新編大學(xué)英語第三冊Unit5-10課文翻譯_第1頁
新編大學(xué)英語第三冊Unit5-10課文翻譯_第2頁
新編大學(xué)英語第三冊Unit5-10課文翻譯_第3頁
新編大學(xué)英語第三冊Unit5-10課文翻譯_第4頁
新編大學(xué)英語第三冊Unit5-10課文翻譯_第5頁
已閱讀5頁,還剩10頁未讀, 繼續(xù)免費(fèi)閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請進(jìn)行舉報或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡介

HowIDiscoveredWords(我是怎樣識字的)ThemostimportantdayIrememberinallmylifeistheoneonwhichmyteacher,AnneMansfieldSullivan,cametome.IamfilledwithwonderwhenIconsidertheimmeasurablecontrastbetweenthetwoliveswhichit[N]connects.ItwasthethirdofMarch,1887,threemonthsbeforeIwassevenyearsold.在我記憶中,我一生最重要的日子是我的老師安妮?曼斯菲爾德?沙利文走進(jìn)我生活的那一天。至今,每當(dāng)我想起這一天仍會驚嘆不已:是這一天把(我過的)截然不同的兩種生活連在一起。在我記憶中,那是1887年3月3日,離我7歲生日還有三個月。[2]Ontheafternoonofthateventfulday,Istoodontheporch,dumb,expectant.[N]Iguessedvaguelyfrommymother'ssignsandfromthehurryingtoandfrointhehousethatsomethingunusualwasabouttohappen,soIwenttothedoorandwaitedonthesteps.Theafternoonsunpenetratedthemassofhoneysucklethatcoveredtheporch,andfellonmyupturnedface.Myfingerslingeredalmostunconsciouslyonthefamiliarleavesandblossomswhichhadjustcomeforthtogreetthesweetsouthernspring.Ididnotknowwhatthefutureheldofmarvelorsurpriseforme.[N]Angerandbitternesshadpreyeduponmecontinuallyforweeksandadeeplanguorhadsucceededthispassionatestruggle.在那個重要日子的午后,我呆呆地站在我家的門廊上,內(nèi)心充滿了期盼。從我母親給我的手勢和屋子里眾人來來往往的忙碌中我隱約猜到將有不同尋常的事發(fā)生,于是我來到門口,在臺階上等著。午后的陽光透過覆蓋著門廊的手指近乎下意識地?fù)崤@些熟悉的葉片和花朵。它們剛剛抽葉開花,茫然不知。幾個星期來,憤怒和怨恨一直折磨著我。這種激烈的感情爭斗之后則是一忍冬花簇照射到我仰起的臉龐上。我的迎來南方溫馨的春天。至于我的未來究竟會出現(xiàn)什么樣的奇跡,我種極度的疲憊。[3]Haveyoueverbeenatseainadensefog,whenitseemedasifatangiblewhitedarknessshutyouin,andthegreatship,tenseandanxious,gropedherwaytowardtheshorewithplummetandsounding-line[N],andyouwaitedwithbeatingheartforsomethingtohappen?Iwaslikethatshipbeforemyeducationbegan,onlyIwaswithoutcompassorsounding-line,andhadnowayofknowinghowneartheharbourwas."Light!Givemelight!"wasthewordlesscryofmysoul,andthelightofloveshoneonmeinthatveryhour.你可曾在航海時遇上過濃霧?那時,你仿佛被困在了觸手可及的一片白茫茫中,巨輪,靠測深錘和測深線的指引,舉步維艱地靠向海岸,既緊張又焦急不安;而你則心里怦怦直跳,等著什么事情發(fā)生接受教育之前正像那艘巨輪,所不同的是我連指南針或測深線都沒有,更無光明吧!”而就在那個時刻,愛的光芒灑不見天日。你乘坐的。我在從知曉離港灣還有多遠(yuǎn)。我的心靈在無聲地疾呼:“光明!給我在了我的身上。[4]Ifeltapproachingfootsteps.IstretchedoutmyhandasIsupposedtomymother.[N]Someonetookit,andIwascaughtupandheldcloseinthearmsofherwhohadcometorevealallthingstome,and,morethanallthingselse,toloveme.我感覺到有腳步由遠(yuǎn)及近。于是我伸出了手,以為會是母親。有人抓住了我的手,將我抱住并緊緊地?fù)г诹藨牙?。正是這個人的把整個世界展示給我,最重要的是帶來了愛。到來,給我[5]Themorningaftermyteachercamesheledmeintoherroomandgavemeadoll.ThelittleblindchildrenatthePerkinsInstitutionhadsentitandLauraBridgmanhaddressedit;butIdidnotknowthisuntilafterward.WhenIhadplayedwithitalittlewhile,MissSullivanslowlyspelledintomyhandtheword"d-o-l-l".Iwasatonceinterestedinthisfingerplayandtriedtoimitateit.WhenIfinallysucceededinmakingtheletterscorrectlyIwasflushedwithchildishpleasureandpride.RunningdownstairstomymotherIheldupmyhandandmadethelettersfordoll.IdidnotknowthatIwasspellingawordoreventhatwordsexisted;Iwassimplymakingmyfingersgoin

monkey-likeimitation.InthedaysthatfollowedIlearnedtospellinthisuncomprehendingwayagreatmanywords,amongthem,pin,hat,cupandafewverbslikesit,standandwalk.ButmyteacherhadbeenwithmeseveralweeksbeforeIunderstoodthateverythinghasaname.在老師來到我家的第二天上午,她把我?guī)У剿姆块g,給了我一個玩具娃娃。這娃娃是帕金斯學(xué)校的小盲童們送給我的禮物,勞拉?布里奇曼給娃娃穿上了衣服,不過這些是我在后來才知道的。我玩了一小會兒之后,沙利文小姐慢慢地在我的手上拼出了“d-o-l-l”(玩偶娃娃)這個詞。我一下子便對這種手指游戲產(chǎn)生了興趣,而且試著模仿它。當(dāng)我終于正確地拼出了這幾個字母時,內(nèi)心充滿了孩子氣的喜悅和自豪。我跑到樓下找到母親,伸手拼出了“玩偶娃娃”所含的字母。當(dāng)時我并不知道我是在拼一個單詞,甚至還不知道有“單詞”這么回事;我只是像猴子那樣用手指進(jìn)行模仿。在接下來的幾天里,”、“帽子”、“杯子”,還有些我就這樣,雖然并不知詞識義,卻學(xué)會了拼寫好些單詞。這些詞中有“別針動詞,如“坐”、“站”和“走”。但是等我懂得每樣?xùn)|西都有名字時,已經(jīng)是我和老師在一起好幾個星期之后的事了。[6]Oneday,whileIwasplayingwithmynewdoll,MissSullivanputmybigragdollintomylap,alsospelled"d-o-l-l"andtriedtomakemeunderstandthat"d-o-l-l"appliedtoboth.Earlierinthedaywehadhadatussleoverthewords"m-u-g"and"w-a-t-e-r".MissSullivanhadtriedtoimpressituponmethat"m-u-g"ismugandthat"w-a-t-e-r"iswater,butIpersistedinconfoundingthetwo.Indespairshehaddroppedthesubject[N]forthetime,onlyto[N]renewitatthefirstopportunity.Ibecameimpatientatherrepeatedattemptsand,seizingthenewdoll,Idashedituponthefloor.IwaskeenlydelightedwhenIfeltthefragmentsofthebrokendollatmyfeet.Neithersorrownorregretfollowedmypassionateoutburst.Ihadnotlovedthedoll.Inthestill,darkworldinwhichIlivedtherewasnostrongsentimentortenderness.Ifeltmyteachersweepthefragmentstoonesideofthehearth,andIhadasenseofsatisfactionthatthecauseofmydiscomfortwasremoved.Shebroughtmemyhat,andIknewIwasgoingoutintothewarmsunshine.Thisthought,ifawordlesssensationmaybecalledathought,mademehopandskipwithpleasure.一天,我正在玩我的新玩具娃娃,這時,沙利文小姐把我的大布娃娃放在我的膝上,又給我拼了一遍“d-o-l-l”,想讓我懂得“d-o-l-l”這個單詞適用于這兩件東西。就在當(dāng)天早些時候,我曾和她因“m-u-g”和“w-a-t-e-r”這兩個詞發(fā)生過爭執(zhí)。沙利文小姐想讓我記住“m-u-g”是“大杯”,而“w-a-t-e-r”是“水”,但我卻總是把這兩個詞的意思給弄混。失望之余她暫時擱起這一話題,但一有機(jī)會她就馬上舊事重提。我卻對她一遍又一遍的努力感到忍無可忍,于是就抓起新的玩具娃娃,狠狠地砸在了地板上。當(dāng)我感覺到腳邊摔碎的玩具娃娃時,產(chǎn)生了一種強(qiáng)烈的快感。在這種強(qiáng)烈的情感發(fā)泄之后,我沒有一絲傷感或懊悔之情。我從沒有喜歡過那個玩具娃娃。在我所生活的那個無聲、黑暗的世界里是沒有柔情或情感的。我感覺到老師已把碎片掃到了壁爐爐床的一邊,此時我有一種滿足感,因為讓我不快的東西已不復(fù)存在了。她給我拿來了草帽,我知道我將要走出屋子,到溫暖的陽光下。一想到這(如果一種無法用言語表達(dá)的感覺也可以稱為想法的話),我便高興得又蹦又跳。[7]Wewalkeddownthepathtothewell-house,attractedbythefragranceofthehoneysucklewithwhichitwascovered.Someonewasdrawingwaterandmyteacherplacedmyhandunderthespout.Asthecoolstreamgushedoveronehandshespelledintotheothertheword"water",firstslowly,thenrapidly.Istoodstill,mywholeattentionfixeduponthemotionsofherfingers.Suddenly,Ifeltamistyconsciousnessasofsomethingforgotten—athrillofreturningthought;andsomehowthemysteryoflanguagewasrevealedtome.Iknewthenthat"w-a-t-e-r"meantthewonderfulcoolsomethingthatwasflowingovermyhand.Thatlivingwordawakenedmysoul,gaveitlight,hope,joy,setitfree!Therewerebarriersstill,itistrue,butbarriersthatcouldintime[N]besweptaway.我們沿著小路來到了井房,井房上布滿了忍冬,它的芳香深深地吸引了我們。有人正在抽水,老師把

我的一只手放到了噴水口下方。涼爽的水流過我的一只手,這時她在我的另一只手上拼寫了“水”這個詞。開始她拼得很慢,接著拼得很快。我站在那兒一動不動,所有的注意力都集中在她手指的移動上。剎那間,我朦朧地意識到了些什么,仿佛記起了被久久遺忘的什么東西——那是一種恢復(fù)思維的激動。不知怎的,語言的奧秘一下子展現(xiàn)在我的面前。這時我明白了“w-a-t-e-r”指的就是從我手上流過的那美妙無比的涼爽的東西。這活生生的字眼喚醒了我沉睡的靈魂,賦予了它光明、希望和喜悅,使它獲得了自由!誠然,障礙依然存在,但那是一些假以時日終究會被消除的障礙。[8]Ileftthewell-houseeagertolearn.Everythinghadaname,andeachnamegavebirthtoanewthought.AswereturnedtothehouseeveryobjectwhichItouchedseemedtoquiverwithlife.ThatwasbecauseIsaweverythingwiththestrange,newsightthathadcometome.OnenteringthedoorIrememberedthedollIhadbroken.[N]Ifeltmywaytothehearthandpickedupthepieces.Itriedvainlytoputthemtogether.Thenmyeyesfilledwithtears;forIrealizedwhatIhaddone,andforthefirsttimeIfeltrepentanceandsorrow.我離開井房,心中充滿了求知的的路上,我感到我觸摸到的每件東西似乎都有生樣?xùn)|西。進(jìn)門時我記起了那個被我摔破的娃娃。我摸索著來到了爐床邊,撿起那些碎片,試著把它們拼接在一起,但卻徒勞無益。這時我的眼里滿是淚水,因為我意識到了自己先前干了些什么,而且有欲望。萬物皆有名,而每個名字又引申出一種新的概念。在我們回家機(jī)。那是因為我在用剛剛賦予我的新奇的眼光看待每生以來第一次感到了悔恨和難過。[9]Ilearnedagreatmanynewwordsthatday.Idonotrememberwhattheyallwere;butIdoknowthatmother,father,sister,teacherwereamongthem—wordsthatweretomaketheworldblossomforme,"likeAaron'srod[N],withflowers".ItwouldhavebeendifficulttofindahappierchildthanIwasasIlayinmycribatthecloseofthateventfuldayandlivedoverthejoysithadbroughtme,andforthefirsttimelongedforanewdaytocome.(1,046words)那天我學(xué)會了很多新詞?,F(xiàn)在我已記不但我還記得其中有“媽媽、爸爸、姐妹、老師”。這些詞整個世界在我面前綻放,“有如亞倫的神杖,開要結(jié)束時,已很難找到一個比我更加幸福的孩子了。我躺在自己的小床上,回味著這一欣喜,渴望著新的一天的到來。這是我有生以來從未有過的期盼。清都是些什么詞了,滿了鮮花”。在這個重要的日子快天所給予我的使得AggressioninHumansandAnimals(人和動物的好斗性)Manmustbethemostaggressiveandcruelofalllivingcreatures.Wemaysayaviolentmanisbehaving"likeabeast",but,infact,nobeastbehavesasviolentlyasman.Whenaterritorialanimal[N]orbirdintrudesontheterritoryofanothercreatureofthesamespecies,thelatterwillonlyperformsomehostilegesturestowarnofftheintruder.Nevertheless,shouldafightfollow,neithercreaturewillbebadlyhurt,fortheloserwillsavehimselfbymakingagestureofsubmission.[N]Normallyoneanimalwillonlykillanotherforfood,andrarelydoesananimalkillamemberofitsownspecies.人類肯定是所有動種動物像人類那樣殘暴。當(dāng)?shù)乇P性的動姿態(tài)以嚇跑入侵者。而且,萬一有爭斗,任何一方都不會受重傷,因為敗方只降便可保全性命。一般情況下,動物之間只會為了爭食而殺戮,同類動物之間自相殘殺是極少見的。inabnormalconditions,mayshowabnormalaggressiveness.Atigerthatoncecameoutofthejungleintoavillageandattackedaman物中最好斗和最殘忍的。我們會說暴徒的行為“像野獸”,然而事實上,沒有任何一物或鳥類侵入別的同類動物的領(lǐng)地時,后者只會做一些表示敵意的要做出姿態(tài)表示投[2]If,however,ananimalfindsitselfit

waslaterfoundtohaveaninjuredpawthathadevidentlypreventeditfromhuntingitsusualprey.Ifithadnothadthisdisabilityitwouldhaveundoubtedlystayedinthejungleandhuntedforfoodinthecustomaryway.[N]Animalsinzoosarekeptincagesandoftenbecomemoreaggressivethantheywouldbeinthewild.[N]Ifthecagedlion,forexample,werefreetowanderonthegrassyplainsofAfrica,itwouldbecontinuallyactive,rangingoverlongdistances,huntinginfamilygroups.[N]Inthezooitisprobablybetterfedandcaredfor,butitisevidentlyboredandfrustratedforlackofcompany[N].然而,如果動物發(fā)現(xiàn)自己處于異常環(huán)境下,它會表現(xiàn)出不同尋常的攻擊性。有一只老虎從叢林跑到村莊來,襲擊了人。后來人們發(fā)現(xiàn)原來它的爪子受了傷,使它顯然不能像平時那樣去獵食。如果不是受這只虎毫無疑問還會呆在叢林里,并像往常那樣去獵取食物。關(guān)在動物園籠子里的動物,往往大草原上,那么吃得更好,能得到精了傷,會比在野外時更加好斗。比如說,關(guān)在籠子里的獅子一旦能自由自在地徜徉在非洲的它會一直活力充沛,長途跋涉,與家族同類一起追捕食物。在動物園里,也許它心的照料,但是,由于離群索居,它顯然會感到倦怠,情緒沮喪。[3]Somezoologistsandpsychologistscomparemodernmanto[N]acagedlion.Livingconditionsincrowdedcities,theysay,aresimilartothoseofanimalsinazooandmaketheinhabitantsunusuallyaggressive.Ifthehumanpopulationhadnotincreasedsorapidly,peoplewouldhavehadmorespaceandfreedom.[N]Inprehistorictimesagroupofabout60peoplehadmanykilometresofemptylandtowanderandsearchforfoodin.Ifconditionshadremainedthus,manmighthavebeennomoreaggressivethanhisfellowcreatures.Asitis,itispossibleforasmanyas30,000peopletobeworkinginasingleoffice-building.Itisnotsurprisingifintheseconditionspeoplebehaveaggressivelytowardseachother.Infact,itisalmostimpossibleforthemtobehaveotherwise[N].Manmusthavebecomemoreaggressiveovertheyearsastheworldpopulationhasincreased.一些動物生活條件與動物快,人們就會有更多的空間和自由。在史前時代,60人左右的群體會有數(shù)公里的空間來活動和覓食。假如現(xiàn)在還有這樣的條件,人類就不會比其他動物更加好斗。實際情況是,一棟辦公大樓里工作的人,有可能多達(dá)3萬人。在這種條件下,人們之間變得尋釁好斗也就不足為奇了。實際上,要他們不這樣幾乎是不可能的。這些年來,隨著世界人口的增長,人類肯定是更加好斗了。學(xué)家和心理學(xué)家把現(xiàn)代人比喻成籠子里的獅子。他們認(rèn)為,人們生活在擁擠不堪的城市里,園里的動物很相似,這種狀況使得這些居民特別地好斗。如果人口增長速度不是這樣在同[4]However,aggressioninitself[N]isnotnecessarilyabadthing.Somepsychologistsbelievethataggressionisabasichumaninstinctthatmustbesatisfied.Ifconstructive[N]meansarenotavailabletosatisfythisinstinct,manwillturntodestructivemeans.Theimpulsetoasserthimselfhasenabledhimtosurviveinadangerousworld,but,ironically,heisnowlikelytodestroyhisownspeciesunlessalternative,non-violentwaysofexpressingaggressioncanbefound.Infact,itisgrowingmoreandmoredifficultforpeopletoassertthemselvesasindividuals,astowns,nationsandorganizationsbecomesteadilybigger,withauthorityincreasinglycentralizedandremote.[N]Amanwhomayoncehavebeenaself-employedcraftsman,masterofhisowntrade,mightnowhaveaboringjobinafactory.Asmallfirmthatonceworkedasateamtoproducehigh-qualitygoodsislikelytobeabsorbedintoavastorganizationwheretheirworkismechanicalandthereisnopossibilityforpersonalexpression.Unableintheseconditionstochannel[N]theiraggressionintocreativework,peoplewillprobablyexpressitthroughresentmentandanger.Attheinternationallevelanaccumulationofhostileemotionsfinallyfindsexpressioninlarge-scaleimpersonalwarfare.Amanwhowouldhesitatetohitanotherpersoninfrontofhiseyesmaykillthousandsofpeoplebydroppingabombfromaplane;tohimtheyaretooremoteto

behumanbeings,butaremerelyfiguresonachartofhisroutinejob.然而,好斗本身并不一定是壞事。一些心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為好斗是一種必須得到滿足的基本的人類本能。如果沒有建設(shè)性的手段來滿足這一本能,人類就會采用破壞性的手段。人類要堅持自己的權(quán)利和主張的沖動使其能夠在這充滿危險的世界上生存下來;然而,具有諷刺意義的是,人類有可能自我毀滅,除非能找到其他非暴力的、能發(fā)泄其好斗本性的辦法。實際上,人類作為個體要想堅持自己的權(quán)利和主張已經(jīng)越來個人也許經(jīng)曾是個體手工業(yè)者,而且還是本行業(yè)的能工巧匠,而單調(diào)乏味的工作。一家小公司曾經(jīng)團(tuán)結(jié)合作生產(chǎn)出高質(zhì)量產(chǎn)品,而現(xiàn)在可能被并入了一家工的工作很機(jī)械,也沒有自我發(fā)揮的機(jī)會樣的條件下,人們無法將自己爭強(qiáng)好斗的特性發(fā)揮在創(chuàng)造性的工作上,很可能就表現(xiàn)出怨恨、憤怒等情緒。在國與國之間,敵對情緒的日積月累最終會以大規(guī)模的沒有人性的戰(zhàn)爭形式爆發(fā)出來。一大愿意對他面前的人拔拳相向的人,從飛機(jī)上投下一枚炸彈導(dǎo)致成千上萬的人死亡;對于他來說,那些人太遙遠(yuǎn),算是人了,僅僅是他日常工作報表上的數(shù)字而已。越困難了,因為城鎮(zhèn)、國家以及組織機(jī)構(gòu)變得越來越龐大,而權(quán)力則變得越發(fā)集中,越發(fā)遙遠(yuǎn)了。一現(xiàn)在卻可能在工廠里干著大機(jī)構(gòu),員了。在這個不已不[5]Nevertheless,itmightbepossibleatleasttoimprovethesituation.Theencouragementofcompetitioninallpossiblefieldsshouldtendtodiminishthelikelihoodofwarratherthanincreaseit.InhisbookHumanAggression,AnthonyStorrsuggestedthattheUnitedNations[N]shouldorganizeinternationalcompetitionsinsportsandalsoforthebestdesignedhouseorhospital,orthesafestcar.Eventheenormousamountofmoneyandenergydevotedtothespaceraceis,he[N]says,tobewelcomed,forthiskindofcompetitioncanberegardedassimilartotheritualconflictsofanimals.Onlyifhostilityandaggressioncanbeexpressedinconstructiveactivityandnon-violent(761words)competition,willthehumanracebeabletosurvive.[N]狀況至少還是能夠得到改善的。鼓勵所有可能領(lǐng)域中的競爭,應(yīng)該會逐漸減少而不是增加戰(zhàn)爭的可能性。安東尼?斯托爾在他的《人類的好斗性》一書中,建議聯(lián)合國組織國際性體育比賽,還可以開展諸如最佳房屋或醫(yī)院設(shè)計、最安全汽車競賽等活動。他說,甚至那些把大量的財力和人力用于太空競賽的做法,值得歡迎的,因為這種競爭與動物之間慣常的沖突類似。只有將人類的意和好斗通過建設(shè)性活動和非暴力的競爭方式發(fā)揮出來,人類才能繼續(xù)生存下去。然而,這種也是敵TransformativeTravel(新生之旅)Twenty-fiveyearsagoIfeltlikeawreck.AlthoughIwasjust23,mylifealreadyseemedover.ThefutureappearedasmuchlikeawastelandastheemptinessIcouldseewhilelookingbacktothepast.Ifeltlost,withoutchoices,withouthope.25年前我感覺自己成了廢物。盡管那時我只有23歲,但我的生活似乎到了盡頭。我的未來看起來好感到迷茫,毫無選擇余地,毫無希望可言。似荒漠,就像回顧過去時,看到的是一片空虛。我[2]IwasstuckinajobIhatedandtrappedinanengagementwithawomanIdidn'tlove.Atthetime,bothcommitmentsseemedlikeagoodidea,butIsupposeitwasthefantasyofbeingasuccessful,marriedbusinessmanthatappealedtomefarmorethanthereality.[N]我當(dāng)時被困在兩件事中:做著一份我憎恨的工作并與一個我并不愛的女人訂有婚約。當(dāng)初,兩個承諾都好像是不錯的主意,但是我想吸引我的只是成為一個成功的已婚商人的幻想,而現(xiàn)實。遠(yuǎn)非[3]Idecidedtotakeaclassjustfortheentertainmentvalue.Ithappenedtobeanintroductorycounselingcourse,onethatinvolvedpersonalsharinginthegroup.[N]Wewerechallengedtomakecommitmentspubliclyaboutthingswewouldliketochangeinourlives,andinamomentofpureimpulsiveness,IdeclaredthatbythenextclassmeetingIwasgoingtoquitmyjobandendmyengagement.

我決定進(jìn)修一門課程,僅僅為了好玩而已。這剛好是一門咨詢?nèi)腴T課程,需要個人參與到集體中去。(這門課程)要求我們對生活中要進(jìn)行的變動做出公開承諾。出于一時沖動,我宣布在下次上課之前,我會辭去工作并解除婚約。[4]AfewdayslaterIfoundmyself[N]unemployedandunattached,excitedbythefreedom,yetterrifiedaboutwhattodonext.[N]Ineededsomekindoftransitionfrommyoldlifetoanewone,asortofritual[N]thatwouldhelpmetotransformmyselffromonepersonintoanother.SoIdidsomethingjustasimpulsiveasmypreviousactions:IbookedatripforaweekinAruba[N].幾天后,我失業(yè)了,也解除了婚約,為獲得的自由而興奮,但又因為不知道下一步做什么而惶恐。我需要某種從舊生活到新生活的轉(zhuǎn)變,一種有助于我從一種人轉(zhuǎn)型為另一種人的(必不可少的)程序。于是我做了一件與我前面的行為同樣沖動的事情:我預(yù)定了到阿魯巴島為期一周的旅行。[5]Inspiteofwhatothersmighthavethought,Iwasnotrunningawayfromsomethingbuttosomething[N].Iwantedacleanbreak[N],andIknewIneededtogetawayfrommyusualenvironmentandinfluencessoastothinkclearlyaboutwhereIwasheaded.不管別人會有什么樣的想法,但是我并不是在逃避現(xiàn)實,而是在追求未來。我想有一個徹底的決裂,去何從。而且我知道我需要離開自己熟悉的環(huán)境,擺脫原來的影響,以便考慮清楚自己將何[6]OncesettledintomyroomonthelittleislandofAruba,Ibeganmyprocessofself-change.IreallycouldhavebeenanywhereaslongasnobodycouldreachmebyphoneandIhadthepeaceandquiettothinkaboutwhatIwantedtodo.Ispentthemorningsgoingforlongwalksonthebeach,theafternoonssittingundermyfavoritetree,readingbooksandlisteningtotapes.[N]Probablymostimportantofall[N],Iforcedmyselftogetoutofmyroomandgotomeetpeople.Ordinarilyshy,InowdecidedthatIwassomeonewhowasperfectlycapableofhavingaconversationwithanyoneIchose.Sincenobodyknewthe"real"me,thewayIhadalwaysbeen,Ifeltfreetobecompletelydifferent.在阿魯巴小島上的房間里一安頓下來,我就開始了自我改變的進(jìn)程。其實只要沒人能打電話找去都可以。上午我在海灘上長時間地散步,下午、聽錄音磁帶。最重要的也許是我強(qiáng)迫自己走出房間去與別人交往。平常我很靦腆,但這時我確信自己是一個完全能人交談的人。因為沒人了解“真實的”我,知道我過去的樣子,所以,我感到自己可以自由自在,一改常態(tài)。到我,讓我能平靜安寧地思考我想做的事,我到哪里則坐在我喜愛的樹下看書和任何[7]Ittookmealmostayeartopayoff[N]thattrip,butIamconvincedthatmysingleweekinArubawasworththreeyearsintherapy[N].Thattripstartedanumberofprocessesthathelpedmetotransformmyself.ThisishowIdidit:我用了將近一年的時間才付清那趟旅行的費(fèi)用,但是我相信在阿魯巴島上僅僅一周的效果就相當(dāng)于三年的治療。那次旅行啟動了一系列有助于自我轉(zhuǎn)變的過程。以下是我具體的做法:[8]Icreatedamindsetthatmademereadyforchange.Iexpectedthatbigthingswereonthehorizon,thatatripsuchasthiscouldchangemylife.IbelievedwithallmyheartthatIcouldchange,ifonlyIcouldfindaquietplacetosortthingsoutandexperimentwithnewwaysofthinkingandacting.我讓自己在精神狀態(tài)上做好了轉(zhuǎn)變的準(zhǔn)備。我期待重大的事情將會來臨,期待這樣的旅行會改變我的生活。我真心實意地相信我會轉(zhuǎn)變,只要我能找一個安靜的地方來理清頭緒,來嘗試新的思維和行事方法。[9]Iinsulatedmyselffromtheusualinfluencesinmylifeandthepeoplewhoseapprovalwasmostimportant.Oneofthereasonsthattherapyoftentakessolongisthat,onceyouleavethesafetyandsupportofasession[N],youreentertheworldwherefamiliarpeopleelicitthefamiliarreactions.Byseparatingmyselffromothers'approvalandinfluences,Iwasabletothinkmore

clearlyaboutwhatIreallywanted.我使自己擺脫了那些常常對我生活會有影響的事,遠(yuǎn)離那些非要得到其首肯的人。治療之所以往往需要很長的時間,原因之一是,一旦給予你安全感和幫助的一個療程結(jié)束后,你重新又回到了原來的世界,那兒你的熟人會誘使你重蹈覆轍。通過把自己置身于別人的肯定和影響之外,我能對自己真正想要的東西有更加清楚的認(rèn)識。[10]Istructuredmytimeinordertoproducechangeandgrowth.Solitude,isolation,ornewenvironmentsinthemselvesarenotenough;youmustalsocompletetasksthatarerelaxingandeducational.Themostimportantpartofanytherapyisnotwhatyouunderstandorwhatyoutalkabout,butwhatyoudo.Insightwithoutactionisentertainingbutnotalwayshelpful.Insteadofreadingnovelsandcallinghomeregularly,Itookthetimetoparticipateindifferentactivitiesthatwouldmakemechange.我把時間安排好,以便使自己開始轉(zhuǎn)變并取得進(jìn)展。僅僅依靠獨(dú)居、隔絕、或者全新的環(huán)境是不夠的;你還必須完成那些輕松而又能使自己受教育的任務(wù)。任何一種療法的關(guān)鍵不在于你領(lǐng)悟到什么或談?wù)摿耸裁?,而在于你做了什么。未付諸行動的認(rèn)識固然可喜,但往往無助于事。我沒有把時間花在看小說和定期給家里打電話上面,而是花在能促使我自我轉(zhuǎn)變的種種活動之中。[11]Ipushedmyselftoexperimentwithnewwaysofbeing[N].Isampledalternativelifestylesandpretendedtobeadifferentperson.Iactedinunfamiliarwaysjusttoseehowitfelt.[N]WhateverIwouldusuallydoinvariouscircumstances,Iforcedmyselftodotheopposite.Thisreinforcedtheideathatanythingwaspossible,thatIcoulddoanythingIwanted.[N]我敦促自己嘗試新的生存方式。我體驗不同的生活方式,佯裝自己是行為方式來體驗自己的感受。同時,在各種情況下,不管我通常會怎樣做,我行之。這進(jìn)一步堅定了我的想法:世上無難事,只要我想要做的事,我都能夠做到。另一個人。我采用有別于從前的總是迫使自己反其道而[12]ImadepubliccommitmentsofwhatIintendedtodosoitwouldbehardertobackdown.Thereweretimeswhen[N]IwantedtoavoiddoingthosethingsIfoundmostfrightening.Untilthistrip,Ihadnevertraveledtoastrangeplacedeliberatelyalone.WheneverIthoughtabouttakingsaferoutes,IimaginedthatIwouldsoonhavetofacemyclassmatesandthatIwouldhavetoexplainmyactionstothem.[N]我就自己想避不干的念頭。在這次旅行之前,我從沒有特地一個人外出旅行過。每當(dāng)我想走保險棋的時候,我就會想到馬上不得不面對我的同學(xué),要對自己的行為做出解釋。做的事情做公開的承諾,這樣我就沒有退縮的余地了。對于那些讓我非常害怕的事情,我有過想回[13]Iprocessedmyexperiencessystematically.IwroteinajournaleachdayandspoketopeopleImetaboutwhatIwasdoingandwhy.WhenIreturned,ItalkedtoseveralpeopleItrustedaboutwhathadtakenplace.EachofthemofferedadifferentperspectivethatIvaluedandfoundusefulinincorporatingtheexperienceintomylife.我系統(tǒng)地分析我的經(jīng)歷。我每天寫旅行日記,并且告訴我遇到的人自己正在做什么以及為什么這樣做。情。他們中的每個人都有獨(dú)到的見解,這些見解旅行歸來之后,我和幾個我信任的人談?wù)撍l(fā)生的事都彌足珍貴,而且我發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的見解有助于我把這種經(jīng)歷融入到我生活中去。[14]ImadechangeswhenIreturnedthatcontinuedthetransformationthatstartedwhileIwasinAruba.Itiseasiertomakechangeswhenyouareawayfromhomethantomaintainthechangesafteryoureturn.Tomakesure[N]Ididn'tslipbackintooldpatterns,Iimmediatelymadenewdecisionsaboutmyworkandmyrelationshipsthatkeptmemovingforward.我回來后做了一些改造繼續(xù)下去。當(dāng)你離家在外時做些改變比較容易,回而來后要保持這些變化就難了。自己的工作和與他人的關(guān)系做出了新的決定,這些決定會繼續(xù)推動我前進(jìn)。改變,是我能夠把在阿魯巴島上開始的自我為了保證自己不重新回到老路上去,回來后我馬上對

[15]Idecidedthatmuchofmyfuturetravelingwouldhavesometransformativedimensiontoit.Althoughitispossibletomakeextraordinaryprogressinasingleweek,transformativechangetakesplaceoveralifetime.IpromisedmyselfthatIwouldmakeothertripsfromtimetotimeinordertocontinuemygrowth.(987words)我決定我將來的很多旅行將會具有自我改造的意義。盡管在短短的一星期之內(nèi)也可能取得驚人的進(jìn)展,但是自我改造的過程將貫穿于一生之中。我向自己保證我將不時地去旅行,以便不斷取得進(jìn)步。Twins,Genes,andEnvironment(基因、環(huán)境與雙胞胎)[1]Heredityorenvironment:whichisstronger?Thepotentialswhichapersonisbornwithdetermineinsomewaywhathewilldoinlife.Thereforeheredityisfate,akindofpredestination.However,genesdonotworkinavacuum;assoonaswebeginconsideringtherolethattheyplayinthedevelopmentoftheindividual,weseethattherecanbenodevelopmentwithouttheinteractingenvironment.Nocharacteristiciscausedexclusivelybyeitherenvironmentorgenes.遺傳與環(huán)境究竟哪一個影響更大呢?從某種程度上講,一個人生來具有的潛力將決定他一生的作為。因此遺傳即命運(yùn),是命中注定的東西。然而,基因并不是在真空中發(fā)揮作用的;一旦我們開始認(rèn)識到基因在個人發(fā)展中所起的作用,我們就會明白,沒有與其相互作用的環(huán)境,就不可能有任何個人的發(fā)展。沒有一個特點(diǎn)是完全由環(huán)境或者由基因造成的。[2]Therelativeeffectsofheredityandenvironmentaremostclearlyobservableinidenticaltwins.Mostidenticaltwinsareraisedtogetherandareremarkablyalikeinbothappearanceandbehavior.Thesecasesdemonstratethatindividualswiththesamegenes,whenraisedinthesameenvironment,willrespondtoitinmuchthesameway.Theydonotindicatewhatwouldhappeniftheseidenticalindividualswereraisedseparately.遺傳和環(huán)境的相對影響在同卵雙胞胎中最易觀察到。大多數(shù)的同卵雙胞胎是在一起撫養(yǎng)長大的,因而無論在外表還是行為上都驚人地相像。這些實例證明,若在同樣的環(huán)境中撫養(yǎng)成長,具有相同基因的個體就會以幾乎同樣的方式對環(huán)境作出反應(yīng)。但這些例子并不能說明如果把這些同卵雙胞胎分開撫養(yǎng)會發(fā)生什么情況。[3]Anumberofstudieshavebeenmadeofidenticaltwinsraisedapart.ThetwinswhowerethesubjectsofthesestudieslivedinAmerica,wereraisedinmuchthesamephysicalenvironments,andexperiencedmuchthesamenutritionalhistories[N].Therefore,asonemightexpect,theymaintainedtheclosestresemblancetoeachotherinphysicalappearance,height,andweight.Exceptionsoccurredwhenonetwinhaddevelopedarathersevereillnessandtheotherhadnot;butonthewholeeveryoneisimpressedbythegreatpsychologicalandphysicallikenessesthatexistbetweenidenticaltwins,eventhosewhohavebeenseparatedfrominfancy[N].[N]對分開撫養(yǎng)的同卵雙胞胎已進(jìn)行了許多研究。被研究的這些雙胞胎都生活在美國,成長的自然環(huán)境幾乎相同,并且具有幾乎相同的營養(yǎng)史。因而,正如所料,他們在外表、身高和體重上極其相似。但也有例外:一對雙胞胎中的一個患了相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重的疾病而另一個卻沒生??;但是總體而言,同卵雙胞胎,甚至從嬰兒時就分離的同卵雙胞胎,在心理和身體上會如此相似,給每個人留下了深刻的印象。[4]Inastudyofnineteensetsoftwinswhohadbeenseparatedfrombirth,investigatorsfoundthatinapproximatelytwothirdsofthesetstherewerenomoresignificantdifferencesthanexistedamongunseparatedpairsoftwins.[N]Thisstronglysuggeststhepowerofthegenesandthe

limitationoftheeffectofenvironment.However,itmustberememberedthat,althoughtheidenticaltwinswhowerestudiedlivedindifferentfamiliesfarremoved[N]fromeachother,theenvironmentsinthosefamilieswerenot,onthewhole,substantiallydifferent.Usuallyeveryeffortwouldbemadetoputeachchildinahomewithabackgroundsimilartothatofitsownfamily,andthereforeitshouldnotbesurprisingtofindthatthetwinsdevelopedsimilarly.Butinthosecasesinwhichtherehadbeenagreaterdifferenceintheenvironmentsoftheseparatedtwins,thedifferencesbetweenthetwinsweremoresubstantial.Thefollowingcaseillustrateswhathappenstoidenticaltwinswhentheyarebroughtupincontrastingenvironments.在對從一出生就分離的19對雙胞胎的研究中,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),其中約三分之二的雙胞胎之間的差異與一起長大的雙胞胎之間的差異一樣不明顯。這有力地說明了基因的影響力和環(huán)境作用的局限性。然而,必須記住的是,盡管被研究的同卵雙胞胎生活在不同家庭里且相距甚遠(yuǎn),但總體而言,那些家庭的環(huán)境基本上沒有什么差異。人們通常都會千方百計地將每個孩子安置在和他自己原來的家庭背景相同的家庭里,因而發(fā)現(xiàn)這些雙胞胎成長中有不少相似之處就不足為奇了。但是在那些分開撫養(yǎng)的雙胞胎的生長環(huán)境有較大差異的實例中,雙胞胎之間的差異就很大。下面的例子說明了在對比度很大的環(huán)境中成長的同卵雙胞胎的情況。[5]GladysandHelenwereborninasmallOhiotownandwereseparatedatabouteighteenmonthsofage.Theydidnotmeetagainuntiltheyweretwenty-eightyearsold.Helenhadbeenadoptedtwice.Herfirstfosterparentshadproved[N]tobeunstable,andHelenhadbeenreturnedtotheorphanageafteracoupleofyears;afterseveralmonthsshewasagainadopted,byafarmerandhiswifewholivedinsoutheasternMichigan.Thiswasherhomeforthenexttwenty-fiveyears.Hersecondfoster-mother,thoughshehadhadfeweducationaladvantagesherself[N],wasdeterminedthatHelenshouldreceiveagoodeducation;Heleneventuallygraduatedfromcollege,taughtschoolfortwelveyears,marriedattwenty-six,andhadadaughter.格拉迪絲和海倫出生于俄亥俄州的一個小鎮(zhèn),在大約十八個月大時被分開撫養(yǎng)。她們直到28歲才再次相遇。海倫被領(lǐng)養(yǎng)了兩次。由于她最初的養(yǎng)父母靠不住,兩年后海倫又被送回到孤兒院。過了幾個月,她再一次被住在密歇根東南部的一對農(nóng)場主夫婦領(lǐng)養(yǎng)。此后25年她一直住在那里。她的第二個養(yǎng)母盡管本身沒受過什么教育,卻下決心要讓海倫得到良好的教育;海倫最終大學(xué)畢業(yè),教了12年的書,26歲時結(jié)婚,并有了一個女兒。[6]GladyswasadoptedbyaCanadianrailroadconductorandhiswife.Whenshewasinthethirdgrade,thefamilymovedtoaratherisolatedpartoftheCanadianRockies[N],wheretherewerenoschools,andGladys'formaleducationcametoanend,andwasnotresumeduntilthefamilymovedtoOntario[N].Shestayedathomeanddidhouseworkuntilshewasseventeen,andthenwenttoworkinaknittingmill.ShewenttoDetroit[N]atnineteen,gotajob,andmarriedwh

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

評論

0/150

提交評論