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初中英語語法整理名詞知識梳理:提綱挈領(lǐng),抓住重點和難點!一、名詞的分類名詞類別意義例 詞等的專有名稱Jim , China, Qingdao, the theGreatWall普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個體名詞girl,student,factory,desk,countrycat,集合名詞的總稱people, police, team, group,crew不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞質(zhì)water,ice,pork,cheese, broccolifun, healthy, happiness, love,care一個字母必須大寫。專有名詞前一般不加冠詞?!皌he”,但它不大寫。3、有些不可數(shù)名詞有時表示為具體的東西時,則變?yōu)榭蓴?shù)名eg.beerabeer一杯啤酒,wor-awrkglassaglassroom空間aroom一個房間二、名詞的數(shù):表示可以計算數(shù)目的人或物稱為可數(shù)名詞。名詞前加“a或an”;復(fù)數(shù)形式是在名詞后加“-s或-es”復(fù)數(shù)形式有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種,規(guī)則變化及其讀音可依照下表:當(dāng)名詞為:詞尾變化讀 音例 詞一般情況s在清輔音后讀/s/chips, jeeps,pats,clocks在濁輔音或元音后讀/z/boys,sharpeners,sofas,drawers以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的單詞es/iz/watches,boxes,classes,brushes以字母o結(jié)尾的單詞s或es/z/zoos,photos,bamboos,tomatoes,potatoes,heroes,以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的單詞yi加es/z/dictionaries,strawberries,以f或fe結(jié)尾的單詞f或fe變v加es/vz/leaves,wives,halvesth結(jié)尾的詞s/ez/;/θz/mouths,paths;months,deaths①改變單數(shù)名詞中的元音字母eg. man--men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, goose—geese,mouse--mice②單復(fù)數(shù)同形 eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish,sheep-sheep,…③由manwoman構(gòu)成的合成詞,每個名詞都要變復(fù)數(shù)eg.amandoctor—mendoctors,awomanteacher--womenteachers注意:有些名詞表示一種物體具有不可分割的相同的兩部分,eg.trousers,clothes,glasses,shorts,scissors,etc;有些名詞從形式上看是復(fù)數(shù),實際上是單數(shù)(其后的謂語動詞要用單數(shù)).eg.maths,phyiscs,politics,news不可數(shù)名詞:表示不能計算數(shù)目的人或物,稱為不可數(shù)名詞。他們前面不能用a/an,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名,但有其特殊用法:同一個詞,變成復(fù)數(shù)形式,意義不同。eg.food食物foods各種食物,time時間times 時代,green綠色greens青菜eg.hopehopes希望 hardshiphardships艱苦物質(zhì)名詞在表示數(shù)量時,常用某個量詞+of來表示eg.acupoftea,sevenpiecesofbread,severalbagsofrice,…三、名詞的所有格名詞的所有格是表示名詞之間的所有關(guān)系,有兩種表示形式,一種是在名詞后+’sof,表示“……的”。,直接在詞尾children’sclothess結(jié)尾的名詞所有格只在詞尾+’eg.teachers’books(3)兩人共有的物體,則在第二個名詞后+’s;如果分別是兩人所有,則在每個名詞后面+’s。eg.LucyandLily’sroom.指兩人共住一個房間)MrsGreen’sandMrsBrown’sson.指兩人各自的兒子) 表示某具體場所時,所有格后面的名詞可省略eg.thedoctor’s(office) Mr.White’s2、(1)沒有生命的事物一般用of短語來表示所屬關(guān)系。eg.thewalloftheclassroom,apictureofthebedroom,(2)名詞的的定語較長時,of短語表示。eg.alongstoryofa50-year-oldman雙重所有格 eg.afriendofhis, thebignoseofTom’s詞,也可以加’s來構(gòu)成所有格。例題解析:舉一反三,學(xué)的更輕松!Theygotmuch fromthosenewbooks.A.ideas B.photos C.news D.storiesABD三個選項均是可是名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,C項為不可數(shù)名詞,因此選C.Ihavetwo andthreebottlesof here.A.orange,orange B.oranges,orangesC.oranges,orange D.orange,oranges解析:orange有兩種含義,一種可數(shù)名詞橘子,另一種是不可數(shù)名詞橘汁,此題第一空應(yīng)填可數(shù)名詞,第二空填不可數(shù)名詞,因此選C。EveryeveningMr.Kingtakesa to hishome.25minutes’walk B.25minute’swalkC.25minutewalk D.25minuteswalk解析:句中的minute應(yīng)該用其復(fù)數(shù)的所有格形式,只+’,而不能+s,因此選A。Anold wantstoseeyou.A.people B.personC.thepeopleD.theperson解析:person與people都有”人”的意思,但用法不同.“一個人”用“aperson”,“兩個人”用“twopersons”;people泛指“人們”是集合名詞,表示復(fù)數(shù),thepeople指“人民”,apeople指“一個民族”.B。Helpyourselfto .A.chickensandapples B.chickensandappleC.chickenandapple D.chickenandapples解析:chicken可用作可數(shù)名詞指小雞,用作不可數(shù)名詞指雞肉,根據(jù)詞題意應(yīng)理解為雞肉;apple為可數(shù)名詞,故應(yīng)+s,因此選D。Oh,dear.Iforgotthetwo .A.room’snumber B.rooms’numberC.roomnumbers rooms’numbers解析:roomnumber房間號碼.room可直接用作定語修飾后面的名詞.myphsicsteacher,twobusdrivers等.應(yīng)選C。ShehasbeeninTianjinfortenyears.Tianjinhasbecomehersecond .A.family B.house C.home D.room解析:family指的是家庭或是家庭成員;house指的是房子(住所room指的是房間;home指的是家,因此選C.8. motherscouldn’tgotothemeeting,becausetheyhavegonetoShanghai.A.MaryandPeter’sB.MaryandPeterC.Mary’sandPeterD.Mary’sandPeter’s解析:此句中“mothers”是復(fù)數(shù),表示兩個人各自的母親,因此應(yīng)選D。LiLeihasbeento manytimesthismonth.A.heruncleB.heruncle’sC.herunclesD.aunt’s解析:此句意為“李雷這個去她舅舅家多次”.表示具體場所時,可省去所有格后面的名詞.因此選B。Heisasuccessasaleaderbuthehasn’t teaching.A.manyexperiences B.muchexperienceC.anexperience D.alotexperience解析:experience作“經(jīng)驗”講時是不可數(shù)名詞,作“經(jīng)歷”講時是可數(shù)名詞.本句中應(yīng)理解為“經(jīng)驗”,因此是不可數(shù)名詞,排除AC.又因alotof,lotsof,plentyof只用于肯定句,不用于否定句,因此選B。Aclassmateof washeretenminutesago.A.you B.your C.yoursister D.yoursister’s解析:此題考查名詞的雙重所有格.應(yīng)選D。Agroupof aretalkingwithtwo .A.Frenchmen,Germans B.Germans,FrenchmansC.Frenchmans,Germen D.Germen,Frenchmen解析: Frenchman 是復(fù)合詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式為 German的復(fù)數(shù)為直接在單詞末尾+S,應(yīng)選A.Theteam havingameeting.A.is B.are C.am D.be解析:team是一個集合名詞,即可表示復(fù)數(shù)意義(指整個小組),也可指小組中的成員(表示復(fù)數(shù)),此題意為后者,B?!癢ouldyoulike ?” “ ,please.”A.drink,Threecoffees B.acupofdrink,CoffeesC.adrink,Acoffee D.adrink,Threecupsofcoffees解析:drink和coffee是不可數(shù)名詞,可以用…of來表示數(shù)量,eg,threecupsofcoffee,當(dāng)前面加a時,則表示 因此選C。TheGreatWallwasmadenotonlyby ,butalsothefleshandbloodof men.earthandstone,millionsofearthsandstones,millionstheearthandstone,millionoftheearthsandstones,millions解析:earth是不可數(shù)名詞,因此刪除BD,數(shù)以百萬的應(yīng)為millionsof.因此選A。冠 詞冠詞分為不定冠詞(a,an)和定冠詞(the)知識梳理:提綱挈領(lǐng),抓住重點和難點!一、不定冠詞的用法用與可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式前,Sheisagirl.Passmeanapple,please.,但不具體說明何人或何物。例如:AboyiswaitingforyouWeworksixdaysaweek.表示“一”這個數(shù)量,但數(shù)的概念沒有one強(qiáng)烈.例如:WearegoingtohaveanEnglishlessontomorrow.Ihaveamouth,anose,twoeyesandtwoears..例如:afew,alittle,alotof注:用a還是an,要看后面的詞讀音以輔音開頭還是以元音開頭.二、定冠詞的用法特指某(些)人或某(些)物.例如thephotooftheboy.例如:-Wherearethenewbooks,Jim?-Theyareonthesmalltable.Todayheismakingamachine.Hewantstoridethemachinelikeabikeandflyitlikeaplane.4)用在世界上獨一無二的事物前.例如:Thesunisbiggerthanthemoon..例如:Thefirsttruckiscarryingafewbaskets.Thethirdoneiscarryingthefewestofall..例如:theGreatWalltheNorthStreetHospital.例如:inthemorning(afternoon,evening),ontheleft(right)attheendofChina,GradeTwo,BillSmith,milk名詞前已有作定語用的this,that,my,your,some,any等代詞。例如:Theletterisinherpocket.Ithinktheshopisclosedatthistimeofday.Myfatherandmotherareteachers.Ilikecakes.ItisSunday(MondayTuesdayetc.)TodayisMid-AutumnDay.Itiscoldinwinter.UncleWanglikesmakingthings.WhatcolourareMrsGreen’sshoes?Hewenttoschoolafterbreakfast.Canyouplaybasketball?注:在某些固定詞組中,如:athome,bybus,gotoschool等例題解析:舉一反三,學(xué)的更輕松! milkisfood. milkinthiscuphasgonebad.Doyoulikeplaying football?Yes.ButIhaveonly basketball.Do you know girl on another side of lake?There’s “u”and “s”in “use”.Shesays animalscant’slivewithout either.His father, who is honest man, is teaching in university.Whichisheavier, elephantor horse? coldwindwasblowingfromthenorth.Heisalwaysreadytohelp young.

oldand Greensaretravelingin SouthChina.Although mostofusliketodrinkbeer,thosewhodrink mostare leasthealthy.Xiaomeisaw interestingfilmlastnight. filmwasabout kinddoctor.Youcanhave secondtryifyoufail firsttime.Tomwentto schoolasusual,buthedidn’tknowhisfatherwentto schoolforaparentmeeting. knowledgebeginswith practice.解析:1./,the(milk是物質(zhì)名詞,一般不用冠詞,但后面加上一個定語inthecupthe.)/the(球類運(yùn)動前不用the指一個物體要用不定冠詞a)the,/the(特指這個女孩用the;名詞前已有定語another;)a,an,the(“u”a;“s”發(fā)音以元音開頭所以用an;特指這個單詞用the)/,/泛指動物所以不用任何冠詞air不可數(shù)名詞,其前一般不用冠詞)an,thehonestan,在大學(xué)里為intheuniversity)an,a或the,the不定冠詞aan和定冠詞the與名詞單數(shù)連用表示種類)a(物質(zhì)名詞coffee,food,tea,fog,rain,snow,wind等,在表示 “一種”或 “一場”的意義時,前面要加不定冠詞。the,the(形容詞前加定冠詞,表示一類人)The,/(theinSouthChina)themostthe;后兩空均為形容詞的最高級,前面要加the)a,the,a(面提到的電影)a,the(asecondtry指的是第二次)/,the(gotoschool去上學(xué),gototheschool去那所學(xué)校)15./,/(具有單純意義的物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞前,一般不用冠詞)代詞知識梳理:提綱挈領(lǐng),抓住重點和難點!一、代詞的分類英語中常把代詞分為人稱代詞、無主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞、不定代詞和相互代詞。二、代詞的用法1.人稱代詞:人稱代詞是指人的代詞,有性、數(shù)、格的區(qū)別。表示“我你”“他”“我們”“你們”“他們”。請看下表:單 數(shù)復(fù) 數(shù)人稱主格賓格主格賓格wemeweusyouyouyouyouhehimtheythemsheheritit人稱代詞主格在句中作主語。例如:SheismyEnglishteacher.Theydon’twantmetogotherealone.Don’tworry.Icanlookafterher.Whosthat?It’sme.they可以用來表示一般人。例如:Youcannotgointothehallwithslippers.不準(zhǔn)穿拖鞋進(jìn)入大廳。例如:Itwashewhotookawaythenecklace.是他拿走了那條項鏈。③人稱代詞she可以用指代祖國、大地、月亮、輪船等。例如:Theshipisleaving.She’sonherfirsttriptoBoston.輪船要起航了。這時她第一次去波士頓。Weloveourcountry,wehopeshe’llbestrongerandstronger.我④It作為人稱代詞時,可以表示天氣、距離、時間、環(huán)境等。例如:Itisabout10kilometresfromhere.10公里。⑤It還可用作形式主語或形式賓語,來代替由不定式,動詞的-ing,形式或主語從句構(gòu)成的真正的主語或賓語,以避免句子頭重腳輕。例如:ItisnoteasytolearnEnglishwell.Itisgoodforyoutakingawalkaftersupper.Ifounditdifficulttosleep.⑥英語里當(dāng)主語是并列的幾個人時,人稱代詞的排列順序和漢語不同,I在最后,you在最前;但是,當(dāng)受到批評或時承認(rèn)錯誤時正好相反,I在最前,you在最后。例如:You,heandIareallthewinners.I,Lileiandyouarewrong.Weshoulddomorefortheproject.括名詞性物主代詞和形容詞性物主代詞。詞 義類 型我的你的他的她的它的我們的你們的他/她/它們的形容詞性物主代詞myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名詞性物主代詞mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs定語,后面跟名詞。例如:Tooursurprise,hehaspassedtheexam.名詞性的物主代詞具有名詞的特征,在句中作主語、表語、賓語。例如:MayIuseyourbike?Mineisatschool. (作主語)Whoseglassesarethese? Theyarehers. (作表語)Mydictionaryislost.CanIuseyours? (作賓語)ofAfriendofoursarewaitingforus.“”表所示:我(們)自己你(們)自己他/她/它/他們自己單數(shù)myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself復(fù)數(shù)ourselvesyourselvesthemselves反身代詞在句中常用賓語,主語或賓語的同位語。例如:Hersisteristooyoungtodressherself.(作賓語)Hehimselfisalwaysmakingsuchmistakes.主語同位語)You’dbetteraskyourwifeherself.賓語同位語)makeoneselfathome,teachoneself,learnbyoneself,helponeselfto…,etc下表這,這個那,那個這些那些thisthatthesethoseThosearemyparents.(作主語)Throwitlikethat. (作表語)ThetoyslittleTomlikesarethoseinthebasket.(作表語)Thesepicturesaredrawnbyanoldblindman.(作定語)that,those表示。例如:I’msorrytohearthat.(2)下文將要提到的事情,可用these,this 表示,起啟下的作用。例如:Tellthechildrentodolikethis:knockthestickintotheearthfirst,thentiethetreetoit.whose,whom定語、表語。作主語:Whatmakeyousohappy?作賓語:Who/Whomisyourmanagertalkingwith?在口語中,作賓語時whowhom可以通用,但在介詞后面只能用whom.例如:Aboutwhomtheyaretalkingjustnow?作定語:Whichsubjectdoyoulikebest?作表語:What’syourmother.oneanother.相互代詞可以作賓語、定語。例如:Weshouldhelpeachother.Thevillagershavelookedafteroneanothertheseyear.相互代詞后可以加’s,表示所有關(guān)系。例如:Weputthepresentsineachother’sstocking.叫連接代詞常用的有:what,which, who,whomwhose,that例如:Iknowwhathesaidatthemeeting.Theproblemiswhowillmendit.Couldyoutellmewhichisthewaytothepostoffice?all,each,every,both,either,neither,one,none,little,few,many,much,otheranothersomeanyno以及由some,no,anyevery構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞。不定代詞通??梢宰鲋髡Z、賓語、表語、定語,而none及含有some,anevery的合成代詞不能做定語,no和every只能做定語。代詞man,fe,afewmuch,litte,alttleboth,eithe,neithe,eachall,n,none,another用于指三者或三者以上。例題解析:舉一反三,學(xué)的更輕松!Thisisn’t pencilcase.Ileft athome.A.my,mineB.me,my C.I,my D.my,myself解析:此類題主要用于考查學(xué)生對人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞的掌握情況。要做好這類題,就必須熟練掌握這三類A。TheEnglishnovelisquiteeasyforyou.Thereare newwordsinit.A.alittle B.little C.afew D.few解析:little,alittle,few,afew作為一個重1)litle,alitle修f,afew(2)fewlittle一般表示否定意義;afewalittleD。3.CanIcomethiseveningortomorrowmorning? OK.I’mfreetodayandtomorrow.A.Either B.Neither C.Both D.None解析:此類題主要是針對each,every,both,all,either,neither,all表示三者或三者以上“都”,它們都表示肯定意義,均與of連用,作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,作定語修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞。all也可代替不可數(shù)名詞或一個整體,這時謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式,either指兩者只任何一個,表肯定,表示三者或三者以上中的任何一個用any,neither是either的否定形式,表示兩者都不是。應(yīng)選A。ThepopulationofChinaismuchlargethan this B.those C.it D.that解析:在比較級的句型中,經(jīng)常用that指代前面提到過的不those指代可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。選D。5.Whenshallwemeetagain?Makeit dayyoulike.It’sallthesametome.A.one B.any C.another D.all解析:any表示任何一個。選B。Hesaid atthemeetingandjustsattheresilently.A.something B.anything C.nothing D.everything里?!备鶕?jù)句意,應(yīng)選C。 Do you know the lady headmaster?Yes,sheisajournalistfromCCTV.

is interviewing ourA.which B.who C.whom D.whose解析:B。數(shù)詞英語數(shù)詞表示數(shù)目或者順序,可分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞?;鶖?shù)詞表示數(shù)量,序數(shù)詞表示順序。知識梳理:提綱挈領(lǐng),抓住重點和難點!一、基數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve。2.13—19的基數(shù)詞以-teenfourteen,seventeen等,3.20—90的整十位均以-ty結(jié)尾。如:sixty,ninety,但20,30,40,50,80較特殊,20—twenty30—thirty40—forty50—fifty80—eighty。十位數(shù)與個位數(shù)之間要加連字符號“-”,如:28—twenty-eight,96—ninety-six。(hundredandforty-eight406—fourhundredandsix。6hunde(百thouan(千milli(百萬billio(十億s600—sixhundred,8百萬—eightmillion。(thousn(millin三個逗號前為billion(十億。英語中無“萬”這個詞,我們可84,296=eight-fourthousandtwohundredandninety-six;274,350=twohundredandseventy-fourthousandthreehundredandfifty。二、序數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成序數(shù)詞一般是以與之相應(yīng)的基數(shù)詞尾加-th構(gòu)成例如fourth,tenth,但以下的這些基數(shù)詞變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞時,有特別之處。1.onefirst, twosecond, threethird,fivefifth,niceninth, twelvetwelfth以ty結(jié)尾的單詞,要先變y為I,在加-eth.例如:thirtythirtieth,fiftyfiftiethone,two,three等結(jié)尾的多位數(shù)詞,要將各位數(shù)變成序數(shù)詞。例如:twenty-onetwenty-first,onehundredandoneonehundredandfirst注意:序數(shù)詞前常用定冠詞,有時還可以用不定冠詞a/an則表示“又一”的意思。例如:MrBrownhasasecondcar. 先生另外還有一輛車。Hehastriedasecondtime. 他又嘗試了一次。點鐘”o'clock。o'clock可省略。如:5點鐘—five(o'cloc②“幾點幾分 ”30”用介詞pa如::30—halfpastseven。③“差幾分幾點”用介詞“to”。如:7:40—twentytoeight;7:45—fifteen(aquartertoeight④日常05—sevenofive;7:15—sevenfifteen。年份用基數(shù)詞,如:1999年—nineteenninety-nine;1900年—nineteenhundred;2000—twothousand;1905—nineteeno寫作:June8,1998;讀作:Junetheeighth,nineteenninety-eight或theeighthofJune,nineteenninety-eight。世紀(jì)、年代表示法:(在)90年代 (in)thenineties(在)19世紀(jì) (in)thenineteenthcentury(在)1830年代(in)1730s1730’s的表示:①LessonOne=thefirstlesson第一課;BusNo.3=theNo.3bus3路公共汽車;302(讀作:roomthreeotw④如果編號的數(shù)詞比較長,一般用基數(shù)詞。如:Page457457頁;⑤,如:3855633—threeeightfivefive(doublefie)sixthreethree(doublethee5.分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá):“1”,分母則加“s”。1/4onefourth或a(one)quarter;3/4threefourths或threequarters。halfasecond;aquarterofasecond四分之一秒6.表示有小數(shù)的詞用基數(shù)詞。5.5fivepointfive12.135twelvepointonethreefive7.表示百分?jǐn)?shù)5℅:fivepercent(percent),0.8℅zeropointeightpercent(percent).8.表示有小數(shù)的詞用基數(shù)詞。5.5fivepointfive12.135twelvepointonethreefive9.其他用法:歲的男孩afive-year-oldboy;一座800米長的橋an800-metre-longbridge;女子400米接力girls'400-metrerelayrace。具體數(shù)詞+metre(s)/kilometre(s)/kilo(s)long/high/tall/deep/away等。如:長江長6300公里。TheChangjiangRiveris6,300kilometreslong."eg.inhis,兩倍用上用基數(shù)詞+times。如:5fivetimes)。例如:HeisastallaboyasI.HeisaheadtallerthanI.HeistwoyearsolderthanIChinaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.Iamtwiceasoldasyou.(=Iamtwiceolderthanyou./Iamtwicetheageofyou.)Mybooksaretwiceasmanyasyours.ChinaisfourtimeslargerthanEurope.(=ChinaisfourtimesthesizeofEurope.)Ipaytwiceasmuchasitwasworth.Ipaytwiceasmuchforthehouse.例題解析:舉一反三,學(xué)的更輕松! ChinesearelookingforwaystolearnEnglishwellbeforeBeijing 2008Olympic.A.Thousand B.ThousandsC.Thousandof D.ThousandsofBothoftherulesarebroken.Iwanttobuya one.A.three B.third C.forth D./3).Whichisthesmallestnumberofthefour? .A.Two-thirds B.AhalfC.Aquarter D.Three-fourths4).Pleasewritedownthenewwordsinthetextof .1.A. Lesson Eleven B. the Lesson Eleven C. LessonEleventh解析:1.基數(shù)詞hundred,thousand,million,billion等前有具體of幾百,成百上千),thousandsof),millionsof,billionsofmanysome,several答案D.答案:B。此題主要考查序數(shù)詞的運(yùn)用。答案:C。此題主要考查英語中的分?jǐn)?shù)表示法。英語中表示分?jǐn)?shù)時,分母用序數(shù)詞,分子用基數(shù)詞,當(dāng)分子大于1時,表示分母的序數(shù)詞后要加s.詞編號有這幾種表示法:1。事物名詞+基數(shù)詞,且每個單詞LessonEleven;2。定冠詞+基數(shù)詞+事物名詞。如:No.6MiddleSchool動 詞(studyfind,swim等(be,like,feel知識梳理:提綱挈領(lǐng),抓住重點和難點!動詞分類:動詞有助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、聯(lián)系動詞和行為動四類。)助動詞助動詞沒有任何含義,不能單獨做謂語,只能和行為動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語,幫助行為動詞組成各種時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣以及be,do,does,didhave,will,shall等。具體用法如下:1be的用法如下:構(gòu)成各種進(jìn)行時態(tài)。如:Itwasrainingalldayyesterday.昨天整天下雨。構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。如:Themeetingwasheldyesterdayafternoon.與不定式連用表示按照計劃、預(yù)先安排或規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動作。如:TheyaretoseeanEnglishfilmthisevening.2do的用法如下:1)構(gòu)成疑問式或否定式。如:Doeshethinkso?Ididn’tsayanythingabouttheresult.2)在動詞前加上do,does,did表示強(qiáng)調(diào),意為“的確,確實”。如:Theydostudyhard.Shedoeslovehim.Hedidwanttohelptheoldman.3、have: 助動詞have的過去式是had。have和had均可與動詞過去分詞一起構(gòu)成完成時態(tài)。如:Hehaslivedhereforthreeyears.Assoonasthesunhadsettheyreturned.4shall,should:助動詞shallshouldshall的過去式,構(gòu)成過去將來時。如:Ishallsendtenletterstomygoodfriend.ShewantedtoknowifIshouldgotothepalace.)情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞本身有一定含義,但不能單獨作謂語,要和行為動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。它們也能表明句子的否定、疑問或時態(tài)上的區(qū)別。常見的情態(tài)動詞有:can,maymust,need,should等。表示能力表示能力一般用can,could。如:Rosecanspeaknow,butshecouldn’taweekago.beableto也表示能力,它和can的區(qū)別如下:時和一般過去時。beableto可用于任何時態(tài)。如:Shecould/wasabletoeatfourpiecesofbreadwhenshewasyoung.Theywillbeabletofinishthedrawingsoon.2)表示過去經(jīng)過努力而成功的某一次動作,只能用was/wereableto,但在否定句中可互換。如:Shewasweak,butwasabletofinishthetasklastnight.can(could)在疑問句中與第二人稱連用時,表示征求對方意見或提出請求,表示委婉語氣。雖然couldcan的過去式,couldcan差別。如:-Couldyoulendmeyourpen?-Yes,Ican.表示許可表示許可一般用may/might,can/could,而且??苫Q。Might,could語氣比較委婉。要特別注意:回答以might,could開頭的疑問句只能用maycan給予直截了當(dāng)?shù)幕卮稹?Might/CouldIborrowyourbook?-Yes,youmay/can.must和haveo“”oumust/havetofinishthework..1)must表示說話人的主觀看法;havetoImusthaveatalkwithhim.Hehastogiveupsmokingbecauseofbadlycough.2)否定式mustn’t表示禁止,意為“不準(zhǔn),不可以做”;don’thaveto意為“不必”。如:Youmustn’thither.Youdon’thavetoexplainittomeifyoudislikethejob.注:表示推測的情態(tài)動詞有表示“一定”的must,表示“很有可能”的should,oughtto和表示“可能”cancould,maymight。具體用法如下:must表示較有把握的推測,只用于肯定句,不能用語否定句1)must+動詞原形。如:Youmustloseinthemountain.2)mustbe+Youspeakfor4hours,youmustbethirsty.may(might)+動詞原形,might比may的可能性更??;對過去把握不大的推測用may(might)have+過去分詞。如:Thepackagemightcometomorrow.Theymayhavekilledtheenemies.can(could)have+過去分詞;在否定句中,對現(xiàn)在表示推測用can’t+動詞原形,對過去表示推測用can’t(couldn’t)have+過去分詞。如:Itcan’tbeJohn.HehasgonetoUK.4、need的雙重身份need既可作情態(tài)動詞又可作實意動詞,它們的用法不同,如三)系動詞聯(lián)系動詞含有一定意義,它們要與其后做表語的形容詞、名詞或介詞(短語)一起構(gòu)成合成謂語。系動詞按意義可分為三類,而且有自己的特定用法。seem,keep,remain,continue,stayprove等,如:Jimappearsveryold.2、表示感覺的聯(lián)系動詞有l(wèi)ook,feel,smell,sound,taste等。如:Itsmellsbad.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)變的聯(lián)系動詞有become,fall,get,go,growturn等。如:Shebecomesmorebeautifulthanthreeyearsago.)行為動詞行為動詞又稱實義動詞,它們都含有實在的意義,表示動作或狀態(tài),可在句中獨立作謂語。行為動詞又分為及物動詞和不及物動詞。Mymothertoldmeshewantedtobuysomebooksforme.2、不及物動詞不及物動詞意義完整,不需帶賓語,但如果有些不及物動詞Heonlyworriedabouthisdaughter.動詞的時態(tài)有很多。初中階段主要掌握八種:一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時、過去進(jìn)行時、一般將來時、過去將來時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時。I,we,you,they和名詞復(fù)數(shù)he,she,it和名詞單數(shù)時,作謂語的行為動詞的詞尾變化如下:一般情況+s以s,x,ch,sh 或 o結(jié)尾+es以輔音+y結(jié)尾去yi+es一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)的肯定句、否定句和疑問句形式(以be和like為例:主 語肯定式否定式疑問式及名詞復(fù)數(shù)I amastudent.We/You/Theyarestudents.He/ She is aIamnotastudent.We/You/Theyarenotstudents.He/SheisnotaAreyouastudent.Areyou/theystudents?Ishe/sheastudent.I/We/You/They/likemusic.Manypeoplelikemusic.student.I/We/You/They/don’tlikemusic.Many peopledon’tlikemusic.student?Doyou/theylikemusic?Do many peoplelikemusic?現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常性,習(xí)慣性的動作。例如:Igetupatsixeverymorning.Heplaystennisonceaweek.現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)例如:MymotherisateacherSheteachesEnglishinaschool.客觀真理例如:Theearthgoesaroundthesun.often usually sometimes always everyday never inthemorning等。例題解析:舉一反三,學(xué)的更輕松!1.MayIhelpyou,sir?Yes,IboughttheTVthedaybeforeyesterday,butit .A.didn’twork B.doesn’tworkC.won’twork D.can’twork解析:電視雖然是前天買的,但壞了是現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài),應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。選B. thebusuntilit .A.Getoff,stops B.Getoff,willstopC.Don’tgetoff,stops D.Don’tgetoff,willstopuntil因此從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將要發(fā)生的動作。根據(jù)句意此題應(yīng)用notuntil(直到……才)C。The70-year-oldman exercisesinthemorning.A.takes B.aretaking C.took D.willtake70”這里鍛煉是一個經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動作。因此,應(yīng)選A.2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時形式v-ing現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成:一般情況+ing以不發(fā)音字母e結(jié)尾的單詞。去e,ing+ing以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的單詞e+ing以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的單詞,末尾只有一個輔音字母時.雙寫詞尾字母+ing2)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的肯定肯定句、否定句、疑問句形式:主 語肯定式否定式疑問式第一、二人稱和第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)以及名詞復(fù)數(shù)Iamdriving.He/She/It working.We/You/They doingsomething.Iamnotdriving.He/She/It is working.We/You/They not anything.Areyoudriving?Is working?Are doingsomething?3)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的用法:說話時正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動作(動作是在說話時正在進(jìn)行。例如:Sheishavingabathnow.現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動作(但是動作并不是必須在說話時正在進(jìn)行。例如:Youareworkinghardtoday.KatewantstoworkinItaly,sosheislearningItalian.Thepopulationoftheworldisgrowingveryfast.頻度副詞always,forever如:Heisalwaystryingoutnewideas.(表示欣賞,表揚(yáng))表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作(僅限于go,come,arrive,leave,start,flybegin,stay等動詞Thepartyisbeginningat8:00o’clock.6)常用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)的時間狀語:now等。oftenusuallysometimesalwayseverydayneverinthemorning等。例題解析:舉一反三,學(xué)的更輕松!1.Idon’tthinkthatit’strue.She’salways lies.A.tell B.tells C.telling D.toldC.How you withthenewjob?A.do,do B.do,getalong C.are,doing D.are,gettingon解析:表示現(xiàn)階段正在發(fā)生的動作,用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。選D.3.Arethesesocksyours?No.Mine outsideontheclothesline.A.arehanging B.havehung C.hang D.hungB、D。根據(jù)前后句意可判斷出現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài),應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。應(yīng)選A.1)一般將來時的構(gòu)成:助動詞will(shall)+動詞原形am/is/are +going to動詞原形2)一般將來時的用法:IwillleaveforBeijingtomorrow.2.將要存在的狀態(tài)。例如:ThistimenextyearIwillbeinJapan.Wherewillyoube?3.打算要做的事。例如:Areyougoingtowatchthefilmontelevisiontonight?3)常用于一般將來時的時間狀語:tomorrow nextweek in2008 等。例題解析:舉一反三,學(xué)的更輕松!1.I forHongKongonSaturday.Willyougotoseemeoffattheairport?A.amleaving B.amleft C.amgoingtoleaving D.left解析:趨向動詞leaveA。2.I toseegrandmaandhelpherwithsomehouseworkeveryweek.A.came B.amgoingcome C.come D.willcomeeveryweek,但句意中表達(dá)的事將要去做的經(jīng)常性動作。應(yīng)該用一般將來時。因此選D。WeChinese theOlympicGamesin2008.A.held B.shallholdingC.areholding D.aregoingtoholdA、D都刪去。shall后面應(yīng)跟動詞原型,故應(yīng)選D.一般情況+ed以e字母結(jié)尾的輔音+d以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾去y變i+ed只有一個輔音字母雙寫詞尾字母+ed一般過去時態(tài)的肯定句、否定句和疑問句形式(以be和like為例:主 語肯定式否定式疑問式數(shù)Iwasastudent.students.He/Shewasastudent.likedmusic.Manypeoplelikedmusic.Iwasnotastudent.notstudents.He/Shewasnotastudent.didn’tlikemusic.Manypeopledidn’tlikemusic.Wereyouastudent.Wereyou/theystudents?Washe/sheastudent?Didyou/theylikemusic?Didmanypeoplelikemusic?Thepolicestoppedmeonmywayhomelastnight.2.過去存在的狀態(tài)。例如:Theyweren'tabletocomebecausetheyweresobusy.3.常用于一般過去時的時間狀語:等。例題解析:舉一反三,學(xué)的更輕松!1.Mr.Mottisout.Buthe hereafewminutesago.A.was B.is C.willbe D.wouldbe解析:時分鐘前發(fā)生的動作,應(yīng)該用一般過去時。應(yīng)選A,2.Hi,Tom.Hello,Fancy.I youwerehere.A.don’tknow B.won’tthink C.think D.didn’tknow解析:雖然句中沒有明確的時間狀語,但是可以通過上下文語境判斷出,這句話指的是我這段時間并不知道,你前一陣A。3.HepromisedtotellmebyhimselfwhenI .A.come B.wouldcome C.come D.hadcome解析:在時間狀語從句中,用一般過去時表示過去將來。應(yīng)C。5.現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成:have/has+v-ing現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的肯定句、否定句和疑問句形式(以be和see為例:主 語肯定式否定式疑問式詞復(fù)數(shù)I/We/You/Theyhave been before.He/She has herebefore.I/We/You/They/Manypeoplehaveseenthefilm.I/We/You/Theyhaven’t been before.He/Shehasn’tbeenherebefore..I/We/You/They/Many haven’tseenthefilm.Haveyou/theybeenherebefore?Hashe/shebeenherebefore?Haveyou/they/manypeopleseenthefilm?在完成時的用法:.already,just,ever,never,before等詞連用.如:Shehasneverreadthisnovel.他從未讀過這本小說.(他對小說的內(nèi)容不了解)2“過去的動作”一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去.for后跟段時間)since后跟點時間)等連用.如:IhavebeenamemberofthePartyfor10years.IhavebeenamemberofthePartysince10yearsago.for和since引導(dǎo)時間狀語的句子中不能用短暫性動詞,應(yīng)用與之相應(yīng)的表示狀態(tài)的詞。如:Hehasdiedfor3years.(F)Hehasbeendeadfor3years.(T)1998,lastmorning等②have/hasbeento表示“去過”(去了又回來了)have/hasgoneto表示“去過”(去了沒回來了)如:Wherehasshegone?(句中所指的人不在)Wherehasshebeen?(句中作指的人在)例題解析:舉一反三,學(xué)的更輕松!--Howlong he afever?Eversincelastnight.A.have,gotB.have,hadC.have,caughtD.did,have解析:此句表示從昨晚起持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài),應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時,去掉答案D。因為是段時間,所以不能用短暫行動詞,get和catch都是短暫行動詞。因此選B.Mybowlisempty.Who allmysoup?A.drinks B.haddrunkC.hasdrunkD.drank“誰把我的湯都喝了。應(yīng)選C.3.I youforalongtime.Where you ?A.Didn’tseen;did,go B.didn’tsee;have,goneC.haven’tseen;have,been D.haven’tseen;havegone解析:for+段時間一般預(yù)先在完成時連用?!澳闳ツ膬毫??”(在這段時間你不在)應(yīng)選C。6、過去進(jìn)行時1)過去進(jìn)行時的構(gòu)成: was/were+v-ing過去某一階段或某一時刻正在進(jìn)行的動作。例如:ThistimelastyearIwaslivinginBrazil.Whatwereyoudoingat10o'clocklastnight?atfouryesterdayafternoon,then,atthattime/moment等。例題解析:舉一反三,學(xué)的更輕松!Daddypromisedmehe meacomputerA.wasbought B.hadbought Cbought D.wouldbuy爸爸答應(yīng)我給我買一臺電腦”過去為起點將要發(fā)生的動作,應(yīng)用過去將來時。D。Theysaidthey dosomesportsifitwasfine.A.weregoingtoB.wentC.wouldgoingD.weregoing”去做運(yùn)動發(fā)算作某事”為“begoingtodo.wouldA.7、過去完成時態(tài)肯定式:had+動詞的過去分詞否定式:hadn’t+動詞的過去分詞疑問式:Had…+動詞的過去分詞簡略回答Yes,主have/hashad.No,主had現(xiàn)在完成時的用法過去完成時的用法:他表示的時間是“過去的過去”常與bylastyear,bythetimeofyesterday,等連用。如:Shesaidshehadseenthefilm4times.WhenMrLigottotheclassroom,allthestudentshadbegunreading.Bythetimetheyarrived,thebushadleft.2、表示從過去某一時間開始一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動for后跟段時間)since(后跟點時間)等連用.如:Shehadworkedinthisschoolsinceitopened25yearsago.例題解析:舉一反三,學(xué)的更輕松!He inShanghaiUniversityforfouryearsbeforehe Beijing.A.studied,hadgone B.hadstudied,wentC.hasstudied,goes D.hadstudied,hadgone解析:“4年”。在上海學(xué)習(xí)的動作發(fā)生在去北京之前,因此第一個空應(yīng)用過去完成時。此題選B。Marysaiditdrink.A.enjoyedwasatleastfiveyearssincehe agoodB.wasenjoyingC.hadenjoyedD.wouldenjoy解析:Itwas+時間段+sinceC。3.XiaoPeisaidshe Hainanfor3months.A.hasbeenin B.hadbeeninC.hadbeento D.hadgoneto解析:“小培說她去了海南三個月”。havebeento和havegoneto都是短暫性的動詞短語。所以適應(yīng)表示狀態(tài)的havebeenin.B.1.--WhatareMrandMrsBlackdoing?They teainthegarden.A.aredrinking B.drank C.havedrunk D.drinkMymotheroftenasksme early.getup B.gotup C.gettingup D.togetupSoonWuDong upwithLiLei,thentheywereneckandneck.taught B.caught C.bought D.broughtThecar andstoppedattheredtrafficlight.goton B.gotoff C.sloweddown D.pickedupTom theCDplayerfortwoweeks.haslent B.hasborrowed C.hasbought D.hashadDoyouknow ?Sorry,butifhe back,I youknowassoonaspossible.whenwillhebeback,comes,willletwhenhewillbeback,willcome,willletwhattimewillhebeback,willcome,letwhattimehewillbeback,comes,willletWe totheparkifitisfinetomorrow.A.willgo B.havegone C.goAnewshoefactorywill inthispartofthecity.A.bebuilding B.bebuilt C.build allyourthings,Tom!Ihatethemhereandthere.Ok,Mom.A.Putup B.Puton C.Putdown D.PutawayHowaboutgoinghikingthisweekend?Sorry,Iprefer ratherthan .A.tostayathome,goout B.togoout,stayathomeC.stayingathome,goout D.goingout,stayathome解析:A2.根據(jù)句中的謂語動詞ask的固定搭配asksbtodosth.故答案:D根據(jù)第一句的固定動詞詞組catchupwithsb及第二句的過去時態(tài),故選答案B此題主要考查四個動詞詞組的掌握.根據(jù)后半句在紅燈時停下來,故選答案:Cfortwoweeks時間短語。故選答案:Cif條件句。叢句用一般現(xiàn)在時,主句用一般將來時。故選答案:B此題考查if條件句的主句時態(tài),要用一般將來時,故選答案:AB此題考查四個動詞詞組putup張貼,舉起puton穿上,上演;putaway把收拾好。根據(jù)后半句“我討厭到處亂放”,故選答案:D此題主要考查一個固定詞組:prefertodosthratherthandosth.故選答案:C.形容詞和副詞知識梳理:提綱挈領(lǐng),抓住重點和難點!用來修飾名詞,表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征的詞,叫形容詞。作用例句定語Youcanseealotofbeautifulflowersinthegarden.表語Yourcoatistoosmall.Theoldwomankeepseverythingcleanandtidy.注意:有些形容詞只能作表語,如:alone,afraid,asleep等。例如:Don’twakethesleepingbabyup.Heisasleep.Theoldmanisalone.形容詞用來修飾something,anything,nothing,everything等不定代詞,要放在這些詞的后面。例如:You’dbettertellussomethinginteresting.Thepolicefoundnothingstrangeintheroom.數(shù)詞 3)性質(zhì)4)大小 5)形狀 6)表示老少,新舊7)顏色 地、人的國籍、用途。例如:Hisgrandpastilllivesinthissmallshorthouse.ThewomanboughttwobeautifulChineseplates.形容詞名詞化:有些形容詞前加定冠詞后變成名詞,表示一類人,謂語常用復(fù)數(shù)。這類詞有:rich/poor;good/bad;young/old;healthy/ill;living/dead;black/white表示人種等)。例如:Theyoungshouldtakegoodcareoftheold.Therichneverhelpthepoorinthiscountry.表示數(shù)量的詞組。如:Oneday,ayoungman,twenty-fiveyearsold,cametovisittheprofessor.25歲的年輕人來拜訪這位教授。Iliveinabuildingaboutfiftymetershigh.50米高的大樓里。形容詞短語做定語時要后置。如:Theyarethestudentseasytoteach.Weliveinahousemuchlargerthanyours.else要放在疑問代詞或復(fù)合不定詞之后。如:Didyouseeanybodyelse?二、副詞英語中副詞的位置和漢語不盡相同,它的位置比較靈活。通常用作狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等。下面來介紹一下副詞的分類方法:Wearelivinghappily.Herunsslowly.Theywenttotheparkyesterdaymorning.昨天上午他們?nèi)ス珗@了。IheardhimsingEnglishsongsoverthere.Hedrovethejeepcarefully.YesterdayIgotuplate.昨天我起床很晚。be動詞、情態(tài)動詞及第一個助動詞之后,實義動詞之前如:Heisseldomill.他很少生病。Youmustalwaysrememberthis.你一定要記住這一點。Ioftenwritetomyparents.我經(jīng)常寫信給父母。Doyouusuallygotoschoolonfoot.你經(jīng)常走路去上學(xué)?HehasneverbeentoBeijing.他從來沒有去過北京。注意:有時為了加強(qiáng)語氣,頻度副詞也可放在句首。如:Sometimesshegoestoschoolbybusandsometimesshegoestoschoolbybike.程度副詞修飾動詞時,與頻度副詞相同,修飾形容詞和副詞飾的詞前面。如:That’squiteearly.那很早。Inearlymissedthebus.我?guī)缀蹂e過了公交車。Shedidratherbadly.她干得相當(dāng)糟。be或助動詞之后。如:Sheseldomgoesoutatnight.她晚上很少出門。Iamneve

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