大多數(shù)受過(guò)教育的人說(shuō)話或?qū)懽鲿r(shí)使用的英語(yǔ)就是正確的課件

LectureThirteenTranslationofAttributive&AdverbialClausesLectureThirteenTranslationof1

I.ReviewandcommentsontheassignmentsII.TranslationofattributiveclausesIII.TranslationofadverbialclausesIV.summaryV.AssignmentsVI.ReferencesforfurtherreadingTeachingProceduresI.Reviewandcomments21.Whateverfromisusedbythemajorityofeducatedspeakersorwritersiscorrect;orasSweetputsit,“Whateverisingeneraluseinalanguageis,forthatreason,grammatically,correct.”

大多數(shù)受過(guò)教育的人說(shuō)話或?qū)懽鲿r(shí)使用的英語(yǔ)就是正確的英語(yǔ)，或如斯威特所說(shuō)：“凡是語(yǔ)言中廣泛使用的說(shuō)法（僅僅這一理由）都可以認(rèn)為在語(yǔ)法上是正確的?！?.Noonewilldenythatwhatwehavebeenabletodointhepastfiveyearsisespeciallystrikinginviewofthecrisiswhichweinheritedfromthepreviousgovernment.

考慮到上屆政府遺留下來(lái)的危機(jī)，我們?cè)谶^(guò)去5年里所能取得的成績(jī)尤為顯著，這是沒(méi)人可否認(rèn)的。I.Reviewandcommentsontheassignments1.Whateverfromisusedbyth3.IthasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsectsdestroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotalweightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry.

據(jù)估計(jì)，英國(guó)一年內(nèi)被蜘蛛所消滅的全部昆蟲(chóng)的總量，要超過(guò)這個(gè)國(guó)家所有人的重量總和。4.Hepouredintohiswritingallthepainsofhislifeandtheconvictionithadbroughttohimthattheworldcouldbemadeabetterplacetoliveiniftheexploitedwouldriseup.

他在作品里傾訴了自己一生的痛苦和這種痛苦個(gè)他帶來(lái)的一種信念，認(rèn)為如果被剝削的人們起來(lái)反抗，世界就會(huì)變得美好。I.ReviewandcommentsontheassignmentsI.Reviewandcommentsonthe5.Therehaslongbeenasuperstitionamongmarinersthatporpoiseswillsavedrowningmenbypushingthemtothesurface,orprotectthemfromsharksbysurroundingthemindefensiveformation.

很久以來(lái)，海員中有一種迷信，認(rèn)為海豚會(huì)把快死的人推到水面把他們救起，或者在溺水人周圍形成防御隊(duì)形，保護(hù)他們不受鯊魚(yú)傷害。6.Mybrotherisnotwhatheusedtobe.

我弟弟不是他從前的那個(gè)樣子了。（我弟弟變了。）7.Whatwasonceregardedasimpossiblehasnowbecomeareality.

過(guò)去認(rèn)為不可能的事現(xiàn)在變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)。I.Reviewandcommentsontheassignments5.Therehaslongbeenasuper8.Itisn’tmuchwhetherheworks,thequestioniswhetherheworksatall.

他干多少并不重要，問(wèn)題是他到底有沒(méi)有干。9.Thisishowtheyweredefeated.

他們就是這樣給打敗的。10.Iwondernotwhetherweshallbeintimeforthelastbusbutwhetherwe’llbeabletogetfrontseats.

我知道我們趕上最后一班公共汽車是沒(méi)有問(wèn)題的，但不知能否有靠前的座位。I.ReviewandcommentsontheassignmentsI.Reviewandcommentsonthe

①I(mǎi)nhisclassicnovel,“ThePioneers”,JamesFenimoreCooperhashishero,alanddeveloper,takehiscousinonatourofthecityheisbuilding.②Hedescribesthebroadstreets,rowsofhouses,ateemingmetropolis.③Buthiscousinlooksaroundbewildered.④Allsheseesisaforest.⑤“Wherearethebeautiesandimprovementswhichyouweretoshowme?”sheasks.⑥He’sastonishedshecan’tseethem.⑦“Where!Whyeverywhere,”hereplies.⑧Forthoughtheyarenotyetbuiltonearth,hehasbuilttheminhismind,andtheyareasconcretetohimasiftheywerealreadyconstructedandfinished.

I.Reviewandcommentsontheassignments在其經(jīng)典小說(shuō)《開(kāi)拓者》中，詹姆士．庫(kù)伯讓主人公，一個(gè)土地開(kāi)發(fā)商，帶他的表妹參觀正在由他承建的一座城市。他描述了寬闊的街道，林立的房屋，熱鬧的都市。他的表妹環(huán)顧四周，大惑不解。她所看見(jiàn)的只是一片樹(shù)林?！澳阆胱屛铱吹哪切┟谰昂透脑炝说牡胤皆谀脙海俊彼龁?wèn)道。他見(jiàn)表妹看不見(jiàn)那些東西，感到很驚訝?！澳膬?？到處都是啊！”他答道。雖然那些東西還未建成在大地上，但他已在心中將他們建好了。對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)，他們都是實(shí)實(shí)在在的，宛如已建成竣工一樣。

①I(mǎi)nhisclassicnovel,

①CooperwasillustratingadistinctlyAmericantrait,future-mindedness:theabilitytoseethepresentfromthevantagepointofthefuture;thefreedomtofeelunencumberedbythepastandmoreemotionallyattachedtothingstocome.②AsAlbertEinsteinoncesaid,“LifefortheAmericanisalwaysbecoming,neverbeing.”庫(kù)伯這里闡明的是一種典型的美國(guó)人特性：著眼于未來(lái)，即能夠從未來(lái)的角度看待現(xiàn)在；可以自由地不為過(guò)去所羈絆，而在情感上更多地依附于未來(lái)的事物。正如阿爾伯特·愛(ài)因斯坦曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)的那樣：“對(duì)美國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，生活總是在發(fā)展變化中，從來(lái)不會(huì)靜止不變?！盜.Reviewandcommentsontheassignments

①Cooperwasillustratinga1.Thepeoplewhoworkedforhimlivedinmortalfearofhim.

在他手下干活的人對(duì)他都怕得要死。2.Pollutionisapressingproblemwhichwemustdealwith.

污染是我們必須解決的一個(gè)迫切問(wèn)題。3.ThisisthereasonwhyIamnotinfavorofrevisingtheplan.

這就是我不贊成修改計(jì)劃的原因。A.譯成前置定語(yǔ)(合譯法)II.TranslationofAttributiveClauses1.Thepeoplewhoworkedforh4.“HowcouldagreatpaperliketheWashingtonPost,fullofbrillianteditors,getsoinvolvedinitsownconceitandarrogancetopursueastorywhichitsownstaffwassayingwasfabricatedfromthebeginning?”

像《華盛頓郵報(bào)》這樣一家擁有許多出色編輯的大報(bào)，為何自以為是和高傲自大到如此地步，竟然追求一篇連自己的編輯人員從一開(kāi)始也認(rèn)為是虛構(gòu)的報(bào)道？”A.譯成前置定語(yǔ)(合譯法)II.TranslationofAttributiveClauses4.“Howcouldagreatpaper5.Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork,whichheoftenwas,hewouldforgetallabouteatingandsleeping.

他常常聚精會(huì)神地做工作，這時(shí)他會(huì)廢寢忘食。Thesun,whichhadhiddenallday,nowcameoutinallitssplendor.

那個(gè)整天躲在云層里的太陽(yáng)，現(xiàn)在又光芒四射地露面了。7.ButMiggle’slaugh,whichwasveryinfectious,brokethesilence.

但密格爾的富有感染力的笑聲打破了寂靜。8.Hewroteabook,whichisabouteconomics.

他寫(xiě)了一本經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)方面的書(shū)。II.TranslationofAttributiveClausesA.譯成前置定語(yǔ)(合譯法)5.Whendeeplyabsorbedin9.JulyandAugustarethemonthswhentheweatherishot.

七八月是天氣很熱的月份。10．Intheroomwheretheelectroniccomputeriskept,theremustbenodustatall.

在存放電子計(jì)算機(jī)的房間，不能有一點(diǎn)灰塵。11..ImustmakefulluseofthetimethereislefttomeanddoasmuchasIcanforthepeople.

我要充分利用我剩下的歲月，盡量為人民多做些事情。12.Acarwhichisinmotionhaskineticenergy.

正在開(kāi)動(dòng)的車子具有動(dòng)能。II.TranslationofAttributiveClausesA.譯成前置定語(yǔ)(合譯法)9.JulyandAugustarethemon1．Afuelisamaterialwhichwillburnatareasonabletemperatureandproduceheat.

燃料是一種物質(zhì)，在適當(dāng)溫度下能燃燒并放出熱量。2．Newtoninventedapaperlanternilluminatedbyacandlewhichhecarriedwithhimtolighthiswaytoschoolondarkwintermorning.

牛頓發(fā)明了一只蠟燭的紙燈籠，在昏暗的冬天早晨上學(xué)時(shí)帶著燈籠照路。3．Wewillputofftheoutinguntilnextweek,whenwewon’tbesobusy.

我們把郊游推遲到下星期，到那時(shí)我們不會(huì)這么忙了。B.譯成并列分句（分譯法）II.TranslationofAttributiveClauses1．Afuelisamaterialwhich4．Inpowerstations,coaloroilisburnedandchangedintoelectricity,whichisthensentovertohomesandfactories.

在發(fā)電站里，煤和油燃燒變成電，然后電沿著導(dǎo)線輸送到住家和工廠。5．Shewasnotunconscious,ascouldbejudgedfromhereyes.

她沒(méi)有失去知覺(jué)，這從她的眼睛可以看出來(lái)。B.譯成并列分句（分譯法）II.TranslationofAttributiveClauses4．Inpowerstations,coaloro6．Nearlyeveryoneknowsthestoryof“thedogthatworriedthecatthatcaughttheratthatatethegrainthatlayinthehousethatJackbuilt.”

幾乎人人都知道這個(gè)故事：“杰克蓋了房，房里堆了糧，耗子把糧吃光，貓把耗子抓傷，狗又把貓逼上房。”II.TranslationofAttributiveClausesB.譯成并列分句（分譯法）II.TranslationofAttributive7.Theprocessbywhichenergyischangedfromoneformintoanotheriscalledthetransformationofenergy.

能量從一種形式變?yōu)榱硪环N形式，這一過(guò)程稱為能量轉(zhuǎn)換。8.Theywereshortofstickstomakeframesfortheclimbingvines,withoutwhichtheyieldwouldbehalved.

他們?nèi)贝钇咸鸭艿臈U兒，沒(méi)有桿搭架子，葡萄產(chǎn)量就會(huì)減少一半。B.譯成并列分句（分譯法）II.TranslationofAttributiveClausesB.譯成并列分句（分譯法）II.Translation1．Therearemanypeoplewhowanttoapplyfortheposition.

有很多人想應(yīng)聘這個(gè)崗位。2．Fortunatelytherearesomechemicalfuelsthatarecleanandsmokeless.

幸好有些化學(xué)燃料是潔凈無(wú)煙的。4．Weusedaplaneofwhichalmosteverypartcarriedsomeidentificationofnationalidentity.

我們駕駛的飛機(jī)幾乎每一個(gè)部件都有國(guó)籍的某些標(biāo)志。II.TranslationofAttributiveClausesC.混合譯法II.TranslationofAttributive5.YoucompareherwithyourEnglish---womenwhowolfdownfromthreetofivemeatmealsaday;andnaturallyyoufindherasylph.

你們英國(guó)女人每天狼吞虎咽地吃上三粲到五粲的肉食，你們拿她來(lái)比她們，當(dāng)然覺(jué)得她是窈窕仙女了。6.TheacidtestisexpectedtocometodayorearlynextweekwhenabillgoesbeforetheU.S.CongressforapprovalofthesaleofUS$60millionworthofsparepartstoTaiwan.

出售價(jià)值六千萬(wàn)美元的零件給臺(tái)灣的法案將在今天或下周初提交美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)批準(zhǔn)，屆時(shí)嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn)就要到來(lái)了。7.Thereisamandownstairswhowantstoseeyou.

樓下有人要見(jiàn)你。II.TranslationofAttributiveClausesC.混合譯法II.TranslationofAttributive1.Mancan’tliveonthemoon,wherethereisnoairorwater.

人不能月球上生活，因?yàn)槟抢餂](méi)有空氣和水。（譯成原因狀語(yǔ)從句）2.Electricalenergythatissuppliedtoalampcanbeturnedintolightenergy.

當(dāng)把電供給電燈時(shí)，它就會(huì)變成光能。（譯成時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句）3.Nothingisdifficultintheworldforanyone,whodarestoscaletheheight.

世上無(wú)難事，只要肯登攀。（譯成條件狀語(yǔ)從句）D．譯成狀語(yǔ)從句:II.TranslationofAttributiveClausesD．譯成狀語(yǔ)從句:II.TranslationofAt4.Themanufactureofthisequipmentisaverycomplexone,whichtookusalotoftime.

這一儀器的生產(chǎn)非常復(fù)雜，結(jié)果花了我們很多時(shí)間。5.Hewishestowriteanarticle,whichwillattractpublicattentiontotheairpollutioninthiscity.

他想寫(xiě)一篇文章，以此來(lái)引起公眾對(duì)這座城市空氣污染的關(guān)注。（譯成目的狀語(yǔ)從句）6.HelikesMissNancyverymuch,whodespiseshim.

盡管南希小姐很討厭他，他卻很喜歡她。（譯成讓步狀語(yǔ)從句）D．譯成狀語(yǔ)從句:II.TranslationofAttributiveClausesD．譯成狀語(yǔ)從句:II.TranslationofAt7.Einstein,whoworkedoutthefamousTheoryofRelativity,wontheNovelPrizein1921.

愛(ài)因斯坦由于提出了著名的“相對(duì)論”，于1921年獲得了諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)。（原因）8.Wehavetooilthemovingpartsofthemachine,thefrictionofwhichmaybereducedgreatly.

我們必須給機(jī)器的可動(dòng)部件加油，以便使摩擦大大減少。（目的）9.Howcananyonehopetobeaqualifiedteacher,whodoesn’tknowwhatthestudentsarethinkinganddemanding?

一個(gè)教師如果不知道他的學(xué)生在想什么，需要什么，怎能指望成為一個(gè)合格的教師呢？條件）TranslationofAttributiveClauses7.Einstein,whoworkedoutth10.Electroniccomputers,whichhavemanyadvantages,can’tcarryoutcreativeworkandcompletelyreplacepeople.

盡管電子計(jì)算機(jī)有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是它們不能進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性的工作，也不能代替人。（讓步）11.Iknockedatthedooroftheredhouse,whichopenedrightaway.（結(jié)果）

我敲了敲那座紅房子的門(mén)，那門(mén)就立即開(kāi)了。D．譯成狀語(yǔ)從句:II.TranslationofAttributiveClauses10.Electroniccomputers,whic1.Lighttravelsinstraightlines,whichexplainswhyshadowsareformedwhenitgoespastanobject.

光以直線傳播，這說(shuō)明光經(jīng)過(guò)物體時(shí)形成陰影的原因。2.Tofindthepressurewedividetheforcebytheareaonwhichitpresses,whichgivesustheforceperunitarea.

要求壓強(qiáng)，則把力除以它所作用的面積，從而得出單位面積上的力。3．Metalshavemanygoodproperties,ashasbeenstatedbefore.

金屬有很多良好的性能，這在前面已經(jīng)講了。4．Asisknowntous,dieselenginesarecheapertorunthangasolineengines.

正如我們所知，使用柴油機(jī)比使用汽油機(jī)便宜。E.特種定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯II.TranslationofAttributiveClausesE.特種定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯II.Translationof5．Heisaprofessor,asisclearfromhismanner.

他是個(gè)教授，這可以從他的舉止上明顯地看出來(lái)。6.Theyturnedadeafeartoourdemands,whichenragedallofus.

他們對(duì)我們的要求置之不理，這是我們大家都十分生氣。7.Thethief,whowasabouttoescape,wascaughtbythepolicemen.

小偷正要逃跑時(shí)，被警察給抓住了。II.TranslationofAttributiveClausesE.特種定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯II.TranslationofAttributiveIII.TranslationofAdverbialClausesA.前置譯法1．Whileshespoke,tearswererunningdown.她說(shuō)話時(shí)，淚水直流。2．Pleaseturnoffthelightwhenyouleavetheroom.離屋時(shí)請(qǐng)關(guān)燈。3．Whereverthereismatter,thereismotion.哪里有物質(zhì)，哪里就有運(yùn)動(dòng)。III.TranslationofAdverbialIII.TranslationofAdverbialClauses4．Itwasbetterincasetheywerecaptured.要是把他們捉到了，那就更好了。5．WhileIgranthishonesty,Isuspecthismemory.雖然我對(duì)他的誠(chéng)實(shí)沒(méi)有異議，但我對(duì)他的記憶力卻感到懷疑。6．Nomatterwhatmisfortunebefellhim,healwayssquaredhisshouldersandsaid:“Nevermind,I’llworkharder.”不管他遭受什么不幸事兒，他總是把胸一挺，說(shuō)：“沒(méi)關(guān)系，我再加把勁?！?/p>

A.前置譯法III.TranslationofAdverbialIII.TranslationofAdverbialClauses7．Thevalueofhealthisnotesteemeduntilitislost.人要到失去了健康，才知道健康的可貴。8．ThoughIwerestarving,Iwouldnotaskafavorofhim.我縱然餓死，也不去向他求助。A.前置譯法III.TranslationofAdverbialIII.TranslationofAdverbialClausesB.后置譯法1．Thesteelisheateduntilitbecomesred.將鋼加熱到發(fā)紅。2．Weshouldstartearlysothatwemightgettherebeforenoon.我們應(yīng)該早點(diǎn)動(dòng)身，以便中午前趕到那里。Icouldunderstandhispointofview,inthatI’dbeeninasimilarposition.我能夠理解他的觀點(diǎn)，因?yàn)槲易约阂灿羞^(guò)類似的處境。III.TranslationofAdverbialIII.TranslationofAdverbialClausesB.后置譯法4．Electricityflowsthroughawirejustaswaterflowsthroughapipe.電流通過(guò)導(dǎo)線，正像水流過(guò)管子一樣。5．Youcandrivetonightifyouareready.你今晚可以出車，如果你愿意的話。（這種歐式句型經(jīng)借用以后，已經(jīng)成了漢語(yǔ)的一種組句方式，并為中國(guó)讀者所接受，但譯成這樣的句式要視上下問(wèn)的語(yǔ)境，千萬(wàn)不可刻意為之，如使用不當(dāng)，效果截然相反。）III.TranslationofAdverbialIII.TranslationofAdverbialClausesC.譯成分句1．Thetaperecorderissosmallthatyoucancarryitinyourpocket.這臺(tái)錄音機(jī)體積小，可以把它放在衣袋里。2．Theysethimfreewhenhisransomhadnotyetbeenpaid.他贖金還沒(méi)有交，他們就把他放了。3．Shesangasshepreparedtheexperiment.她一邊唱歌，一邊準(zhǔn)備實(shí)驗(yàn)。III.TranslationofAdverbialIII.TranslationofAdverbialClausesC.譯成分句4．Becausehewasconvincedoftheaccuracyofthisfact,hestucktohisop