)Yetthegapbetweenthisprogressandthestillgreaterpotentialthatmedicineoffershasperhapsneverbeenwider.AtleasthalftheworldiswithoutaccesstowhattheWorldHealthOrganizationdeemsessential,includingantenatal，(產(chǎn)前的)care，insecticide-treatedbednets，screeningforcervicalcancer(子宮頸癌)andvaccinationsagainstdiphtheria(白喉)，tetanus(破傷風(fēng))andwhoopingcough.Safe，basicsurgeryisoutofreachfor5bnpeople.

(C)Thosewhocangettoseeadoctoroftenpayacripplingprice.Morethan800mpeoplespendover10%oftheirannualhouseholdincomeonmedicalexpenses;nearly180mspendover25%.Thequalityofwhattheygetinreturnisoftenwoeful.InstudiesofconsultationsinruralIndianclinics，just12-26%ofpatientsreceivedacorrectdiagnosis.Thatisaterriblewaste.Asthisweek'sspecialreportshows，thegoalofuniversalbasichealthcareissensible，affordableandpractical，eveninpoorcountries.Withoutit，thepotentialofmodemmedicinewillbesquandered.(D)Universalbasichealthcareissensibleinthewaythat，say，universalbasiceducationissensible—becauseityieldsbenefitstosocietyaswellastoindividuals.Insomequarterstheveryidealeadstoadangerouselevationofthebloodpressure，becauseitsuggestspaternalism(家長(zhǎng)式統(tǒng)治)，coercionorworse.Thereisnohidingthatpublichealthinsuranceschemesrequiretherichtosubsidisethepoor，theyoungtosubsidisetheoldandthehealthytounderwritethesick.Anduniversalschemesmusthaveawayofforcingpeopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoeswithoutessentialtreatment，thefruitsofcenturiesofmedicalsciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealiseitspromise.[單選題]11.Itisextremelywastefulthatpeoplecouldn'tgetsatisfyingtreatmentafterspendingafortune.A.A）B.B）C.C）D.D）E.E）F.F）GG）HH）II）JJ）KK）LL）peopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoeswithoutessentialtreatment，thefruitsofcenturiesofmedicalsciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealiseitspromise.[單選題]12.Apartfromthegovernment，privateinsurancecompaniesandproviderscanalsocomeintoplayinuniversalhealthcare.A.A）B.B）C.C）D.D）E.E）F.F）GG）HH）II）JJ）KK）LL）peopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoeswithoutessentialtreatment，thefruitsofcenturiesofmedicalsciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealiseitspromise.[單選題]13.MostofIndianandNigerianhealthexpenditureispaidbypatients.A.A）B.B）C.C）D.D）E.E）F.F）GG）HH）II）JJ）KK）LL）peopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoeswithoutessentialtreatment，thefruitsofcenturiesofmedicalsciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealiseitspromise.[單選題]14.TheeffectivemeasuresfoundbytheresearchledbyDeanJamisonwouldleadtoabigdropinthenumberofearlydeathsinpoorcountriesatlittlecost.A.A）B.B）C.C）D.D）E.E）F.F）GG）HH）II）JJ）KK）LL）peopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoes