植物分類學的發(fā)展和未來完整版

植物分類學的發(fā)展和未來How

far

could

planttaxonomy

go?分類學INTRODUCTION猜猜我是誰?想知道嗎？讓分類學

家們來告訴你吧！點擊此處進入網(wǎng)站…?

Stuart

Wynne4TAXONOMY

IS分類學是…一門涵蓋下列四項工作內(nèi)容的科學

發(fā)現(xiàn)

discovering命名

naming描述

describing分類

classifying物種organisms以此了解生物多樣性(以及…)Taxonomy

源自希臘文:taxis

=

部門/安排;

nomos

=

法條、規(guī)則5TAXONOMY

IS發(fā)現(xiàn)新物種是分類學的第一步。

每年，當分類學者到

一個新的區(qū)域去考察，

或者發(fā)現(xiàn)了分析標本

的新方法，全球各地就會陸續(xù)發(fā)

現(xiàn)新物種。發(fā)現(xiàn)

DISCOVERING吸血鬼魚

Danionella

dracula

2009年在緬甸被發(fā)現(xiàn)?

Ralf

Britz

|Natural

History

Museum,

London6TAXONOMY

IS學名有何玄妙之處?學名就是所有物種

被確認身份的護照攝影:

Phil

Heemstra

|Wikimedia

Commons命名

NAMINGElectrolux

addisoni(Compagno

&

Heemstra,

2007)這可不是您家里的吸塵器哦！7TAXONOMY

IS描述DESCRIBING在描述的過程中，必須先與相近物種作對比，

確定這是一個新物種。Hypsiboas

calcaratus

(Troschel,

1848)

|攝影:

P.

J.

R.

Kok8TAXONOMY

ISCLASSIFYING界分Kingdom類

–

動物界Animalia

門Phylum

–

脊索動物門Chordata

綱Class

–

哺乳綱Mammalia

亞綱Infraclass

–

真獸亞綱Eutheria

目Order

–

偶蹄目Artiodactyla

科Family

–

?？艬ovidae

亞科Subfamily

–

羊亞科Caprinae

屬Genus

–

綿羊屬Ovis

種Species

-

Ovis

aries我叫桃莉NAMES

MATTER分類無處不在分類讓我們的物品排列有序

例如超市的商品您會想在清潔用品旁邊

就找到乳制食品嗎？Photo:

G.

R.

South分類

CLASSIFICATION與日常生活息息相關NAMES

MATTER想一想：

如果世界萬物都

沒有名字的

話…..Photo:

Sergio

Kaminski

|Wikimedia

commons

Drawing:

Peter

Aertsen名字NAMES

與日常生活息息相關?攝影

Photo:

Wikimedia

commons

|public

domainNAMES

MATTER我們每天都要用上許多

俗名來溝通，但只限用

于某些地方和特定語言名字溝通中必不可少的符號MuisΠοντ

κι?MouseMausマウスSourisRatón???МышьMus?

Kornelia

Rassmann老鼠NAMES

MATTER不論是地理障礙或是語言隔

閡，學名確保我們是在談論同一

個物種學名Alternanthera

philoxeroides世界通用Bursaphelenchus

xylophilusPhoto:

Gary

BuckinghamUSDA

Agricultural

Research

Service,United

States

|Pseudophilotes

sinaicusPhoto:

L.D.

DwinellUSDA

Forest

Service,United

States

|Photo:

BioNET-NAFRINETPhoto:

Oliver

Spalt

|Wikimedia

commonsScotinophara

luridaPhoto:

Natasha

Wright,

Florida

Department

of

Agriculture

and

Consumer

Services,

BNAMES

MATTER知道正確的名字-可以省錢分類學幫助我們鑒定出24種菲律賓黑甲蟲，其中2種是稻米害蟲。

這樣的知識不但為農(nóng)藥省下大筆經(jīng)費，而且環(huán)保。見case

study

no.

3914NAMES

MATTERBoletus

aurantiacus

|Photo:

Wikimedia

commons

|public

domain不識芳名-可能致命!吃或不吃？問一問蕈類的分類專家(菌類學家)吧！NAMES

MATTER當我們在描繪生物多樣性時，

進行農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易時，購買種子時，治理害蟲時，或從事其他需要分類的活動時，

林奈賦予了我們所需要的一致性與精確性。LINNAEUS林奈“與無名之物相關的

一切知識其實一文不值

"1737卡爾

林奈Critica

BotanicaCarl

von

Linné,

1707-1778

繪圖:

AMNH

LibraryCarl

von

Linné

(or

Linnaeus)

被稱頌為“分類學之父”

他為現(xiàn)代的命名工作

立下根基TAXONOMY

-BENEFITS分類學幫助我們了解生物的多樣性?

A.

De

Kesel

在許多方面生物多樣性直接或

間接地從分類學上受益。

不管您是從事進出口貿(mào)易、食品

安全、醫(yī)藥與公共

衛(wèi)生、氣候變遷、

生物保全、農(nóng)業(yè)、

園藝、漁業(yè)、獸醫(yī)、

礦業(yè)、觀光、農(nóng)藝、

或在廚房里工作，有許多環(huán)節(jié)

都需要生物世界的知識。與生物多樣性密切相關TAXONOMY

-BENEFITS認識鮮活的世界?

Kornelia

Rassmann多樣性讓我們的生活多彩多

姿分類學把我們生活的世界分

門別類，并理清次序，

協(xié)助我們理解多樣性TAXONOMY

-BENEFITS分類學Photo:

B???Photo:

Posa

A.

Skelton有利于人類的福利對于包括生物多樣性保育、

氣候變遷、適應、生物保全

、農(nóng)業(yè)、水產(chǎn)業(yè)、保健、旅游、貿(mào)易、和許多其他符合人類利益

的課題，分類學皆可提供基本且不可或缺

的信息19TAXONOMY

-BENEFITS分類學具有極其重要的作用分類學可支援決策單位與調(diào)控機構確切的訊息，提供許多

產(chǎn)業(yè)(例如農(nóng)業(yè)、醫(yī)藥)看不見但又必不可少的幫助。分類

學也是千禧年發(fā)展目標

(消除貧窮、抵抗疾病、可持

續(xù)發(fā)展)的根基。?

Kornelia

RassmannPhoto:

BioNET-MESOAMERINETPhoto:

G.

R.

SouthTAXONOMY

-BENEFITS眾多科學知識的根基分類學支援許多學科

的需求，包括保育生物學、

演化生物學、生物發(fā)現(xiàn)學、生態(tài)學、生物地理學、

醫(yī)學等。TAXONOMY

-BENEFITS通過探索，我們得以

保育生物多樣性，實

現(xiàn)可持續(xù)利用例如：由于發(fā)現(xiàn)許多稀有物

種，或者重新發(fā)現(xiàn)已

被判定滅絕的物種，

許多自然保護區(qū)因此

成立了生物多樣性保育?

Posa

A.

SkeltonBrachylophus

bulabula

–

新發(fā)現(xiàn)的斐濟特有種TAXONOMY

-BENEFITS物種的分布被認為是

氣候變遷的結果分類學標本的搜藏

提供物種分布的永久性與歷史性的紀錄、

讓我們能夠預測物種是否

滅絕、病蟲害是否漫延、并支撐生態(tài)體系的適應值。氣候變遷適應?

Gert

Brovad地球上的生態(tài)系

幾乎都遭受入侵種的影響，

嚴重威脅了生物多樣性。

針對入侵種的危機管理，

需要有經(jīng)驗的分類學家們

提供標識物種的相關信息，給管理者和社會

提供快速的鑒定工具TAXONOMY

-BENEFITSPhoto:

Katherine

Parys,

Louisiana

State

University,

United

States入侵種此甲蟲

Cyrtobagous

salviniae

是

生物防治昆蟲，用來抑制水生植

物Salvinia

molesta

。管

理見case

study

no.

2724幾乎所有的蘭科植物都列在CITES目錄中，許

多放在目錄Ⅱ，雖然目前并不受生存上的威脅，

但如果不注意管制，也有可能因此滅絕。CITES目錄羅列不同等級與類型的保育

類生物，以防范被過度利用TAXONOMY

-BENEFITS政策與決策分類學的信息

有助于決策和構建相關調(diào)控機制例如:

華盛頓公約

(CITES：

Convention

forthe

International

Tradeof

Endangered

Species

國際貿(mào)易與瀕危物種公

約

）賴于正確的分類學資訊，

才得以有效管制易危物種

(例如蘭花)的貿(mào)易行為。?

Martin

Voggenreiter順時次序:

Ophrys

fusca,

Orchis

italica,

Cypripedium

calceolus,

Ophrys

luteaTAXONOMY

-BENEFITS?

Stuart

Wynne

-

Niphates

digitalis?

Posa

Skelton

-

Morinda

citrifolia生物多樣性

與健康藥用植物在許多地方

發(fā)揮了極其重要的作用分類學讓我們分辨出

什么是有用的植物(例如：Noni果)海綿可以提煉出有用的

藥物、食品和其他商用

物質(zhì)。分類學可協(xié)助我們發(fā)現(xiàn)并鑒定。TAXONOMY

-BENEFITS在一批運往巴基斯坦的澳洲小

麥中發(fā)現(xiàn)疑似腥黑穗病的霉菌，

這項船貨被攔截下來。所幸分

類學家及時鑒定出這些孢子是

來自非入侵的相近物種，這項

價值四億美元的出口貿(mào)易終于

放行。生物保全與貿(mào)易當農(nóng)產(chǎn)品送達時，若當中發(fā)現(xiàn)不明的昆蟲，國際貿(mào)易隨即被耽擱下

來。因為往往在等待鑒定之期，貨物必須被扣押；所以，分類學上

的快速支援是可以省錢的。欲知類似案例

請見case

study

no.

8Tilletia

indica|Photo:

Ruben

Durán,Washington

State

University,

B植物分類學的發(fā)展和

未來How

far

could

planttaxonomy

go?張憲春2014-05（１）The

Past（２）

ThePresent（３）The

Future?

分類學的道路走了多遠?

分類學的道路還有多遠?Linnaeus

(1707-1778)Based

on

the

ideas

of

Caspar

Bauhin

(among

others)

of

giving

two

names

to

all

living

things.1753.

Species

Plantarum.Father

of

taxonomy,Prince

of

Botany,Modern

classification,Systematic

botanybinomial

("two

names")

species

name

binomial

system

of

taxonomic

nomenclature.Linnaeus's

hierarchical

classificationand

binomial

nomenclature,

have

been

used

for

more

than

250

years.In

Holland

(1735-1739),

in

1735,

published

the

first

edition

of

his

classification

of

living

things,

the

SystemaNaturae.Linneaus’s

classification

scheme

–

“sexual

system”,

mainly

based

on

thenumber

of

stamens

and

pistils.《本草綱目》

－1578年－52卷，190余萬字，記

載藥物1892種，比以

前新增374種，并附有

動植物插圖1100余幅。?

先后被譯成日文、拉丁文、

德文、法文、英文、俄文等

文字。《Flora

of

China》?

1578

+

175

=

1573李

時

珍

Li

Shi-Zhen(1518

–1593)分類學—研究物種多樣性的科學

描述、鑒定、命名和建立分類系統(tǒng)基礎的生物學工作植物志書的編寫“國家自然科學一等獎”三項36stndForeign

Plant

Collectors

in

ChinaThe

Plant

Hunters?

17th

Century:

J.

Cunningham

(1698-1701-02

in

Chusan-1909)in

Macao,

Canton,

Hongkong,

Chusan,

Formosa,

Peking.

Dutch

trade.?

China:exportstea,silktoEurope.?

18th

Century:

Osbeck

(1750)

in

Macao

and

vicinity.

By

Linnaeus

1753.?

The1OpiumWar(1840-1842).OpenofPortinEastCoastalProvince.?

The2OpiumWar(1856-1960).

TheTreatyof1860.OpenoftheInteriorofChina?

1860-1900?

19th

Century:

R.

Fortune

(1843-1862,

Chinese

Tea),

C.J.

Champion,

C.Wright

(1854),

H.F.

Hance

(1844-1887),

A.David

(1862-1874),

R.Oldham

(1864),

J.M.Delavay

(1867-1895,

4000

spp.,

1500

n.

sp.),

A.

Henry

(1880-1890,

1892

in

Taiwan),

J.A.Soulié

(1886-1905),

G.N.Potanin

(1884-1893),

P.G.

Farges

(1892-1903),

Giraldi

(1892-1895),

etc.?

By

the

end

of

the

19th

century,

plant

collectorsin

China:

amateurs,

missionaries,

travelers,

merchants

and

diplomats.

Followed

by

more

professorial

ones.??

20th

Century:

E.H.Wilson

(1899-1918),

G.

Forrest

(1904-1932),

Handel-Mazzetti

(1915-1918),

Kingdon-Ward

(1909-1956),

J.

Rock

(1922-1949),

H.

Smith

(1921-1922),

etc.Foreign

PlantCollectors

in

ChinaChina--Mother

of

Gardens(mainly

Europeans,

Swedish,

British,

French,

Russian,

etc.

)外國采集人ThePlant

HuntersG.

Forrest1904-1932inW

Yunnan

1200

new

species

of

plantsJ.M.

Delavay:

1500

new

speciesHandel-Mazzetti

inNW

YunnanSymbolae

Sinicae,

vol.

1-7.

1929-1937中國采集人?

鐘觀光?秦仁昌?王啟無?武素功………………………????蔡希陶鐘補求劉慎諤俞德俊植物分類學成果《中國植物志》、《中國高等植物圖鑒》、“中國蕨類植

物分類系統(tǒng)”三項國家自然科學一等獎。植物所歷史History

-44歷史功績2009年榮獲國家自然科學一等獎的《中國植物志》是我

國四代分類學家歷經(jīng)45年辛勤勞動的集體成果。成果-著作工作進展

科研成果志書出版工作進展

科研成果新專著走到十字路口的分類學Europe:

1700s1800s

1900s

2000s

China:

1900s

2000s分類學發(fā)展緩慢的原因—馬來西亞魚類分類政策上

非優(yōu)先資助領域資源上缺少機會人際上缺少合作經(jīng)費上小額經(jīng)費SCIences

vs

TAXONOMY

time

honoredclassicaltime

consuming古老的經(jīng)典的費時的

Grassroots

taxonomy

--

(Godfray,

2002.

Challenges

for

taxonomy,

Nature417:

17-19)

草根分類學Cinderella

science

(UNEP-CBD,

GTI-GlobalTaxonomy

Initiative,

May

27

2011)

灰姑娘科學57拯救瀕危學科的危急關頭生物的分類和命名—信息的傳遞250

or

300年來From

Linnaeus

(1707-)1753

to變了沒變？Stuessy

2009,

Paradigms

in

biological

classification

(1707-2007):

Has

anything

really

changed?末期到了？Mishler

2009,

Three

centuries

of

paradigm

changes

in

biological

classification:

Is

the

end

in

sight?58走到十字路口的分類學分類

vs

鑒定

理論

vs

實踐

形態(tài)

vs

分子與時俱進的分類學Integrative

TaxonomyNew

TaxonomyChallenge?

Taxonomy

impediment?

Taxonomy

crisis?

Biodiversity

crisis分類的理論和應用Theoretical

&

Practical

merits

of

classificationTaxonomy,

classification?

Linnaean

classification

vs

Evolutionary

classification?

Cladistics?

Evolutionary

classification

vs

Phylogenetic

classification

(van

Wyk,

2007,

Taxon)?

Paraphyly

(Brummitt,

H?randl,

Farjion,

etc.)?

Monophyly?

Patrocladistics

(Stuessy

&

K?nig

2008,

Taxon)?

Species

concept

(biological,

ecological,

“alpha

taxonomic”

concepts,

cf.

Zander

vs

Ebach

&

al,

Taxon)TaxaTaxonomic

charactersArtificialclassificationMechanicalclassificationNaturalclassificationPhylogeneticclassification(biological

classification)形態(tài)分類，數(shù)量分類，化學分類，細胞分類，分支分類，分子分類，

……..Pryer

&

al.

2004.

Amer.

J.

Bot.

91:

1582–1598.石松植物種子植物蕨類植物維管植物系統(tǒng)發(fā)育關系thFrom

middle

of

20

C

to

21th

C?

“Thesetimes

werefull

of

new

discoveries

and

new

techniques.

Therewas

widespread

belief

that

we

would

soon

fully

understand

the

processes

of

microevolution

and

the

origin

of

higher

plant

diversity,

and

be

able

to

express

this

satisfactorily

in

our

systematic

arrangements.”(Ehrendorfer,

1970,

Taxon.

XI

IBC

"Biosystematics

at

the

Cross-roads,

1969

inSeattle).?

“Exciting

discoveriesin

diverse

fields

ranging

from

the

origin

of

species

(Rieseberg,1998)

to

the

evolutionary

history

and

rise

of

angiosperms

(Qiu

&

al.,

1999)

and

even

land

plants(Qiu

&

Palmer,

1999;

Pryer

&

al.,

2001)”.

(Kenneth

J.

Sytsma

&J.

Chris

Pires,

2001,

Systematics

in

thefuture

50-years.

Taxon)?

“APG

III

“New

Age

of

DiscoveryAge

of

PhylogenyFloristics

and

monography.

-

How

many

species

of

plants

are

there?

As

one

of

the

fundamental

and

most

basic

duties

of

systematics,

it

is

with

some

guilt

that

we

do

not

really

know

the

answer

to

this

question.

Inventorying

(and

naming

of

species)

certainly

has

taken

a

back

seat

to

other

areas

in

systematics:

“Excited

by

the

many

newand

rapidly

growing

fields

of

investigation

associated

with

modern

biology,

we

sometimes

forget

that

it

is

the

actual

plants,

their

ranges

and

other

features,

and

their

status

that

we

need

to

investigate

first.

Without

the

continuous

acquisition

of

such

knowledge,

so

fundamental

for

everything

else;

without

the

ability

to

recognize

and

distinguish

the

kinds

of

organisms;

without

the

careful

documentation

of

what

we

learn

in

biological

collections,

nothing

else

in

systematic

or

evolutionary

biology

is

possible”

(Raven,

1995).

As

Donoghue

&

Alverson

(2000)

have

convincingly

argued

that

we

are

in

a

“NewAge

of

Discovery”,

it

is

imperative

that

the

systematic

community

ensure

that

this

basic

systematic

endeavour

continue

with

strong

emphasis

andfunding.

This

information

is

more

than

just

a

species

list.

Donoghue

&

Alverson

(2000)

document

findings

from

a

recent

Ph.D.

dissertation

of

15

tropical

plant

genera

in

which

more

than

a

third

of

the

species

are

known

from

a

single

herbarium

specimen,

and

well

over

60%

are

known

from

three

or

fewer.

We

know

little

of

geographic

ranges

and/or

variation

in

a

large

proportion

of

the

tropical

flora.

It

is

perhaps

in

vogue

and

satisfying

to

talk

about

the

“Age

of

Phylogeny“

(Donoghue,

2000)

from

the

comfort

of

the

office

chair

or

lab

bench,

but

”phylogeny”is

only

as

good

as

the

investment

made

in

getting

off

these

chairs

and

into

the

field

throughout

geographical

ranges

of

described

66and

undescribed

(and

even

uncollected)

species.

"Expeditionary

biology

is

fundamental

to

modern

biology"

(V.

Funk,

pers.

comm.).

(Kenneth

J.

Sytsma

&

J.

Chris

Pires,

2001,

Taxon)??Humans

have

mapped

the

highest

mountains

and

deepest

ocean

trenches,

have

explored

the

far

side

of

the

moon,

and

have

deciphered

the

complete

genomes

of

several

organisms

including

our

own

–

yet,

it

is

estimated

we

know

at

most

a

tenth

of

the

species

we

are

sharing

our

planet

with.?

From

our

earliest

beginning

as

species,

knowledge

on

the

life

surrounding

us

was

essential

for

our

survival.We

needed

to

discover

and

name

the

plants

we

could

eat,

identify

the

poisonous

ones,

and

distinguish

the

harmful

animals

from

those

we

benefit

from.?

Today,

we

still

depend

on

our

knowledge

on

the

living

world

around

us.

It

provides

indispensible

baseline

data

for

many

fields

of

human

interest

and

contributes

in

many

ways

to

the

sustainability

of

our

planet.

Taxonomy

is

the

pivotal

but

hidden

service

behind

sectors

ranging

from

conserving

and

managing

biodiversity

to

food

security,

poverty

reduction,

health,

biosecurity,

new

industrial

product

development,

and

eco-tourism.?

Trained

taxonomists

identify

the

known

organisms

we

are

dealing

with

in

our

daily

life

and

describe,

classify

and

name

the

unknown

ones

–

and

collectively

discover

on

average

50

living

species

each

day!?

Taxonomists

are

needed

for

pest

management

in

agriculture,

identification

of

bio-control

agents,

control

of

disease

vectors,

quarantine

services,

biodiversity

impact

assessments,

conservation

planning,

invasive

alien

species

management,

development

of

medicines,

services

in

the

human,

animal

and

plant

health

sectors,

and

more.?

In

the

biodiversity

rich

countries

of

the

tropics,

taxonomy

is

as

central

to

the

sustainable

use

of

biological

resources

as

it

is

to

extending

the

frontiers

of

knowledge

and

providing

resources

and

opportunities

for

increased

benefit

sharing

of

biodiversity

and

ecosystem

services.

Particularly

in

these

regions

we

find

a

disproportional

high

number

of

un-described

species

throughout

all

taxa,

even

mammals.?

(from

THE

COORDINATION

MECHANISM

FOR

THE

GLOBAL

TAXONOMY

INITIATIVE

Eleventh

meeting

Montreal,

3-4

June

2011)We

depend

on

taxonomicknowledge林奈在信息時代68Evolution

Theory

&

Genetic

LawsCharles

DarwinOn

the

Origin

of

Species

(1859)Gregor

Mendel

1843-1865

190069Hennig,1950Watson&Crick,

1953林奈分類和譜系分類石松植物種子植物蕨類植物維管植物系統(tǒng)發(fā)育關系PhyloCode,

rank-free

phylogenetictaxonomy(Mishler

2009,

Taxon)物種概念Species

concept

(more

than

26)No

onedefinition

has

as

yet

satisfied

all

naturalists;

yet

every

naturalistknows

vaguelywhathemeans

when

hespeaks

of

a

species.

Darwin

(1859).Reality

of

SpeciesNaturalness

of

SpeciesSpecies

as

individualsCurrent

species

concepts:Morphological

species

conceptBiological

species

conceptGenetic

species

conceptEvolutionary

species

conceptCladistic

species

conceptBiosystematic

species

concept????分類學派—學派之爭進化學派

Natural

and

Phyletic

Approaches

表征學派

Phenetic

Approach分支學派

Cladistic

Approach并系

Paraphyly,

important

or

not??

Patrocladistics

(Stuessy

&

K?nig

2008,

Taxon)分類學的分類

Taxonomy

of

TaxonomyDescriptive

Taxonomy;

morphology-basedPhylogenetic

Taxonomy;DNA-based(phylogeny,

phylogentic

systematics)分類學家的分類

Taxonomy

of

Taxonomists

Pure

Taxonomists

(Museum,

Herbarium)Teaching

Taxonomist

(University)Field

TaxonomistEco-taxonomistAmateur

TaxonomistProfessional

TaxonomistPracticing

TaxonomistPhylogeneticistDistribution

of

TaxonomistsWorld

distribution

of

taxonomists

according

to

ETI's

World

Taxonomist

Database

(Nov

2005)10.

Even

where

the

number

of

taxonomists

is

relatively

high,

there

are

often

growing

knowledge

gaps

because

of

a

rapidly

aging

workforce.Bad

&

Good

Taxonomy?

Bad

taxonomy,

of

which

there

has

been

plenty,

persists.

Unlike

bad

chemistry

or

bad

physiology,

of

which

there

has

probably

been

equally

as

much,

it

cannot

be

ignored;

it

must

be

undone

and

redone.

Poor

taxonomy

is

not

only

an

ill

unto

itself;

it

is

contagious,

often

with

a

very

long

incubation

period

…

One

assumes

that

when

[experimental

biologists]

state

that

they

used

5

ml

ethanol,

they

were

not

using

6

ml

of

methanol;

and

yet,

if

the

experimental

animal

is

wrongly

identified,

what

are

the

grounds

for

such

an

assumption?

D.

K.

Mc

E.

Kevan

(1973,

p.

1212,

after

Minelli,

A.

1993).?

A

natural

system

is

something

we

discover,

not

something

we

create.

M.

T.

Ghiselin

(1987,

p.

130)Scotland

&

Wortley,

2003.

How

many

species

of

seed

plants

are

there?Taxon

52:

101-104.ca.

12000

binominals

described

from

Chinasince

1753Herbaria

are

a

major

frontier

for

species

discovery(PNAS

2010)Extrapolation

of

these

results

suggest

that,

of

the

estimated

70,000

species

still

to

be

described,

more

than

half

already

have

been

collected

and

are

stored

in

herbaria.

Effort,

funding,

and

research

focus

should,

therefore,

be

directed

as

much

to

examining

extant

herbarium

material

as

collecting

new

material

in

the

field.Fig.

1.

Herbarium

specimen

of

Strobilanthesfrondosa

first

collected

in

1924

from

Burma(Cooper

5943A),

published70

y

later

in

1994

(24).The

specimen

is

from

the

Royal

Botanic

Garden

Edinburgh

(photo

courtesy

of

Prashant

Awale).分類修訂，物種名稱變化和新種的發(fā)現(xiàn)Descriptivetaxonomy—new

species

to4

million

and

10

millionbe

describedspecies

on

earth……”The

web-based

taxonomy

must

be

completely

downloadable

so

that

even

continuous

access

to

the

Internet

is

not

essential,

and,

if

all

else

fails,

a

paper

copy

could

be

printed.

It

might

spread

the

geographical

distribution

of

taxonomic

activity

if

some

sites

were

hosted

by

developing

countries

with

strengths

in

computing,

such

as

India.”Godfray,83分類學研究的速度《中國植物志》總計80卷126分冊，全書5000多萬字，記載中國維管束植物301科、

3408屬、31142種，包括近9000幅圖版。該書基于全國80余家科研教學單位的312位作者和164位繪圖人員80年的工作積累、

45年艱辛編撰才得以最終完成。r

=

31,142

/

312/

=

100

spp/pp;

100/45

=

2

spp/yr100/20

=

5

spp/yr;

100/10

=

10

spp/yr《Flora

of

the

Pan-Himalaya》

20,000

spp10

yr

x

20

spp

x

100

p

=

20,000網(wǎng)絡-數(shù)碼-時代?

Cybertaxonomy?

Digital

morphology?

Virtual

herbarium?

JSTOR

Plant

Science?

BHLis

coming

?網(wǎng)絡時代的分類學?

分類學的資料性(Data);?

分類學的信息性

(Information);?

分類學的傳承性

(Legacy)?

網(wǎng)絡的發(fā)展,

Mediatization

of

the

Net

and

Internetization

of

the

Mass

Media?

植物分類專業(yè)知識的網(wǎng)絡傳播和普及桃兒七

Sinopodophyllumhexandrum

(Royle)

T.

S.

Ying：/8547.spage物種信息卡：/8547.sp照片集引用：/8547.spalbum科信息：Berberidaceae

小檗科屬信息：Sinopodophyllum

桃兒七屬異名：Podophyllum

hexandrum

RoylePodophyllumemodivar.chinenseSpraguePodophyllumemodiWall.exHook.f.etThomsonSinopodophyllumemodi(Wall.exRoyle)T.S.Ying;

Podophyllum

sikkimensisR.ChatterjeeetMukerjee

別名：鬼臼奧勒莫色羅麻瓊瓦奧莫色銅筷子

羊蒿爪華鬼臼老鴉枕頭小葉蓮在相關分類系統(tǒng)中的位置：1.

Engler系統(tǒng)的小檗科Berberidaceae;

2.Takhtajan系

統(tǒng)的桃兒七科Podophyllaceae;

3.Hutchinson系統(tǒng)的桃兒七科Podophyllaceae

外部資源：《中國植物志》和地方志

FloraofChinaThePlantListIPNITropicosuBioGBIF

Google圖片搜索

Flickr圖片

PPBC圖片

CVH標本

CVH標本縣級分布圖網(wǎng)站統(tǒng)計分類學資料的存儲、管理、更新?

Podophyllum

vs

Sinopodophyllum????約有

200,000

項符合

Podophyllum

的查詢結果約有

3,860

項符合

Sinopodophyllum

的查詢結果約有

21,400

項符合

Podophyllum

hexandrum

的查詢結果約有

2,420

項符合

Sinopodophyllum

hexandrum

的查詢結果存儲899900International

Plant

NamesIndex

(IPNI)91WORLD

FLORA

ON

LINE(K,

MO,

E,

NY)Online

flora

of

all

known

plants

by

2020

-

NagoyaMission;

IBC-2011中國在線植物志

Online

Flora

of

China???新植物志時代

電子植物志世界植物志

Species

Plantarum

(1753--)栽培植物志，藥用植物志，植物園植物志等?

EOL,

tree

of

life,

species-2000,

?

DNA-barcode

Flora,

iflora???未完成的植物志（FOA，1969--？）

永遠完成不了的植物志（FM，1950--？）

泛喜馬拉雅植物志

2010--??

On-line

flora?

ifloraStill

a

lot

to

do

in

China?

Plant

Diversity

of

China---

How

many

species?

Taxonomic

revisions,

monograph??

mosses:

c.

2300

to

3200

species

more

to

be

discovered.

??

ferns:

c.

2563

2100

?;?

seed

plants:

c.

29,000

?Future

of

Taxonomy

OptimisticTowards

integrativeIntegrative

TaxonomyDNA

barcode,

DNA

Taxonomy,

DNA-based

TaxonomyNon-DNA

Taxonomy,

Morphology-based

Taxonomy

(IBCAS

-

Integrative

Botany

Center)(PE

-

Integrative

Taxonomy

)學科發(fā)展

vs

社會服務

?

Biodiversity

Conservation?

Scientific

Education?

Sciences

and

arts?

Environment,

society民間的力量！其他1條回答黃trunk五2010-08-27

20:46

|級

分類系統(tǒng)枝有環(huán)痕雌雄多，聚合蓇葖木蘭科。

單葉聚生星形果，八角香味八角科。

雄蕊多輪藥瓣裂，體具樟香是樟科。

材身網(wǎng)紋雄蕊4，山龍眼科單花被。

天料木科點線明，側膜胎座花萼存。

單互無托具鋸齒，茶科朔果軸宿存。

龍腦香科雄蕊多，單互羽脈多堅果。

桃金娘科邊脈清，單葉無托油點明。

單對無托黃膠液，山竹子科單性雜。

掌狀葉脈星狀毛，雄蕊多數(shù)椴樹科。

紅葉遲落藥孔裂，瓣頂撕裂杜英科。

星毛柄大纖維多，單性雄蕊梧桐科。

單體雄蕊藥一室，兩重花萼錦葵科。

乳汁腺體花單性，花盤常在大戟科。

薔薇科，花樣多，十字花科蔬菜多。

體具乳汁花單性，?？凭刍[頭果。

葉具油點有香氣，花盤上房蕓香科。

木本復互脂核果，橄欖氣味橄欖科。

木本復互蒴漿核，花絲合生是楝科。

木本復互絲分離，無患子科多水果。

葉對無托雙翅果，子房三2槭樹科。

木本互生有樹脂，漆樹科里全核果。

葉對無托雄蕊2，合瓣上房木犀科。

葉對有托花整齊，合瓣下房茜草科。

單葉無托冠2唇，蒴果有萼玄參科。

紫葳科，復對多，合瓣上房花左右。

馬鞭草科雄蕊4，葉對無托枝四方。

單對無托葉全緣，夾竹桃科具乳汁。評論|贊同0等待您來回答APG

II,

III,分類學教學?

Judd&al.1999.PlantSystematics:AphylogeneticApproach.

?

IntroductiontoPlantSystematics?

寧夏大學植物學精品課程網(wǎng)站：/zwx/jiaoxuekejian.htm國外大學植物系統(tǒng)學教學/plantbiology/Faculty/xiang/jxiang.html/~qyxiang/BO403.html?????The

work

by

amateur

botanists

彩色圖冊線條圖冊野外手冊地理分布圖彩色照片網(wǎng)站/ziranbiji/widget/public_album/11816455/photo/2008191675

/Forever

Task

of

Taxonomy

?

Delimiting

and

classifying

species?

Naming

species,

and

providing

tools

to

identify

species?

A

信息化，網(wǎng)絡化，數(shù)字化?

B

技術化，分子化?

C

普及化(Japan,

Korea,

China:TW,

HK)，去中心

化(B,

P,

LE,

K,…

)，本土化

(L-BO,FM)?

Floristics

and

Monograph;Biodiversity

Conservation;

Macroecology;Global

Change;inventory;

On-line

Flora植物分類學的未來？的特點0謝謝！11099分類學INTRODUCTION分類學

|bionet@

本作品由以下單位提供資料,

由

BioNET

匯整(PosaSkelton

&

Kornelia

Rassmann)

,

周文豪翻譯

Henrik

EnghoffNatural

History

Museum

of

DenmarkUlf

G?rdenforsArtDatabanken,

Swedish

SpeciesInformation

CentreFabian

HaasAfrican

Insect

Science

for

Foodand

HealthChris

LyalNatural

History

Museum,

LondonYves

SamynRoyal

Belgian

Institute

of

NaturalSciencesTranslated

into

Chinese

by

Wen-hao

Chou,

National

Museum

of

Natural

Science,

Taiwan.帶你認識身邊的世界

!Ensifera

ensifera

(Boissonneau,

1840)繪圖:

Ernst

HaeckelINTRODUCTION猜猜我是誰?想知道嗎？讓分類學

家們來告訴你吧！點擊此處進入網(wǎng)站…?

Stuart

Wynne112TAXONOMY

IS分類學是…一門涵蓋下列四