話題6哈萊姆文藝復(fù)興與夢種族歧視關(guān)系

HarlemRenaissance

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AmericanMulticulturalism

AmericanDream

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RacialDiscriminationHarlemRenaissanceHarlemRenaissance(1920s-1930s)TheHarlemRenaissancereferstothefloweringofAfricanAmericanculturalandintellectuallifeduringtheendofWorldWarIandthemiddleofthe1930sDepression.Knownasthe"NewNegroMovement"atthattime,itinvolvedwriting,musicandart.OriginMigrationfromSouthtoNorthafterWWIFinancialdepressionafterwarandtheraceriot

IntellectualatmosphereCharacteristicsThematerialswerefromthedepressedclass.NewimagesofAfricanAmericanswerecreated.“TheNewNegro”TheworksweredeeplyinfluencedbythedialectsofAfricanAmericans.WritersofthisperiodfocusedoninterpretingandspreadingthecultureofAfricanAmericans.OneoftheearliestinnovatorsofthenewliteraryartformjazzpoetryOneoftheforemostinterpretersofracialrelationshipsintheUnitedStatesAcknowledgedas“LaureateofHarlem”and“centralpersonofHarlemRenaissance”

LangstonHughes(1902–1967)HisworkshadagreatimpactupontheCivilRightMovementinwhichtheblacksstrivedforthefreedomandequality.TheWearyBlues（1926）FineClothestotheJew(1927)TheDreamKeeperandOtherPoemLetAmericaBeAmericaAgain(1938)ShakespeareinHarlem(1942)RepresentativesHarlem：ADreamDeferredWhathappenstoadreamdeferred?Doesitdryuplikearaisininthesun?Orfesterlikeasore—Andthenrun?

Doesitstinklikerottenmeat?Orcrustandsugarover—likeasyrupysweet?

Maybeitjustsagslikeaheavyload.

Ordoesitexplode?哈萊姆：一個(gè)被推遲的夢

一個(gè)被推遲的夢會如何？

它會枯竭

就像烈日下的一顆葡萄干？

還是像傷口一樣化膿——

然后潰爛？

它如腐肉一般惡臭？

還是結(jié)出糖衣硬殼——

就像久放的糖漿？

也許它只是下一個(gè)下墜的重負(fù)。

又或者砰的一聲炸為烏有？Hewantedtotellthestoriesofhispeopleinwaysthatreflectedtheiractualculture,includingboththeirsufferingandtheirloveofmusic,laughter,andlanguageitself.Throughhispoetry,hecondemnedracialismandinjusticeoftherulingwhites,whilesingingthepraisesofblacklifeandculture.

Inhiswork,heputsforthimagesofAfricanAmericans,jazzmusic,andmanytopicsthathavebeenapartofhislife.Healsousedhumor,lonelinessanddespairtoimitatethesoundofbluesandjazzmusicwithwords.CounteeCullen(1903–1946)

OneoftheleadingAfricanAmericanpoetsofHarlemRenaissance.HehelpedbringmoreHarlempoetstopublicnoticebyeditingCarolingDusk:AnAnthologyofVersebyNegroPoetsin1927.Color(1925)NearWhite(1925)FromtheDarkTower(1927)TheBlackChrist(1929)JamesWeldonJohnson(1871-1938)educator,lawyer,diplomat,songwriterleaderofthe

NationalAssociationofColoredPeople(NAACP)mentortomanyoftheyoungblackwriterswhoformedthecoreoftheHarlemgroup.

FiftyYearsandOtherPoems

(1917)God'sTrombones:SevenNegroSermonsinVerse

(1927)SaintPeterRelatesanIncident:SelectedPoems

(1935)

InfluenceItredefinedhowAmericaandtheworldviewedtheAfricanAmericanpopulation.ItprovidedavenueforAfricanAmericansofallbackgroundstoappreciatethevarietyofBlacklifeandculture.Aconsciousnessintheformofaunitedracialidentitysprungforth.Theprogressduringthisperiodbecameapointofreference.ItwasafoundationforthecommunitytobuilduponfortheCivilRightsstrugglesinthe1950sand1960s.DeclineTheGreatDepressionofAmericain1929causedtheHarlemgroupofwriterstoscatter.ManywereforcedtoleaveNewYorkortotakeotherjobstotidethemoverthehardtimes.Theycametoseethatculturewasaffectedbyeconomicandsocialrealities.AmericanMulticulturalismThreeStagesofAmericanCulture1.Thefirststage(—1950)AfreesocietywiththemainstreamvalueofChristianity.2.Thesecondstage(1950s—1960s)AfricanAmericansfoughtforracialequality.3.Thethirdstage(1980—)Thecoexistenceofdifferentreligions,moralitiesandculturevalues.ImplicationTheAmericanmulticulturalismismostly

reflectedin

ethnicdiversity.ContinuousmassimmigrationwasafeatureoftheUnitedStateseconomyandsocietysincethefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.ThenicknameMeltingPotimpliedthateachindividualimmigrantassimilatedintoAmericansocietyattheirownpace.Multiculturalismisnotequaltoassimilationorintegration.

OriginofMulticulturalismAttheendofthe19thcenturyinEuropeandtheUnitedStates,multiculturalismbeganaspartofthepragmatismmovement.Attheturnofthe20th,itispartofthepoliticalandculturalpluralism.InresponsetoanewwaveofEuropeanimperialisminsub-SaharanAfricaandthemassiveimmigrationtotheUnitedStates.ReasonsforMulticulturalismInthewakeofthe

Holocaust,

racismandethniccleansingcaughtpeople’sattention.AscolonizednationsinAfricaandAsiasuccessfullyfoughtfortheirindependence,Europeancolonialsystemcollapsed.

3.Theriseofthe

CivilRightsMovement,whichcriticizedidealsofassimilation

TheRelationshipbetweenHarlemRenaissanceandAmericanMulticulturalism1.ThechangeofAmericanmainstreamcultureisthebackgroundofHarlemRenaissance

2.HarlemRenaissancepromotesAmericanMulticulturalism1.ThechangeofAmericanmainstreamcultureisthebackgroundofHarlemRenaissanceThesocietywiththemainstreamvalueofChristianityPilgrimsembedliberalismintheChristianityThedisappointmentaboutthedisillusionedEuropeancivilizationandthedoubtabouttheEuropeancapitalismResult:Americanwhitepeoplebegantopayattentiontoindigenousblackculture,suchastheblackliterature,jazzmusic,dramainHarlemRenaissance.HarlemRenaissanceAmericanMulticulturalismBlackCultureCivilRightsMovement

①Directinfluence②indirectinfluence2.HarlemRenaissancepromotesAmericanMulticulturalismAmericanDreamAmericanDreamThegenericdefinitionoftheterm"AmericanDream"appearsinahistorybookbyJamesTruslowAdamsentitledTheEpicofAmerican(1931).Mayflower:thebeginningofthedreamGoldendream:JamesW.MarshallfoundgoldinCalifornia.Wavesofimmigrants:300,000men,women,andchildrenwiththeirdreamscametoCalifornia.GreatDepression:getsuccess,fameandwealththroughthriftandhardworkDevelopmentWhatIsAmericanDream?

Theso-calledAmericandreamisabelief

thataslongastheUnitedStatesafterahardstrugglewillbeabletoachievetheidealofabetterlife.

Thatis,peoplehavetoworkthroughtheirownhardwork,courage,creativityanddeterminationtomovetowardsprosperity,ratherthanrelyonspecificsocialclassesandotherassistance.

TheAmericandreamillustratesthatthebasicAmericandesirefor

“l(fā)ife,liberty,andthepursuitofhappiness”isaliveandwell.

SixBasicBeliefsindividualfreedomself-relianceequalityofopportunitycompetitionmaterialwealthhardworkBeingconfident,believethatnothingisimpossible.Hardwork,frugalityandself-sacrifice.Beingindependent.Greathopesmakegreatman.ConclusionLimitation:notattainableforallethepursuitofmaterialprosperitybeyondthegraspoftheworkingpoorThesuccessfulexamplesofAmericandream:1.BenjaminFranklin-thefounderofAmerica,theforefather.2.AbrahamLincoln-the16thPresident.3.Rockefeller-thepetroltycoon.4.AndrewCarnegie-thesteeltycoon.AmericandreamsinliteratureForrestGump

阿甘正傳SisterCarrier

嘉莉妹妹GreatGatsby

了不起的蓋茨比DeathofaSalesman

一個(gè)推銷員之死AmericanRacialDiscriminationThehistoryofAmericanracism:16thcentury:colorbiases---blackslavery1865:theabolitionofslavery---segregation1954:schooldesegregation1955:busdesegregation1963:MartinLutherKingIHaveaDream1964:theCivilRightsActof1964

InvisibleracialdiscriminationDuringtheVietnamwar,blacksoldiersandwhitesoldiersweredivided,andalmostblacksoldierswerefightinginthefront.Inthe90s,millionsofblacksparadedinWashington,whichenhancedthesolidarityofblacks.In2003,awhitepeoplewhohatetheblackpeoplebroughtweapontokillfiveblackpeoplethenkilledhimself.In2015.4.4AnAmericanwhitepolicemanfired8gunsatanunarmedblackmanwhowastryingtoescape.ThecausesofAmericanracialdiscrimination:1.TheinfluenceofAmericanhistory

populationdiversity:Immigrants;differentracialandethnicgroups;diversificationofthepopulation.

ethnicconflict2.TherootsofAmericanculture

differentnationsUSAiscomposedofpeopleofdifferentnationalities.

differentcultureEverynationalityhasitreligion,belief,lifestyleandvalues,andthesebelongtothecategoryofculture.

whitepeopledominatedoverthecountryAmericanpolitical,economic,military,culturalandotherfieldsofpowerareinthehandsofthewhitehands.3.TheAmericansocialstructure

thebiasissubconscious:laws,customs,existinglanguage,faithetc.

institutionaldiscriminationisdifficulttoeliminate4.ReasonsonBlackPeopleThemselves

poor:lesseducated,poorlivingcondition,lazy(liveonrelieffundnotbyworking)...

viciouscircleMoviesCrash撞車AmericanHistoryX美國X檔案TheHelp相助AmericanDream

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RacialDiscriminationThePastAfterthemid1870’s.violenceagainstBlackwaswidespread.ThosewhowereinCongressandfavoredequalityforallcitizensbegantochangetheirproactiveattitudetowardsracialjustice.Between1884to1914,therewereatleast3600lynching.ProcessInpasthundredsofyears,thereweresomanymarvelouspeoplewhomadegreatcontributionintheprocessofabolishingracism.Forexample,weknewverywellaboutMartinLutherKingwhoproposedhisAmericandream.Theracialdiscriminationenvironmentdilutedalotwiththegreateffortwithabettersociety.NowNowada