說專業(yè)-應(yīng)用化工技術(shù)煤制油氣專業(yè)課件

Lesson7.1CleanCoalTechnologiesLesson7.11contentwords1ExpressionsandTechnicalTerms2Text3contentwords1ExpressionsandT2Words煤化工minimus[`minim?s]adj.最年輕的,微小的particulate[p?`tikjulit]n.微粒，粉塵；adj.微粒的pulverize[`p?lv?raiz]v.研磨成粉gasifier[`g?sifai?(r)]氣化器，氣體發(fā)生器supercritical[?sju:p?`kritik?l]adj.超臨界的synfuel[`sinfju?l]n.合成燃料sorbent[`s?g?b?nt]n.[化]吸附劑其他fluidize[flu:idaiz]v.使液化,流(態(tài))化gasification[?g?sifi`kei??n]n.氣化liberalize[`lib?r?laiz]v.自由化saleable[`seil?bl]adj.適于銷售的synfuel[`sinfju?l]n.合成燃料liberalize[`lib?r?laiz]v.自由化collaboration[k??l?b?`rei??n]n.協(xié)作Words煤化工minimus[`minim?s]adj3ExpressionsandTechnicalTerms規(guī)格對(duì)應(yīng)職業(yè)崗位steamturbinen.蒸汽輪機(jī)capitalcost資本成本,資本費(fèi)用commercialplant商業(yè)設(shè)備over-fireair二次空氣[風(fēng)]resultfromv.由...產(chǎn)生combustionchamber燃燒室turbinegeneratorn.渦輪發(fā)電機(jī)exhaustgas廢氣ExpressionsandTechnicalTerm4textCleancoaltechnologieshaveanimportantroletoplayoverthecomingdecadestominimisetheenvironmentalimpactofthesubstantialcoalusethatisforecast.Thisbriefingpaperfocusesprimarilyonthetechnologiestoreducesulphurdioxide(SO2),

oxidesofnitrogen(NOx)andcarbondioxide(CO2).

煤炭潔凈技術(shù)在未來十年中將扮演一個(gè)重要的角色。大量煤的使用對(duì)環(huán)境的影響將是一個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)。這個(gè)詳細(xì)介紹的課題的最初焦點(diǎn)是為了減小氧化硫，氮氧化物和二氧化碳的排放。textCleancoaltechnologiesha5textCleancoaltechnologiesprojectshavedemonstratedtechnologiesinfourkeyareas:environmentalcontroltechnologiesapplicabletoconventionalplants,advancedpowergeneration,coalprocessingandindustrialapplications.

清節(jié)煤技術(shù)方案已經(jīng)在關(guān)鍵的四個(gè)方面得到了論證，應(yīng)用于傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的環(huán)境控制技術(shù)，先進(jìn)的發(fā)展技術(shù)，煤處理和工業(yè)應(yīng)用。

textCleancoaltechnologiespr6ThesetechnologiesweredevelopedtoremoveorpreventtheformationofSO2,NOxandparticulateswhencoalisburnedtogenerateelectricityatconventional,coal-firedpowerstationswherethecoalispulverizedtoafinepowderbeforebeingburnedinaboilertoraisesteamforasteamturbine.這些技術(shù)被開發(fā)是為了去除或阻止二氧化硫氮氧化物和粉塵。傳統(tǒng)的煤碳被燃燒去產(chǎn)生電流，煤炭發(fā)電。煤炭在鍋爐中燃爐之前被研磨成細(xì)微的顆料為了增加蒸汽機(jī)的蒸氣。textThesetechnologiesweredevelo7textFluegasdesulphurisationtoremove>90%oftheSO2,typicallyusingawetlimestoneslurry,iswidelyadoptedandcapitalcostshavehalvedoverthelastdecade.煙道氣中的二氧化硫大于90%的被除去。一般使用一個(gè)潮濕的碳巖泥漿，這種方法被廣泛的采用和資金投入在最近幾十年中已經(jīng)減半。

textFluegasdesulphurisation8Theefficiencyofconventionalcoal-firedpowerstationdesignscontinuestoimprovewitheachnewproject,suchthatCO2emissionsfromnewplantsare15-25%lessthanmanyolderplants.傳統(tǒng)的煤燃燒發(fā)電的效率很低，一些國家為了改進(jìn)這項(xiàng)新工程，比如像二氧化碳的排放量在新工廠中的到舊工廠中至少量低15%——25%texttext9textDevelopmentprogrammesforultra-supercriticaltechnologyaimtoimprovecoal-firedgenerationefficiencytoabove50%(i.e.comparabletogas-firedgeneration).Thescaleoftheseprogrammesmeansthattheyareveryunlikelytoproceedwithoutgovernmentencouragementandsupport.

Thiswouldbejustifiedbythepotentialcarbonsavingsthatwouldresultfromworld-wideapplication.開發(fā)這項(xiàng)超臨界蒸汽技術(shù)是為了改進(jìn)煤炭發(fā)電技術(shù)的效率達(dá)到50%以上，這么大規(guī)模的項(xiàng)目意味著不可能輕易完成的，如果沒有政府的支持和鼓勵(lì)，這將被潛在的碳的節(jié)約證明是正確的，并將在全世界應(yīng)用。textDevelopmentprogrammesfor10FBCreducesemissionsofSO2andNOxbythecontrolledcombustionofcrushedcoalinabedfluidizedwithjetsofair.SulphurreleasedfromthecoalasSO2iscapturedbyasorbent(e.g.limestone)injectedintothecombustionchamberalongwiththecoal.流化床燃燒技術(shù)通過空氣噴嘴將煤噴進(jìn)燃燒室，來控制二氧化硫和二氧化氮的排放。從煤中釋放的硫和煤一塊添加進(jìn)燃燒室中的吸附劑吸收。

textFBCreducesemissionsofSO2a11textIGCCsystemsinvolvegasificationofcoal,cleaningthegasproduced,andcombustingitinagasturbinegeneratortoproduceelectricity.Residualheatintheexhaustgasfromthegasturbineisrecoveredinaheatrecoveryboilerassteam,whichcanbeusedtoproduceadditionalelectricityinasteamturbinegenerator.循環(huán)聯(lián)合發(fā)電技術(shù)涉及到煤炭的汽化，煤的凈化并且燃燒它在渦輪發(fā)電機(jī)中去產(chǎn)生電流。從燃?xì)鉁u輪中排放的廢氣中的余熱用來發(fā)熱鍋爐產(chǎn)生蒸汽。產(chǎn)生的蒸汽可以推動(dòng)蒸汽渦輪發(fā)電機(jī)產(chǎn)生額外的電能。textIGCCsystemsinvolvegasif12Avarietyoftechnologiesareavailabletoproducecleanliquidfuelshavinghighenergydensityandlowsulphur.ThelargestexampleisinSouthAfricawherealmost40milliontonnesoflow-gradecoalisgasifiedandprocessedintohighqualitysynfuels,includingtransportfuels,usingtheFischer-Tropschprocess.很多種技術(shù)都能夠?qū)⒚禾哭D(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闈崈羧剂?，并使它們含有較高的能量密度和低硫粉，最大的例子在南非，每年大約有4億噸低價(jià)煤被汽化，轉(zhuǎn)化為高質(zhì)量的合成燃料，包括輸送燃料。texttext13Thiscategoryincludesiron-making,withcoalreplacingaproportionofthemoreexpensivecoketraditionallyusedinblastfurnaces.ItalsoincludesprocessestoremoveSO2andotherpollutantsfromthefluegasesproducedduringcementmanufacture.這些包括鐵制品，用煤代替一定比率的更昂貴的焦碳傳統(tǒng)的使用在鼓風(fēng)爐中，它也包括除去二氧化硫和其他有害物質(zhì)從煙道氣中，在生產(chǎn)水泥產(chǎn)品的過程中。texttext14ToproperlyaddresstheclimatechangeissuewillrequirethecaptureandstorageofCO2emissionsfromallfossilfueluse.ThereismuchresearchworkinprogresstoexamineandfurtherdevelopthemanytechnologiesthatarealreadyavailabletocaptureCO2fromcoaluse.一個(gè)正確的看法是隨著氣候的變化，將要汞奪取并且存儲(chǔ)二氧化碳的排放從所在研究過程中有許多技術(shù)要去測(cè)試和更遠(yuǎn)的發(fā)展。從煤碳中奪取二氧化碳，燃料氣中的胺從傳統(tǒng)的煤燒過程中產(chǎn)生的。textToproperlyaddresstheclimat15textCaptureofCO2fromIGCCplanthasparticularattractions,notleastbecauseitisalreadydemonstratedatan