初中英語 知識講解（ 含答案）

PAGEUnit4LifeonMars詞句精講精練詞匯精練1.rapidrapid作形容詞，意為“快的，迅速的”。例如：HemaderapidprogressinEnglish.他在英語方面取得了很快的進(jìn)步?！就卣埂縭apid，fast＆quickrapid較正式，常指突然或急速（且連續(xù)不斷的動作）Thediseaseisspreadatarapidrate.這種疾病正在迅速蔓延。fast側(cè)重指速度方面“快”Sheranfast.她快速地跑。quick表示某事來得突然或動作反應(yīng)敏捷，有時還含有“匆忙”之意。Sheateaquickbreakfastandrushedofftowork.她匆匆吃了早餐就趕去上班。2.largenumbersoflargenumbersof表示“許多，大量的”，相當(dāng)于alargenumberof。anumberof意為“許多……”，修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。做主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。number前可用large，small等修飾，以表示程度。例如：Largenumbersofstudentsareplayinggamestogether.許多學(xué)生正在一起玩兒游戲。Anumberofvillagersareplantingtreesonthehill.許多村民正在山上植樹。3.journey,travel,trip,tourjourney指“有固定地點(diǎn)的陸上，水上或空中的單程長、短途旅行”，著重指“長距離的、陸上的旅行”。We’llhaveajourneyfromBeijingtoTianjin.我們將做一次從北京到天津的旅行。travel泛指旅行的過程，指具體的旅行時，常用復(fù)數(shù)形式，尤指出國旅行。Mymotherisn’tinterestedintravels.我媽媽對旅行不感興趣。trip指“任何方式的，從事事業(yè)或者游覽的旅行”，側(cè)重于“短途旅行”，可與journey互換。ImadeatriptoXi’anlastweek.我上周去了趟西安。tour指“以游覽，視察，購物等為目的的旅行”，含有“最后回到原出發(fā)點(diǎn)”的意思。Theyareonaweddingtour.他們正在進(jìn)行新婚旅行。4.tastytasty作形容詞，意為“美味的，可口的”。例如：Thedishesaretasty.這些菜很美味。【拓展】（1）taste為連系動詞，意為“嘗起來”，后接形容詞，有時可接介詞like。例如：Thistomatotastesgood.這個西紅柿嘗起來不錯。（2）taste也可以作名詞，意為“味道，滋味”。例如：Thisorangehassweettaste.這種橘子有甜味。5.kind（1）kind作可數(shù)名詞，意為“種類，類別，類型”，常與of連用構(gòu)成短語，常見的有：akindof(一種);differentkindsof(不同種類的)；allkindsof(各種各樣的);這些短語后可以接不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Thesupermarketsellsallkindsofgoods.超市出售各種各樣的商品。（2）kind作形容詞，意為“友好的，善良的”，bekindtosb.表示“對某人（友）好。例如：Theoldwomanhasakindheart.那位老人有一顆善良的心。Ourteacheriskindtous.我們老師對我們很好。（3）kindof是非常口語化的表達(dá)方式，意為“有點(diǎn)兒，稍微”，用來修飾形容詞。相當(dāng)于alittle/bit,也可以單獨(dú)使用。例如：Thatmademefeelkindofnervous.那使我感到有點(diǎn)兒緊張。Sheiskindofshy.她有點(diǎn)害羞。6.freshfresh形容詞，意為“新鮮的”。例如：Thebeansarefreshfromthegarden.這些豆是剛從菜園里摘來的?！就卣埂縡resh作為形容詞還有如下含義：（1）意為“新的，新做的”。例如：I’llmakesomefreshcoffee.我要煮點(diǎn)新鮮的咖啡（我要重新煮點(diǎn)咖啡）。（2）意為“新穎的，獨(dú)創(chuàng)的”。例如：Hewillbringafreshapproachtothejob.他將帶來新的工作方法。（3）意為“新近的”。例如：Therearefreshfoxtracknearby.附近有狐貍的新足跡。7.awareaware作形容詞，意為“知道的，察覺的”。常見用法如下：（1）beawareof+名詞/代詞/動名詞。例如：Thegovernmentwasquiteawareoftheproblem.政府很清楚這個問題。（2）beaware接從句，其前常被副詞well，quite，fully等修飾。例如：Iamwellawarethatthisisatoughjob.我深知這是一件棘手的工作。（3）aware的名詞形式為awareness，意為“察覺，覺悟，意識”。Thereisageneralawarenessthatsmokingisharmful.8.similarsimilar用作形容詞，意為“相似的，類似的”，可作定語或表語。例如：MywifeandIhavethesimilartastesinmusic.我的妻子和我在音樂方面有相似的愛好。【拓展】besimilartosb./sth.意為“與某人/某物相似”；besimilarin…意為“在……方面相似”。例如：Hislifeexperiencewassimilartomine.他的生活經(jīng)歷與我相似。Ourcarsaresimilaronlyincolour.我們的車只是顏色相似。詞匯精練I.英漢互譯。1.largenumbersof_________2.干糧_________3.睡袋________4.(all)overagain__________5.intheformof_________6.ata/thespeedof________7.以……的形式__________8.與……相比__________9.beafraidofsth.________10.believeinsb.__________II.根據(jù)首字母或漢語提示，完成下列單詞的拼寫，使句意明確，語言通順。1.Wecan’tbreathef_______airbecauseofpollutedenvironment.2.Shewasnot_______(察覺的)ofhavingdonewrong.3.Ournewteacheris________(和氣的，友好的)tous.4.Openthewindowandletthef________aircomein.5.Thankyouforyoudeliciousdinner.Allthedishesaret________.6.Withthedevelopmentof________(科技)，bytheyear2100,thejourneymightonlytakeabout20minutesinspacecraftthattravelatthespeedoflight!7.Arescientistsin________(同意)thatlivingonMarswouldbepossibleforhumansinthefuture?8.Doyouandyourtwinsisterhave________(相似的)characteristics?9.Thepriceofpetrol________(增加)again.10.Atpresent,ourspacecraftaretooslowtocarrylargenumbersof_________(乘客)toMars.III.用所給動詞的正確形式填空。1.Thepopulationofdevelopingcountriesisgrowing________(rapid).2.Anumberofpeople_______(be)standinginthestreet。3.Ifwedinkthe_______(pollute)water,wemaygetill.4.Isometimesfeel_________(comfortable)aftereatingtoomuchintheevening.5.Thespecialbootscanpreventthemselves________(float)offintospace.IV.聽力鏈接。(2014石景山一模)請聽一段對話，完成第11至第13小題。11.Howarethespeakerstalking?A.Ontheradio.B.Facetoface.C.Onthephone.12.Howmuchdoesthewomanneedtopay?A.$26.B.$31.C.$38.13.Whatdoweknowaboutthewoman?A.Shelikesblue.B.Sheisagoodswimmer.C.Sheprefersshoppingonline.請聽一段獨(dú)白，完成第14至第16小題。14.What’sthespeakermainlytalkingabout?A.Histravelprograms.B.Hisdifficultiesintravel.C.HisplansfortheTVprograms.15.Whatdoesthespeakerthinkofhisjob?A.Boringbutlucky. B.Funandrelaxing. C.Pleasantbuttiring.16.Whatcanwelearnaboutthespeaker?A.Heloveslongtripsanddoesn’twantachange.B.Hisnextprogrammaybeaboutanoldtown.C.Hehasjustfinisheda‘roundtheworld’journey.參考答案I.英漢互譯。1.許多，大量2.driedfood3.sleepingbag4.重新5.以……的形式6.以……的速度7.intheformof8.comparewith/to9.害怕某事10.信任某人II.根據(jù)首字母或漢語提示，完成下列單詞的拼寫，使句意明確，語言通順。1.fresh2.aware3.kind4.fresh5.tasty6.technology7.agreement8.similar9.increased10.passengersIII.用所給動詞的正確形式填空。1.rapidly2.are3.polluted4.uncomfortable5.floatingIV.聽力鏈接。答案：11.C12.B13.A14.A15.C16.B原文：請聽一段對話，完成第11至第13小題。M:Goodmorning.Swimshop,Kevinspeaking.HowcanIhelpyou?W:Hello.I’vegotyourcataloguehereandI’dlikesomeinformation.Canyougivemesomeprices?M:Ofcourse.Pleasetellmethepagenumberyou’relookingat.W:OK.Thefirstthingisonpage15andit’stheMaruswimmingsuit.M:OK.Thesmallandmediumsizesare$22andthelargeoneis$26.W:Right.I’dliketoordertheblueone,please,sizesmall.M:Fine.Haveyougotmorethingstoorder?W:Yes.I’dlikesomepoolshoesforwatersports.Theyareonpage77.Howmucharethey?M:Well,theyare$16butnowthey’reonly$9.Whatshoesizeareyou?W:I’ma6.M:Letmecheck.Yes,we’vejustgotabluepairinthatsize.W:Blue?Great!Well,that’sallIneed.Mynameandaddressis…請聽一段獨(dú)白，完成第14至第16小題。PeoplealwaysaskmewhyIonlytravelthehardway!Alotoftelevisiontravelprogramsareaboutrelaxingholidaysonthebeach,butI’veonlyevermadeprogramsaboutreallylongtrips.ThelasttripIdidwasa50,000-milejourneyaroundthePacificOcean,andittook12months.Butmyveryfirsttripwasa‘roundtheworld’journey,andthemostdifficultonewasprobablythecarjourneyfromtheNorthPoletotheSouthPole.Asyoucanimagine,I’veseenalotoftheworld!I’mluckytobeinreallyexcellenthealth,butlifeisveryshortandI’vedonesomuchtravelingthatIwantachange.Travelinglongdistancesmakesyouverytired,andalthoughit’sstillagreatpleasureforme,Iwanttodosomethingmorerelaxingnow.IthinkmynexttelevisionseriesmightbemadenearerEngland.There’ssomereallyinterestingworkgoingoninWales,wherethey’vejustfoundwhatremainsofa2,000-year-oldtown.ButIhopetheprogramsI’vemadeaboutthereallylongtripswillencourageotherpeopletogetonaplaneandhavesomeadventures.Somepeopleseemtobeafraidofgoingtoastrangecountryandperhapsbeingillthere,butmaybetheyrealizenowthatifIcandothesetrips,socanthey…句式精講1.“比較級+and+比較級”或與“moreandmore+原級”“比較級+and+比較級”與“moreandmore+原級”，表示“越來越……”。例如：Ourcityisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.我們的城市變得越來越美。Hergrandmotherisbetterandbettereveryday.她的祖母身體狀況一天比一天好。Nowitisgettingcolderandcolder.現(xiàn)在天氣越來越冷了。Englishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportanttoday.如今，英語變得越來越重要。2.makesb.dosth.makesbdosth意為“使某人做某事”，此句式是省略to的不定式，如果用在被動句式中要還原to。例如：Don’tmakethebabycryanymore.不要再讓嬰兒哭了。Hewasmadetowaitforoveranhour.他被迫等了一個多小時。類似make這種用法的動詞還有：have，let，notice，see，feel等。例如：Shewasseentogointotheclassroom.有人看見她進(jìn)了教室。3.sofar,nobodyknowswhethertherewouldbeenoughwateroroxygenonMarsforpeoplethere.

whether和if常引導(dǎo)賓語從句，表示“是否”之意。當(dāng)把一般疑問句的直接引語轉(zhuǎn)化成間接引語時，常用if或whether作引導(dǎo)詞。例如：Iaskedher,“DoyoustudyEnglishhere?”我問她：“你在這里學(xué)習(xí)英語嗎？”

→Iaskedherif/whethershestudiedEnglishthere.我問她是否在那里學(xué)習(xí)英語。【拓展】if與whetherif和whether均可表示“是否”，一般情況下二者可以互換。但在下列條件下，只能用whether而不能用if：（1）if后不能直接接ornot。（2）whether可作介詞的賓語。（3）whether后可接不定式。（4）whether可用于句首。（5）whether可引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句。例如：Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney.一切都取決于我們是否有足夠的錢。Whetheritisrightorwrong,Idon’tknow.正確與否，我不知道。Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherhewillcomeornot.他來不來沒關(guān)系。4.Moreover,scientistsarenotsurewhetherplantscouldgrowonMars.besure＝makesure，意思是“確信”，它的后面可以用賓語從句，也可以用動詞不定式。

(1)besureofsth對某事很確定Iamsureofhisguilt.我確定他有罪。Iamsureofhiscoming.我確定他會來。(2)besuretodosth一定會做某事Iamsuretoclosethewindowafterschool.放學(xué)后我一定會關(guān)窗的。Iamsuretohelpyoutomorrow.我明天一定會幫你。(3)besurethat從句，意為“對某事很確定”；notsure+whether/if引導(dǎo)的從句，意為“不確信是否……”。Iamsurethathewillachievehisgoal.我確定他會實現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的。Heisnotsurewhetherhismotherwillcometoseehimthisafternoon.他不確信今天下午他媽媽是否會來看他。5.Peoplehavetowearbootsthatarespeciallydesignedtopreventthemselvesfromfloatingoffintospace.prevent作動詞，意為“阻止”，常用于prevent…(from)doing中，意為“阻止或避免某種情況的發(fā)生”。

等同于stop…(from)doing

及keep…fromdoing。stop/prevent后的from可以省略，但在被動語態(tài)中不能省。例如：

Therainpreventedhimfromcoming.

大雨使他不能來。

Shewasprevented/stopped/keptbyillnessfromtakingtheexam.

她因病未能參加考試。句式精練I.句型轉(zhuǎn)換，每空一詞。1.Theheavyrainstoppedhimfromgoinghome.（改為同義句）Theheavyrain_______him______________home.2.Iaskedher,“DoyoulikeEnglish?”（合并為一句）Iaskedher_____________________English.3.Heissureofthathewillwin.(改為同義句)Heissure___________.4.HestartedtolearnEnglishwhenhewasseven.(改為簡單句)HestartedtolearnEnglish__________________________________.5.Doyouknowtheboyinablackcoatoverthere?(改為復(fù)合句)Doyouknowtheboy__________________________________overthere?6.Iprefertostayinahotelroomwhichhasaseaview.(改為簡單句)Iprefertostayinahotelroom____________________________.7.Ifthereisnohelp,Icannotworkouttheproblem.(改為簡單句)______________,Icannotworkouttheproblem.II．根據(jù)漢語提示，完成英語句子（每空一詞）1.我想讓我們的國家變得越來越美麗。Wewanttomakeourcountry______________________________.2.他問我是否曾經(jīng)去過長城。Heaskedme________Ihad_______________theGreatWallbefore.3.我不確信是否能通過考試。Iam_____________________Icanpasstheexam.4.任何事情都無法阻止他學(xué)習(xí)英語。Nothingcan_______him______________English.5.在火星上你可能會看到穿著特殊靴子的人。OnMarsyoumightseepeople______________________.6.火星是一個環(huán)境類似于地球的行星。Marsisaplanetthathasanenvironment________________________oftheEarth.7.你認(rèn)識他們非常喜歡的那個女孩兒嗎？Doyouknowthegirl________they_______verymuch？8.這個計劃有一些大的不利因素。Therearesome_________________totheplan.Ⅲ.根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和所給的首字母，寫出所缺的單詞，使短文內(nèi)容完整、意思正確。Scientistsaretryingtoturnthedeserts(沙漠)intogoodlandagain.Theywanttob__1__watertothedeserts,sopeoplecanliveandplanttreesthere.Theyarel__2__alotaboutthedeserts.Butmoreandmoreoftheeartharebecomingdeserts.Scientistsmaynotbea__3__tochangethedesertsintime.Whyismoreandmorelandbecomingdeserts?Scientiststhinkthatpeoplearedesertmakers.Peoplearedoingbadt__4__totheearth.Someplacesontheearthdon’tg__5__muchrain,buttheystilldon’tbecomedeserts.Thisisb__6__somegreenplantsaregrowingthere.Smallgreenplantsandgrassareveryi__7__todryplaces.Theynotonlystopthehotsunfrommakingtheearthevend__8__,butalsostopthewindfromb__9__thedirtaway.Whenabitofrainfalls,theplantshelpholdthew__10__.Withoutplants,thelandcanbecomeadesertmuchmoreeasily.1.__________2.__________3.__________4.__________5.__________6._________