2008年考研英語(yǔ)試題及答案

2008年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET(10points)Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis 1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently 3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot _4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.5he,however,mighttrembleatthe 6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists, heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligent thantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin _8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest, 衛(wèi)12-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed 衛(wèi)totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe^2oftheirelites, includingseveralworld-renownedscientists, 空?Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts, ^4,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeentosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof 1617ofgeneticisolation.Dcation.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)

17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenee anddiseasesareintimately 18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas 19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis 20stateofaffairs.1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against4.[A]subsequently[D]lately[B]presently[C] previously5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question9.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total11.[A]unconsciously[C]indefinitely[B]disproportionately[D]unaccountably12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile15.[A]givenup[B]gotover[C]carriedon[D]putdown16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequenee[D]instrument19.[A]limited19.[A]limited20.[A]paradoxicalincompatible20.[A]paradoxicalincompatible[D]continuousinevitableSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEE.T(140points)Text1Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork 'sVeteran'sAdministrationHospital.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.Addingtoawoman'sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress. “It'snotnecessarilythatwomendon'tcopeaswell.It'sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen's,”sheobserves,“it'sjustthatthey'redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner. ”Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating. ”AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege. “Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter. ”Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“It'sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck. ”NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez'sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.Dr.Yehuda'sresearchsuggeststhatwomenneedextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.aremorecapableofavoidingstress.areexposedtomorestress.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobedomesticandtemporary.irregularandviolent.durableandfrequent.trivialandrandom.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck. ”(Line6,Para.5)showsthatAlvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.Alvarez'ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?StrainofStress:NoWayOut?ResponsestoStress:GenderDifferenceStressAnalysis:WhatChemicalsSayGenderInequality:WomenUnderStressText2Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors'namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.NoIonger.TheInternet-andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit -ismakingaccesstoscientificresuItsareaIity.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDeveIopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraIiaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpubIisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.ItsignaIsachangeinwhathas,untiInow,beenakeyeIementofscientificendeavor.ThevaIueofknowIedgeandthereturnonthepubIicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpubIishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7biIIionand$11biIIion.TheInternationaIAssociationofScientific,TechnicaIandMedicaIPubIisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000pubIishersworIdwidespeciaIizinginthesesubjects.TheypubIishmorethan1.2miIIionarticIeseachyearinsome16,000journaIs.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofschoIarIyjournaIsarenowonIine.EntireIynewbusinessmodeIsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport'sauthors.Thereistheso-caIIedbigdeaI,whereinstitutionaIsubscriberspayforaccesstoacoIIectionofonIinejournaItitIesthroughsite-Iicensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspubIishing,typicaIIysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisempIoyer)topayforthepapertobepubIished.FinaIIy,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationaIIaboratoriessupportinstitutionaIrepositories.OthermodeIsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdeIayedopen-access,wherejournaIsaIIowonIysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscussesthebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthatitprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredtocoverthecostofitspublication.subscribetothejournalpublishingit.allowotheronlinejournalstouseitpletethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext?TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.Text3Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today'speople-especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations —apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren 'tlikelytogetanytaller. “Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we'veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients -notably,protein -tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight —5'9"formen,5'4"forwomen-hasn'treallychangedsince1960.Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.“Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,”saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.Geneticmaximumscanchange,butdon'texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithout alteration.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,thelengthofmilitary uniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge, “youcouldusetoday'sdataandfeelfairlyconfident. ”WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampletoillustratethechangeofheightofNBAplayers.showthepopularityofNBAplayersintheU.S..comparedifferentgenerationsofNBAplayers.assesstheachievementsoffamousNBAplayers.Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?Geneticmodification.Naturalenvironment.Livingstandards.Dailyexercise.Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?Non-Americansaddtotheaverageheightofthenation.Humanheightisconditionedbytheuprightposture.Americansarethetallestonaverageintheworld.Largerbabiestendtobecometallerinadulthood.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuturethegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsize.thedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremainunchanged.genetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmen.theexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable.Thetextintendstotellusthatthechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpattern.humanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable.Americanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit.thegeneticpatternofAmericanshasaltered.Text4In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw —havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.That'safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation'searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry'sinfancy.Moresignificantly,theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong—andyetmostdidlittletofightit.Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas“l(fā)ikehavingalargebankaccount,”saysWiencek,authorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe“peculiar institution,”includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestatesmen'spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslavestates.Still,JeffersonfreedHemings 'schildren -thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.Onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.GeorgeWashington'sdentalsurgeryismentionedtoshowtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthepast.demonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisdays.stresstheroleofslavesintheU.S.history.revealsomeunknownaspectofhislife.WemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthatDNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryresearch.initsearlydaystheU.S.wasconfrontedwithdelicatesituations.historiansdeliberatelymadeupsomestoriesofJefferson 'slife.politicalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.S.history.WhatdowelearnaboutThomasJefferson?Hispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsslavery.Hisstatusasafathermadehimfreethechildslaves.Hisattitudetowardsslaverywascomplex.Hisaffairwithaslavestainedhisprestige.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?SomeFoundingFathersbenefitpoliticallyfromslavery.Slavesintheolddaysdidnothavetherighttovote.Slaveownersusuallyhadlargesavingsaccounts.Slaverywasregardedasapeculiarinstitution.Washington'sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhismoralitaryexperience.financialconditions.politicalstand.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41—45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thetimeforsharpeningpencils,arrangingyourdesk,anddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraft willappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsit,standup,orliedowntowrite.(41)Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenext,butdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounow,workitintothedraft.(42)Grammar,punctuation,andspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors.(43)Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatway,and,ifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhere,youwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside.Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessor,youcantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyourwriting.(44)Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaper,youcandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudentwhowrote“TheA&PasaStateofMind”wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.(45)Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes—andthenagain—workingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape.Tomakerevisingeasier,leavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwords,sentences,andcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper.Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaper,payparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It 'sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlast,afteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.It'sworthremembering,however,thatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrific,itwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems.Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwrite,justsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesis,youcanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.Although thisisaninterestingissue,ithasnothingtodowiththethesis,whichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSamm'ysdecisiontoquithisjob.Instead ofincludingthatparagraph,sheaddedonethatdescribedLengel 'scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P “policy”heenforces.Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificaneeofthe settingin “A&P,”thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel 'sstorepolicies.Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosay,youwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon'tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET00points)Inhisautobiography,Darwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperieneedmuchdifficulty inexpressinghimselfclearlyandconcisely,but(46)hebelievesthatthis verydifficulty mayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.Hedisclaimedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwit,suchasdistinguishedHuxley.(47)_Heasserted,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.Hismemory,too,hedescribedasextensive,buthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasitthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.(48)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.This,hethought,couldnotbetrue,becausethe“