英語詞匯學(xué)(2)市公開課一等獎百校聯(lián)賽優(yōu)質(zhì)課金獎名師賽課獲獎?wù)n件

Chapter1IntroductionofWords

1/214SomeInterestingFactsThereisnoeggineggplant,norhaminhamburger,Neitherapplenorpineinpineapple．Andwhilenooneknowswhatisahotdog,youcanbeprettysureitisn‘tcanine（犬類）．Englishmuffins(=hotmuffns熱松餅，美式早餐/英式午茶糕點)werenotinventedinEngland，NorFrench-friesinFrance，(炸薯條);再如：Frenchwindow落地窗，takeFrenchleave不辭而別，F(xiàn)renchgrey淺灰色2/214Sweetmeats(糖果)；sweetbreads(甜面包）？InEnglishwefindthatquicksandcanworkslowly,Boxingrings(拳擊賽臺)aresquare．Andwhyisthatwriterswrite,butfingersdon'tfing，grocersdon'tgroce,andhammersdon'tham?Ifthepluraloftoothisteeth,whyisn‘tthepluralofbooth，beeth?Onegoose，twogeese,So,onemoose(駝鹿),twomeese?(復(fù)數(shù)形式依然是moose)；Onemouse,twomice;Onelouse(虱子),twolice;Onehouse?twohice?Ifteacherstaught,whydidn'tpreacherpraught?(preached)Ifavegetarianeatsvegetables,whatdoesahumanitarianeat?Whydopeoplereciteataplay,andplayatarecital?Shipbytruckorcarandsendcargobyship?(動詞與動詞功效差異；為何演話劇時人們要朗誦，而在獨奏會上卻要演奏：polysemy)Havenosesthatrunandfeetthatsmell?3/214Parkondrivewaysanddriveonparkways?美國房子周圍有driveway(入戶車道)：私人車道；parkway大路，干道)Howcanaslimchanceandafatchancebethesame,whileawisemanandawiseguyareopposites?Whenahouseburnsup,itbumsdown.(方位穩(wěn)喻)Youfillinaformbyfillingitout.(collocation)Andanalarmclockgoesoffbygoingon．Yougetinandoutofacar,yetyougetonandoffabus.Ifthereisaphraseof“goldbar”,thenwhatdoes“goldbrick”mean?Andwhy,whenIwindupmywatch,Istartit,Butwhen1windupthisessay,Iendit?（一詞多義）4/214LexicologyasapartoflinguisticsLexicologyisthepartoflinguistics,dealingwiththevocabularyofalanguageandthepropertiesofwordsasthemainunitsoflanguage.Vocabularymeansthesumofallthewordsinthelanguage.Goodknowledgeofthedescriptionofthevocabulary,rulesofword-formation,originandhistoryofwordshelpstoguessandrememberthemeaningofnew-learnedwords,tomasterthestandardsoftheirusage,andtopreventmistakes.

Twowaystostudylexicology:1)Diachronicapproach:歷時語言學(xué)2)Synchronicapproach:共時語言學(xué)5/2141.Thedefinitionofawordcomprisesthefollowingpoints:(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage;(2)asoundunity;(3)aunitofmeaning;(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.詞是語音、意義和語法特點三者統(tǒng)一整體。詞又是語句基本結(jié)構(gòu)單位。(P.1)Afundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.詞，今指語言組織中基礎(chǔ)單位，能獨立利用，含有聲音、意義和語法功效?！掇o?！?984，上海辭書出版社6/2142.SoundandMeaning:IntroductionofNaturalistandConventionalist

Thedifferencebetweenthetwoschoolsliesinthebeliefthatsoundhasorhasn’tdirectornecessaryconnectionwithmeaning.Thenationaliststhinkthesoundmustbeanechoofthesense.（音必須成為義回聲。）（p.2)Theconventionalistsholdthatthereisnointrinsiclogicalconnectionorrelationshipbetweenthesoundandthemeaningexceptonomatopoeia（擬聲詞）,because:1)代表同一意義詞在不一樣語言（包含同一語言）中有時含有不一樣語音外殼。(p.2)7/214(1)Hisbelovedfriendhasbreathedhislast(咽氣了)(2)Hisdearfriendhaspassedaway(與世長辭)(3)Hisclosefriendhasdied(死J，)(4)Hisoldguyhaskickedthebucket．(翹辮子)(5)Hisoldfriendhasabandontheworld／jointhechoirinvisible／gotoNirvana／paythedebtofnature(謝世/歸寂／去極樂世界／了結(jié)塵緣)2)代表不一樣意義詞能夠含有相同語音外殼。(scalen.魚鱗，天平，標(biāo)度；v.攀登)(p.2)3)另外也需注意，代表同一意義詞在不一樣語言中有時含有近似語音外殼。比如：鴨叫：quack英；couin法；quaqua意；quakquak德貓meaw/miaow咪/喵；鴿子：coo-咕咕；牛：moo哞狼：howl嚎8/214Onomatopoeia（擬聲詞）Definition:onomatopoeicwordsareechoicwordswhosesoundreflectsthesense.Gingle—鈴聲—鈴pat—輕拍聲—輕拍Ping-pong—乒乓聲—乒乓球Cuckoo—布谷鳥叫聲—布谷鳥Drum—鼓聲—鼓bomb—爆炸聲—炸彈Crash--轟隆聲--猛撞,瓦解,破產(chǎn),垮臺E.g.Thethundercrashedoverhead.雷聲在頭頂隆隆作響。Theboilingwatercrackedtheglass.滾燙開水使玻璃杯炸裂了。OnomatopoeiaalsoexistsinChinese:請幫我“咔嚓”一張。兩人都同時“哦”了一聲。9/2143.Meaning&Concept1)RealtionshipbetweenmeningandconceptWordconceptreferent（詞是經(jīng)過概念來反應(yīng)客觀事物或現(xiàn)象）Polysemy（一詞多義）可表示為：wordConcept1Concept2Concept3Referent1Referent2Referent3Synonyms可表示為：Word1+word2+word3…ConceptReferent10/214ExamplesCranen.1.一個長脖子鳥鶴

2.一個形似鶴機械吊車Glad,delightandhappy是來自不一樣語源同義詞，屬于同一個概念，指是同一個情緒與狀態(tài)。Pleasecomparethefollowing:Heisafatheroftwogirls(daughters)Hieisover30now.Whynothaveagirl(girlfriend)?I’llhaveagirl(maid)helpyou.11/2144.LexicalItem,Word&Vocabulary1)詞是組成詞匯基本要素。它們之間是個體與整體關(guān)系；2）詞項是詞典組成單位，包含詞讀音、詞性、詞義，語義特征和句法特征等；(P.4)3）DevelopmentofEnglishVocabulary(1)-OldEnglish(AD450-1150)Anglo-SaxonasOldEnglish.OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.(2)-MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)AlthoughtherewereborrowingsfromLatin,theinfluenceonEnglishwasmainlyGermanic.Between1250and1500about9000wordsofFrenchoriginpouredintoEnglish.Seventy-fivepercentofthemarestillinusetoday.

12/214(3)-ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow)ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland.Early(1500-1700)andLate(1700-uptothepresent)ModernEnglish.Fromthe16thcenturyonward,Englishborrowedwordsfromanincreasingnumberoflanguages,Forexample,fromFrench:attach,café

andsoon;Italian(mainlyinthefieldsofmusic,artandarchitecture):concert,duet（二重奏）,piano,soprano（女高音）,solo,tenor（男高音）;model,bust（半身像）,studio;dome,balconyandsoon;13/214Spanish:armada（無敵艦隊）,cargo,vanilla,cocoaandcigar;Portuguese:caste（種姓）andpagoda（塔）;German:bismuth（鉍）,cobalt（鈷）,nickelandzinc;Dutch:dock,freightandkeel（平底船）;Russian:vodka,troika（三駕馬車）,rubleandtsar（沙皇）;Australian:boomerang（自食其果）,kangarooanddingo;Arabic:sugar,sultan（蘇丹）andalcohol;Indian:coolie（苦力）,cashmereandkhaki（卡其布）;Chinese:tea,typhoonandyamen;Japanese:kimono（和服）andtycoon（大亨）;African:gorilla（大猩猩）andzebra（斑馬）.14/214Therapidgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabulary(especiallyaftertheWorldWarII)anditscauses

1.Markedprogressofscienceandtechnology:

e.g.Wordsusedinconnectionwiththenuclearbomb:chainreaction,radioactivity,fall-out（輻射塵）;cleanbomb,overkill,neutronbombandmedium-rangeballisticmissiles（中程彈道導(dǎo)彈）andsoon.2.Socio-economic,politicalandculturalchanges:

e.g.Newsocialhabitsandnewlivingconditions:creditcard,housesitter,microwaveoven,instantnoodle,supermarketetc.Drugaddiction:upper(astimulantdrug),downer(adepressantdrug)Somesubculture:hippie,yuppie,gay,lesbian女同性戀

etc.Women’sLiberationMovement:Ms,chairperson,spokeswomen,saleswoman,feminism,malechauvinism,andsexism

15/2143.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages:

e.g.discothequefromFrench,sputnik（斯波尼克—人造衛(wèi)星）fromRussian,maotaifromChineseandsoonTosumup,thedevelopmentofscience,therapidchangesinsociety,thereceptive（善于接收）andflexiblenatureofEnglishwithregardtotheinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguagesallthesehaveresultedinadramaticincreaseinvocabulary,agrowthwhichinturncontributestotherichnessandresourcefulnessoftheEnglishlanguage.16/214ChapterIIMorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords&WordFormation

PartOneMorphologicalStructure1.MorphemesThemorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.(p.10)WhatisusuallyconsideredasinglewordinEnglishmaybecomposedofoneormoremorphemes:OnemorphemenationTwomorphemesnation-alThreemorphemesnation-al-izeFourmorphemesde-nation-al-ize（使…非國有化）Morethanfourmorphemesde-nation-al-iz-ation17/2142.Freemorphemesandboundmorphemes

Afreemorpheme自由形位(=實義形位）isonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.Itcanexistonitsownwithoutaboundmorpheme.Afreemorphemeisaword,intraditionalsense.Man,faith,read,write,redarefreemorphemes.Aboundmorpheme粘附形位（=語法形位=屈折形位）cannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance;itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound,forinstanceun-inunkind,-lyinhappilyandre-inreceive,orthe“past-tense”morphemeinwordslikework+edandtype+d,orthe“plural”morphemeinwordslikedog+sandbox+es.Inflectionalelementsandaffixesareboundmorphemes.

18/2143.Allomorphs(形位變體，語[詞]素變體）

“Anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditioned（受制約）bypositionoradjoiningsounds”(Webster’sNewWorldDictionaryoftheAmericanLanguage).E.g.theinflectionalmorpheme(屈折形位）–(e)sofbooks,pigs,horseshasthesamemeaning“morethanone,”yetithasthreedifferentphonologicalforms:/-s,-z,iz/.Theallomorphs–ion/-tion/-sion/-ationarethepositionalvariantsofthesamesuffix.

Verbsendingwiththesound/t/usuallytake–ion(asinvent,invention);verbsendingwithconsonantsotherthan/t/,take–tion(asindescribe,description);verbsendingin–ifyand–izetake–ation(asinjustify,justification;modernize,modernization);verbsendingin–d,-de,or–mit,take–sion(asinexpansion,decision,omission).

19/214Allomorphsalsooccuramongprefixes.Theirformthendependsonthefirstletterofthewordtowhichtheywillbeadded.Aprefixlikeim-occursbeforep,b,orm(e.g.imperfect,imbalance,immobile);itsallomorphsareir-beforer(e.g.irresponsible);il-beforel(e.g.illogical);in-beforeallotherconsonantsandvowels(e.g.inflexible,inexcusable);im-,ir-andil-arethusallomorphsofthemorphemein-.20/214

4.

Rootsandaffixes

Alternatively,morphemesmaybedividedintoroots(orrootmorphemes)andaffixes(oraffixationalmorphemes).1）Roots:Arootisthebasicunchangeablepartofaword,anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.E.g.work,workable,worker,worked,andworking:ineachwordtherootiswork

21/214(a)Freeroots:InEnglish,manyrootsarefreemorphemes,suchasboy,moon,walk,black(i.e.theycanstandaloneaswords).Awordconsistingofonefreeroot(oronemorpheme)isasimpleword.

(b)Boundroots:Quiteanumberofrootsderivedfromforeignsources,especiallyfromGreekandLatin,belongtotheclassofboundmorphemes,suchastain（包含ten,tin=hold，表示“拿住”）inwordslikecontain（con全部+tain-->全部拿住-->包容）

detain,（de下+tain-->拿住，拿下-->拘留）

sustain（sus下面+tain-->在下面拿住[撐住]

,orretain（re回+tain-->拿回來-->保留）

,andceiveinconceive,deceiveorreceive.

Soboundrootsarenotwords,andsoarenotfreemorphemes;theycannotexistontheirown.22/2145.Affixes:Affixisa“collectivetermfortypeofformative（構(gòu)詞要素）thatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.”

Affixes,therefore,areconsideredboundmorphemes.Theymaybedividedintoinflectionalandderivationaltypes.(a)Inflectionalaffixes(orinflectionalmorphemes)（屈折詞綴或屈折詞素）:Aninflectionalaffixservestoexpresssuchmeaningsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegree.Itdoesnotformanewwordwithnewlexicalmeaningwhenitisaddedtoanotherword.Nordoesitchangetheword-classofthewordtowhichitisaffixed.

Inflectionalaffixeshaveonlytheirparticulargrammaticalmeaning,aswiththepluralmorpheme–sandthepastmorpheme–ed(ortheirvariants).Theycanonlybeaffixedtowordsofthesamewordclass;thatis,thepluralmorphemesareaffixedtonounsonly,and–edtoverbsonly.23/214(b)Derivationalaffixes(orderivationalmorphemes)（派生詞綴或派生形位）:Theyaresocalledbecausewhentheyareaddedtoanothermorpheme,they“derive”anewword.Afewexamplesofderivationalaffixesare:re+write,mini+car,super+market,modern+ize,mean+ness,work+er.Manyderivationalaffixeshaveaspecificlexicalmeaning,forinstance:-ismmeans“doctrineorpointofview”asinsocialism.Quiteanumberofotherderivationalaffixeshavemorethanonemeaning.e.g.:theaffixde-means“1.toundowhathasbeendone,toreversetheactionof:decentralize,decode2.toremove:debone3.toreduce:devalue4.(esp.ingrammar)comingfromsomethingelse:adeverbalnoun（從動詞派生出來名詞）.24/2146.

prefixesandsuffixes1）Derivationalmorphemesorderivationalaffixesarecommonlysubdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.Affixesbeforethewordarecalledprefixes(asinsupermarket);thoseafterarecalledsuffixes(asinfriendship).2）Bothprefixesandsuffixesmaybegroupedaccordingto:（1）.Theirlinguisticorigin:A.NativeaffixesarethosethatexistedintheOEperiodorwereformedfromOEwords,suchasun-,mis-,be-,out-,over-,-ness,-dom,-hood,-ly,and–er.

25/214B.ForeignaffixescameasapartofloanwordsfromLatin,Greek,French,orotherlanguages.Examples:ab-(L),bi-(L),dis-(L),re-(L),kilo-(Gk),poly-(Gk),mal-(F),-ic(Gk),-ism(Gk),-ist(Gk),-able(F),and–ize(F).（2）.Theirproductivity:Affixes(suchasre-,un-,-able,-ize)arecalledproductiveorlivingwhentheycanbeusedtoformnewwords.3）Thosethatarenolongerusedtoformnewwordsaretermeddeadorunproductive.Examplesofdeadaffixesare:for-asinforget,forgiveandforbid;with-asinwithdraw,withholdandwithstand,and–antor–entasinservant,different,etc.26/214Summary:1.Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.Amorpheme,theminimalmeaningfulunitoftheEnglishlanguage,possessesbothsoundandmeaning.Anallomorphisanyofvariantformsofamorpheme.2.Morphemesmaybeclassifiedasfreeorbound.Afreemorphemeisonethatcanstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance,whileaboundmorphemecannotexistonitsown;itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound.27/2143.Morphemescanalsobeclassifiedintorootsandaffixes.Arootcarriesthemaincomponentofmeaninginaword.Rootscanbefreeorboundmorphemes.Freerootscanstandaloneaswordsandprovidethelanguagewithabasisfortheformationofnewwords.BoundrootscannotappearaswordsinmodernEnglish,althoughtheywereoncewords,norcantheybeusedtoformnewwords.28/2144.Affixesareboundmorphemes,becausetheyareusedonlywhenaddedtoothermorphemes.Affixesareclassifiedintoinflectionalandderivationalaffixes.Theformerarerelatedtogrammaronly.Derivationalaffixesaresubdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes,whicharerelatedtotheformationofnewwords.Roots,prefixesandsuffixesarethebuildingblockswithwhichwordsareformed.5.Onmorphemiclevel,wordscanbeclassifiedintosimple,complexandcompoundwords,accordingtothenumberandtypeofmorphemestheyarecomposedof.29/2146.Morphemesareimportantintheword-buildingprocessbecausethetwomostcentralandproductiveword-formationprocess,compoundingandaffixation,arerelatedtomorphemes:theformerisacombinationoffreemorphemes,thelatteristheadditionofboundmorphemestofreeones.30/214PartTwo:Word-formationWord-formationisaprocessofcreatingnewwordsbymeansofexistingelementsandaccordingtothepatternsandrulesofagivenlanguage.DerivationCompoundingConversionQuantitativechanges(blending,clipping,etc.)31/2141.DerivationDerivationisakindofword-formationwhenanewwordisformedbyaddingaderivationalmorpheme(usuallysuffixorprefix)totheroot.Prefixationisakindofword-formationwhenanewwordisformedbyaddingaprefixtotheroot.Suffixationisakindofword-formationwhenanewwordisformedbyaddingasuffixtotheroot.

32/214Prefixesmodifythelexicalmeaningoftheroot;thereforethesimplewordanditsprefixedderivativeusuallybelongtothesamepartofspeech.Thegroupofclass-changingprefixesisrathersmall,e.g.:

be-adj.orn.v.becalm,belittle,befriendde-n.v.deform,debug,defrosten-n.v.enslave,endangerun-n.v.unleash（解開…皮帶）,unearthanti-n.adj.anti-war,anti-carbon

防積炭

inter-n.adj.inter-state,inter-laboratorypost-n.adj.postwar,postliberationpre-n.adj.prewar,preplant33/2141.Negativeprefixes

givenegative,reverseoroppositemeaning

a-(apolitical不關(guān)心政治,asexual無性)

de-(destabilize動搖,declassify消除…密級)

dis-(disenfranchise剝奪公民權(quán),disinvest降低投資)

il-

(beforel:illegal)/im-(beforep,b,m:imperceptible感覺不到)/in-(inadequate)/ir-(beforer:irresponsible)

non-(non-economic,non-profit,nonparty,noncolor,nontaste,nonevent,nonnovel非傳統(tǒng)小說)

un-(unacceptable,undemocratic,unbook買來送人而非自己讀毫無價值書,unperson政治上失寵官員)34/2142.Non-negativeprefixesa.Degree,measuresorsize:

hyper（過多）-(hypercreative,hyperdevoted);

over超出-(overestimate,overcompensate); semi半-(semiskilled,semi-annual); super超級-(super-dominant,supercharged); ultra極端-(ultra-conservative,ultra-secret)b.Repetitionorpossibility:

em-(beforep,b,m)/en-

使處于某種狀態(tài)(embark,enclose)c.Time,place,orderrelation:

ex-外，以前(ex-employer,ex-tenant); inter-交互(inter-office,inter-government); post-在…

后(post-budget,post-election);pre-(pre-delivery,pre-budget)35/214d.Numberandnumeralrelation:

bi-(bilateral,bilingual);

multi-(multi-dimensional,multi-media);

uni-(unilateral,unisex)e.Attitude,counteraction:

anti-(anti-EEC,antiestablishment反既成或正統(tǒng)，antibody);

auto-(autodial,autonomy); counter-反向(countercharge反訴，反攻,counteroffer);

pro-

贊成(pro-business,pro-liberal)f.Pejoration:

mis-(miscalculation,mismanage處置不妥);

pseudo-(pseudo-random假隨機,pseudo-democratic)36/214Suffixationistheformationofanewwordbyaddingasuffixoracombiningformtothebase,andusuallychangingtheword-classofthebase.e.g.boyboyish.

Butthereareexceptions:e.g.boyboyhood.1Noun-formingsuffixes-age(passage,marriage,mileage…);-ance/-ence附于動詞后組成名詞或由-ant結(jié)尾形容詞化知名詞

(assistance,predominance,correspondence…);-dom地位；職務(wù)；情況；領(lǐng)域；(freedom,kingdom…)-ee受動者

(employee,referee,absentee…);-eer/er

與相關(guān)人(engineer,profiteer,manager…);-ess附在名詞后表示女性、陰性

(manageress,heiress…)-ist(economist…)-hood

情況、身份(adulthood,singlehood…)-ing行為、狀態(tài)、情況，技法，材料等building,meaning,packing,tubings…)37/214-ion/-sion/-tion/-ition/-ation表示狀態(tài)、行為、結(jié)果(production,conclusion,realization…)-ism

信念、狀態(tài)(consumerism保護消費者利益運動,perfectionism至善論…)-ment(agreement,investment…)-ness

附在形容詞后組成抽象名詞，表性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)或行為(effectiveness,kindness…)-ship

身份、技能、狀態(tài)(ownership,friendship…)-ty/-ity

…性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)(productivity,prosperity…)-ure/-ture動作、結(jié)果(procedure,expenditure…)

38/2142Adjective-formingsuffixes-able/-ible

“能…,會…”：(manageable,permissible)

-al/-tal/-ial/-tial

“…，關(guān)于…”，(economical,statistical)

-ant/-ent進行…動作；有…

(redundant,dependent)

-ary與…相關(guān)(monetary,inflationary)

-ate/-ete

“…”,“和…相關(guān)”,“以…特征”：(accurate,complete)

-ful(dutiful,powerful)

-ish

“…性質(zhì)”,“似…”,“…一樣”：(snobbish,reddish,bookish)

-ive與…相關(guān)；含有…性質(zhì)；有…傾向(effective,extensive)

-less“無”、“缺”、“沒有”

(effortless,powerless)

-like

像…(businesslike,lifelike)

-ly

“…性質(zhì)”

(costly,orderly)

-ous/-ious像…；含有…特征；實施…

(ambiguous,nutritious)

-some有…傾向；引發(fā)…

(troublesome,worrisome)

-y

“有…”,“多…”,“以…為特征”：(sexy,worthy,daddy)

39/2143Verb-formingsuffixes -en與形容詞組成動詞，表示“使、使成為”；與名詞組成動詞，表示“使有、含有”

(brighten,moisten)

-ify/-fy

“使”，“使成為”，“使化成”，“

(intensify,qualify,liquefy溶解、液化,glorify美化)

-ize/*-ise表示使成為；表示使…化(rationalize,advertise,stabilize)

______________________________

*‘ize’isoftenusedinAmericanEnglish(maximize)asanalternativespellingof‘ise’inBritishEnglish(maximise).

40/2144Adverbformingsuffixes -ly(frequently,perfectly)

*-ward/-wards

朝向(windward上風(fēng),backward, homewards)

-wise在某方面；表示方向、位置、方式等

(vote-wise,percentage-wise,housingwise就住房問題來看) ________________________________ *Wordsformedwith‘ward’canusuallybeusedaseitheradverbsoradjectives.Wordsformedwith‘wards’aremainlyusedasadverbs(e.g.westward,westwards).41/214Latinprefixesmagn-large,big,great

mal-bad,badly,wrong;ill;evil;abnormal,defective

medi-middle

non-nothing,not

omni-all,every

pro-before;for,infavorof;infrontof;inplaceof

re-back,backward,again

semi-half,partly,twice

sub-under,below

ult-beyond,excessive,toanextremedegree

uni-one,single

ver-true,truth,real,truthfulness

via-way,road,path

42/214Somemodernaffixes1.Mega-(verylarge)Megacity特大城市Megadestruction大毀滅Megagame大賽Megastructure超級建筑Megarich十分富有Megaversity超級大學(xué)43/2142.Cyber-(automatic/computerized)Cyberculture自動化/電腦化社會Cyberbrain電腦Cyberart電腦藝術(shù)/計算機技術(shù)Cyber-security網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全Cyber-space網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬空間Cyber-privacy網(wǎng)絡(luò)隱私3.Hyper-(super/toomuch)Hypermedia超媒體Hyperlinks超級鏈接Hyperfriction過分摩擦Hyperslow極遲緩Hyberverbal說話過多44/2144.Info-(information)Infotech信息技術(shù)Infocenter信息中心Infotainment信息娛樂節(jié)目Infomercial信息商業(yè)化5.nano-(onebillionth)Nanotech納米技術(shù)Nanofabrication納米加工Nanocomputer超高速電腦45/2146.techno-(technology)Technomania技術(shù)熱Technophobia恐技術(shù)癥Technocracy教授政治techno-centric以技術(shù)為中心7.tele-(long-distancetransfer/television)Telead電話約定廣告Telrbanking電腦化銀行業(yè)務(wù)Telebus電話叫車/租車Telecenter遠(yuǎn)程計算中心Tele-education遠(yuǎn)程教育46/2148.E-(electronic)E-mail電子郵件E-text電子文本E-zine電子雜志E-cash電子貨幣9.Of-(office)Oftel辦公電話Oflot企業(yè)內(nèi)部停車場地Ofbank銀行辦事處47/21410.-bot(robot)Knowbot智力機器人Mobot移動機器人Microbot微型機器人11.–size(measurements)Downsize縮小Upsize放大Rightsize按百分比制作life-size按實物大小制作48/21412.–ware(articlesofthesamekind)Glassware玻璃器皿Soft/hardware軟/硬件Middleware中間設(shè)備Silverware銀器Warehouse倉庫13.-centric(ofthecenter/taking…asthecenter)User-centric以用戶為中心Male-centric以男士為主Net-CentricWar網(wǎng)絡(luò)中心戰(zhàn)IBMcompatible-centric以銷售IBM兼容機為主49/214Exercises1.分析以下單詞組成并翻譯成漢語E.g.des/integra/tionn.蛻變；分解Dispensable,discancer,degerate,defog,antilitter,ecocide,discounter,nonpolicy,derecognition,nonhappening,antiaging,outplace,outsubmarine,unsell,nondairy,unnational,unisex2.What’sthedifferencebetween“root”and“stem”?50/214Whatisroot?什么叫詞根?“Root”isthebaseformofawordthatexpressesitsessentialmeaning，ameamngthatneverchanges，eventhoughaffixesmaybeaddedatthebegnningorattheendoftheword．詞根是詞基礎(chǔ)形式，若再細(xì)分就要失去詞“詞性”，即本質(zhì)。換言之，詞根是除去全部詞綴所剩下有意義部分。如friends，friendship，friendly詞根都是friend。51/214Whatisbase?什么叫詞基?Therearetwoexplanationsfortheterm‘‘base”or‘‘stem”．Somelinguistsconsiderthebasetobeequivalenttothetermroot，thatis，thepartofawordremainingwhenallaffixeshavebeenremoved．Butotherlinguistsmaintainthatthebaseisanypartofawordwhenallaffixisaddedtoarootorstem．“詞基”，也叫“基礎(chǔ)”，指一個詞去掉全部附加詞綴后剩下部分，常被用來替換“詞根”和“詞干”。52/214分，常被用來替換“詞根”和“詞干”。從更廣泛意義上說，它指詞中任何一個能夠?qū)ζ溥M行操作(如加前綴)部分，如establishment．它能夠加前綴anti-。在這么情況下，establishment也是詞基。我們主張把base和stem看成同義詞。以bilingual為例。

-lingu-(1angue)是“語言”意思，是詞根(root)。

bi-是“兩個”意思，是詞綴或前綴。

bilingu-是“兩種語言”意思，以它為詞基或詞干，在它上面加上詞綴或后綴-al()，組成bilingual，意思是“雙語”。53/214Whatisstem?什么叫詞干?“Stem”isatermusedaspartofaclassificationofthekindsofelementsoperatingwithinthestructureofaword．tlatistosay，astemisthemainpartofawordtowhichsuffixes，orcaseendingsareadded．

Therearethreetypesofstems：

1)Thestemwhichmayconsistofonerootmorphemeasintheword“star”belongstothecategoryofsimpleword．’

2)thestemwhichmayconsistoftworootmorphemesasintheword“motherland’’belongstothecategoryof‘‘compoundword”．

3)Thestemwhichmayconsistofonerootmorphemeandanaffexasintheword“frankness”orintheword‘‘unexpected”belongstothecategoryofthe“complexword”．

54/214“詞干”指能夠添加(屈折)詞綴詞語結(jié)組成份。

1)只包含一個詞根形位詞‘干稱為“簡單詞干”，如glove。

2)由兩個詞根形位組成詞干稱為“復(fù)合詞干”，如blackboard。

3)由一個詞根詞于加上一個派生形位組成詞干稱為“復(fù)雜詞干”，如manliness(男子漢氣概)中manli(man+ly)。55/2141.desire(v.):是詞根(不可再分解),是詞干(能夠加屈折詞綴,如過去時態(tài)-ed),是詞基.2.desirable(adj.):不是詞根(可再分解);不是詞干(不能夠加屈折詞綴),是詞基(既能夠加詞綴,又能再分解下去).3.undesirable(n.):不是詞根(可再分解);是詞干(能夠加屈折詞綴,如名詞復(fù)數(shù)-s),也是詞基.56/2142.Conversion-zeroderivationTheprocessofconvertingwordsfromonepartofspeechtoanotherwithoutaddinganyderivativeelementiscalledconversionorzeroderivation."InEnglisheverywordcanbeverbed...”1.名詞定語（nounattribute）(p.21)（1）SemanticrelationA.subject--objectorviceversaHeatpollution熱污染；computeroutput電腦輸出Roadsurfacer鋪路機；trouble-maker搗亂者Reformdesigner改革設(shè)計者；loanguarantee貸款擔(dān)保57/214B.adverbial–verborviceversaHealthfood保健食品(function)；insulationtape絕緣膠布peacedemonstration(purpose)；TOEFLpreparationImpulsebuying(means,tool);GPSdriving利用全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)駕車C.appositiverelationELNinophenomenon厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象；injectorrazor彈射剃須刀；hismayorfather他那位當(dāng)市長父親58/2142.名詞定語定語語法作用（P.22-23)A.替換形容詞或分詞定語B.替換帶’s生格定語（P.23)C.替換做定語用介詞短語(P.24)D.替換分詞短語或動詞不定式短語或定語從句（P.24-25)59/2142.Nounverbconversion1）.名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞(a)“toputin/onN”:Thenounareusuallylocativenounsdenotingaplace,acontaineroraspecifiedlocation;e.g.canv.asin“Theworkerscannedapples.”O(jiān)therexamples:bottle,floor（鋪地板，打倒）,cage,cornerandpocket（賄賂）.(b)“togiveN,toprovideN”:e.g.shelterasin“