土地資源管理專業(yè)英語

agrarianstructure土地結(jié)構(gòu)bufferzones緩沖帶comprehensivelandconsolidation綜合土地整理entrypoint切入點(diǎn)fragmentedholdings破碎化的土地genderinclusion性別包含hay-making割草8.individualconsolidationinitiatives個(gè)別土地;整理倡議9.irrigationanddrainageinfrastructure灌排設(shè)施10.landbank土地銀行11.landconsolidation土地整理12.landleveling土地平整13.landreserves土地儲(chǔ)備netincome凈收益noblelandlords貴族地主participatoryapproaches參與途徑recreationalsites娛樂用地ruraldevelopment農(nóng)村發(fā)展simplifiedconsolidation簡(jiǎn)化土地整理timber-felling木材采伐voluntarygroupconsolidation自愿組織的土地整理worseoff情況不佳a(bǔ)llowableuse許可利用BureauofLandManagement(BLM)土地管理局decisionArea決定區(qū)域desiredoutcome預(yù)期成果managementaction管理行為NEPA(NationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct)國家環(huán)境政策法案planningarea規(guī)劃區(qū)域providedthat倘若,假使temporalscales時(shí)間尺度utilitycorridors公共通道APR(annualpercentagerate)實(shí)際年利率Benefit-to-Costratio成本收益率35.discountrate還原利率,貼現(xiàn)利率economicanalysis經(jīng)濟(jì)分析financialanalysis財(cái)務(wù)分析grossmargin毛利潤39.internalrateofreturn內(nèi)部收益率market-orientedsocieties市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)micro-economicconcept微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)概念NetPresentValue(NPV)凈現(xiàn)值nominalinterestrates名義利率per-accounting-period每個(gè)會(huì)計(jì)年度physicalconstraints自然限制性條件returntolabor勞動(dòng)力報(bào)酬returntoland土地報(bào)酬Landconsolidationissometimesincorrectlyinterpretedtobeonlythesimplereallocationofparcelstoremoveeffectsoffragmentation。Inreality,landconsolidationhasbeenassociatedwithbroadersocialandeconomicreformsfromthetimeofitsearliestapplicationsinwesternEurope。譯：土地整理有時(shí)被錯(cuò)誤的理解成為了克服土地破碎化的影響而僅對(duì)土地進(jìn)行的簡(jiǎn)單再配置。事實(shí)上，土地整理最早得以應(yīng)用是在西歐，并一直伴隨著更廣泛的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)改革。Landconsolidationhasalwaysbeenregardedasaninstrumentorentrypointforruraldevelopment。Earlyconceptsofruraldevelopmentwerevirtuallythesameasagriculturaldevelopmentbecauseofthepredominantroleofagricultureinruralareasatthetime。Improvingtheagrarianstructurewasviewedasbeingidenticaltomaintainingthesocialviabilityinruralareas；whatwasgoodforthefarmerswasgoodforruralareas。譯：土地整理常常被認(rèn)為是農(nóng)村發(fā)展的工具或切入點(diǎn)。事實(shí)上，早期農(nóng)村發(fā)展的概念跟農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的一樣，因?yàn)樵谀莻€(gè)時(shí)候農(nóng)業(yè)在農(nóng)村處于主導(dǎo)地位。改善農(nóng)業(yè)(用地)結(jié)構(gòu)被認(rèn)為與維持鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)的社會(huì)生存發(fā)展能力具有相同的含義，對(duì)農(nóng)民有益的事物也對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)的發(fā)展有益。Theemphasisoflandconsolidationprojectshasshiftedfromafocusonrestructuringagriculturetooneofachievingmoreefficientmultipleuseofruralspacebybalancingtheinterestsofagriculture，landscape，natureconservation，recreationandtransportation，especiallywhenlandisrequiredfortheconstructionofmajorroads。譯：土地整理工程的重點(diǎn)已經(jīng)從以調(diào)整農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)為主轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橥ㄟ^平衡農(nóng)業(yè)、景觀、自然保護(hù)、休閑娛樂和交通(特別是土地要滿足主干道路建設(shè)需求時(shí))之間的利益關(guān)系來實(shí)現(xiàn)鄉(xiāng)村空間更有效的多功能利用。4.Inlinewithotherchangesintheconceptofruraldevelopment，landconsolidationnowplacesincreasingimportanceongenderinclusion，participatoryapproachesandtheuseofmediationandalternativedisputeresolutioninresolvingconflicts。譯：為了保持與鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展概念中其它變化的一致性，如今，土地整理日益強(qiáng)調(diào)性別包含、參與途徑以及在化解矛盾時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制和解決選擇性沖突。Themosteffectiveconsolidationinstrumentofruraldevelopmentiscomprehensivelandconsolidationbutattimesotherapproachessuchassimplifiedconsolidation，voluntarygroupconsolidation，andindividualconsolidationinitiativescanbringbenefits。譯：最有效的農(nóng)村發(fā)展的整理工具是綜合土地整理，但是，有時(shí)候其他方法例如簡(jiǎn)化土地整理，自愿組織的土地整理和個(gè)別土地整理倡議可以帶來利益。Comprehensivelandconsolidationincludesthere-allocationofparcelstogetherwithabroadrangeofothermeasurestopromoteruraldevelopment。譯：綜合土地整理包括破碎地塊的配置和促進(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展的范圍廣泛的其他措施。Theallocationofresponsibilitiesforcarryingoutthesestepsalsovariesbetweenjurisdictions。Thereisusuallyacleardivisionbetweenresponsibilityforoverallsupervision，controlandmonitoringfunctions，andresponsibilityforimplementation。Theresponsibilitiesforthesupervisingagencyshouldbedefinedinlegislation。Oneofthefirstconsiderationsinproposingalandconsolidationpilotprojectisdeterminingtherolesandresponsibilitiesofthevariousparties。譯：管理權(quán)限之間為執(zhí)行這些步驟的責(zé)任分配也有變化。在全面監(jiān)督、控制、監(jiān)測(cè)功能和執(zhí)行的職責(zé)之間具有明顯的差別。對(duì)于監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)的職責(zé)應(yīng)該在立法中被定義。在提出一項(xiàng)土地整理先行工程中首要考慮的因素之一取決于不同組織的角色和職責(zé)。ComprehensivelandconsolidationprojectsusuallyhaveextensivepublicworksandsotheyrequiretheparticipationofalargenumberofcentralgovernmentagenciessuchastheMinistryofAgriculture，MinistryofJustice，Cadastreoffices，Registryoffices，MinistryofPublicWorks，MinistryofEnvironment，MinistryofTransportationandMinistryofRuralDevelopment。譯：綜合土地整理項(xiàng)目通常有廣泛的公共工程，所以他們需要大量的中央政府機(jī)構(gòu)，如農(nóng)業(yè)部，司法部，地籍管理辦公室，注冊(cè)辦公室，公共工程部，環(huán)境部，衛(wèi)生部部參與交通運(yùn)輸和農(nóng)村發(fā)展部的參與。Theparticipationoffarmersconsolidation'groupsandotherrepresentativesofcivilsocietyhavealwaysbeenconsiderednecessarybut，alongwiththeimportanceattributedtoparticipatorydevelopment，theirinvolvementisbecominggreaterandisoccurringattheearlieststagesoftheprocess。譯：農(nóng)場(chǎng)主團(tuán)體和其他民間社團(tuán)代表的參與一直很必要，而且，隨著對(duì)分享發(fā)展重要性認(rèn)識(shí)的增長，他們的參與越來越廣泛，并且在工程的最初階段就參與了。Ensuringthattheprojectiscost-effectiveiscrucial。Geographicinformationsystemsandsatellitepositioningsystemsarenowroutinelyusedtoreducetimeandcostsofsurveyingandplanning。Severalcountrieshavedevelopedsemi-automatedsystemsforuseindesigningthenewlayoutofreallocatedparcels。譯：確保項(xiàng)目的經(jīng)濟(jì)有效是極其重要的。地理信息系統(tǒng)和衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)在被常規(guī)的應(yīng)用，以減少測(cè)量和規(guī)劃的時(shí)間和成本。一些國家已經(jīng)發(fā)展了半自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)以用于重新配置地塊新布局的設(shè)計(jì)。11.Individualconsolidation。Consolidationofholdingscantakeplaceonaninformalandsporadicbasis。Thestateisnotdirectlyinvolvedandsotheseinitiativesdonotincludetheprovisionofpublictheprovisionofpublicfacilities。However，thestatecanplayasignificantroleinencouragingconsolidationsthatimproveagriculturebypromotinginstrumentssuchasjointlanduseagreements，leasingandretirementschemes。譯：個(gè)別土地整理。土地整理可以在非正式的、零星的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。國家不直接參與，所以這些主動(dòng)權(quán)不包括提供公眾提供公共設(shè)施。但是國家可以在鼓勵(lì)土地整理方面發(fā)揮重要作用，通過促進(jìn)像聯(lián)合土地利用協(xié)議、租賃和收回方案等手段來改善農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)條件。Goalsarebroadstatementsofdesiredoutcomes（e.g.maintainecosystemhealthandproductivity，promotecommunitystability，ensuresustainabledevelopment）thatusuallyarenotquantifiable。SincethereleaseoftheoriginalHandbook，theBLMhasworkedwithRACs（resourceadvisorycouncils）todevelopLandHealthStandardsapplicabletoallecosystemandmanagementactionsoTheseLandHealthStandardsmustbeexpressedasgoalsinthelanduseplai。譯：目的是對(duì)通常不能量化的預(yù)期成果（例如，維持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的健康和生產(chǎn)能力、促進(jìn)社區(qū)和諧、保障可持續(xù)發(fā)展）的寬泛描述。原“手冊(cè)”發(fā)布以來，土地管理局曾與RACS（資源咨詢理事會(huì)）開發(fā)土地健康標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用于所有的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和管理活動(dòng)。在土地利用規(guī)劃中，這些土地健康標(biāo)準(zhǔn)必須被作為目標(biāo)闡述。AsamplegoalforaLandHealthStandardis：“Maintainhealthy，productiveplantandanimalcommunitiesofnativeandotherdesirablespeciesatviablepopulationlevelscommensuratewiththespeciesandhabita'potential。"AsamplegoalfromtheStrategicplanis：“SustaindesiredbiologicalcommunitiesonDepartmentoftheInterior-managedand-influencedlandsandwatersinamannerconsistentwithobligationsregardingtheallocationanduseofwater,”譯：一個(gè)有關(guān)土地健康標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的典型調(diào)查目的是：使健康、具有生產(chǎn)能力的本地動(dòng)物和植物群落以及其他值得保護(hù)的物種保持和物種與棲息地潛力相稱的能夠繁衍的種群水平。（內(nèi)政部）戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃目的例子為：以與有關(guān)水資源分配和利用職責(zé)相一致的方式，在土地和水的內(nèi)部管理、內(nèi)部影響的區(qū)域內(nèi)保持有益生萬物群落的活力。Thelanduseplanmustsetthestageforidentifyingsite-specificresourceuselevels。Site-specificuselevelsarenormallyidentifiedduringsubsequentimplementationplanningorthepermitauthorizationprocess譯：土地利用規(guī)戈U必須設(shè)置階段以確定具體地點(diǎn)的資源利用水平。具體地點(diǎn)的使用水平通常是在隨后的實(shí)施計(jì)劃或許可證的授權(quán)過程中確定的。15.Physicallandevaluationprovidesnoobjectivemethodtocomparedifferentlandusesforagivenlandarea,astheseisnoinherentcommonscaleofmeasurebetweenthelanduses.Wecancountthenumberofphysicalconstraintstoeachuse,butitisdifficulttocomparetheirrelativeseverityordegreeoflimitation.Someconstraintsmayleaddirectlytoyieldreductions,butothersareonlyexpressedasmanagementdifficulties.Weneedsomeobjectiveandcommensuratecomparisonofcostsand-benefitsforeachlanduseoneachlandunit.Inmanysituations,itisrealistictouseeconomicmeasuresofcostsandbenefits,andthenusethesetoquantifythelandusepotentialandsuitability,accordingtothelandevaluationdefinition.譯：由于不同土地利用方式之間缺乏內(nèi)在共有的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，因此特定區(qū)域土地的自然評(píng)價(jià)就不能提供客觀的方法來比較不同的土地利用方式。我們可以計(jì)算每次使用的自然限制條件，但很難比較它們的相對(duì)嚴(yán)重性或限制程度。有些限制可能直接導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)量減少，但其他的只表現(xiàn)為管理上的困難。每個(gè)單位面積上土地的使用成本和收益，我們需要客觀和相稱的對(duì)比。從土地評(píng)價(jià)的定義來看，在很多情況下采用成本和收益的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)衡量方法來量化土地利用的潛力和適宜性是可行的。16.Historically,landevaluationhaditsorigininlandcapabilityclassification,solisurveyinterpretation,andsimilarphysicalevaluations,inwhichtheusepotentialoflandisexpressedintermsofitspredictedphysicalresponsetovariouslandusesorintermsofphysicalconstraintstotheseuses.譯：歷史地看,土地評(píng)價(jià)源自于土地生產(chǎn)力分類、土壤調(diào)查說明和與現(xiàn)在土地評(píng)價(jià)相類似的自然評(píng)價(jià),在這種自然評(píng)價(jià)中,土地利用潛在表現(xiàn)為不同利用方式下土地潛在的自然生產(chǎn)能力或者土地在不同利用方式下的限制性條件.17.Inpurelysubsistenceagriculture,thebenefitsaretheconsumablefoodstuffs,fiber,wood,animalproductsetc.Theycanbequantifiedascalories,gramsofprotein,etc.Thecostsarelabor,whichcanbequantifiedbytimeandintensity.譯：在純粹是自給自足的農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)里,農(nóng)業(yè)收益指得是用于消費(fèi)的食物、纖維、木材以及動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品等。這些物質(zhì)可以用熱量和蛋白質(zhì)的重量等來量化；而投入成本則可以用勞動(dòng)的時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度來量化。Inmarker-orientedsocietiesthatarelargelyorganizedbyeconomicinteractions(i.e.wheremoneyanditssurrogatesaretheprimarymeansofexchange)bothbenefitsandcostscanbeexpressedbyeconomicmeasures:”everythinghasitsprice”.譯：在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)中，社會(huì)主要由各種經(jīng)濟(jì)性相互作用組成(這里，金錢及其替代物是首要的交換手段)，無論是收益還是成本，都可以通過經(jīng)濟(jì)衡量尺度表現(xiàn)出來，即“每樣?xùn)|西都有價(jià)格”。Aseriousproblemandanareaofactiveresearchistheassignmentofeconomicvaluestothingsthatdonothaveanestablishedmarketvalueinthesamesenseasanactively-tradedgoodsuchasafoodcommodity.Muchofenvironmentaleconomicsistakenupwiththisproblem.Inalandevaluationcontext,thisincludesobviousexternalities(off-farmeffects)suchaswaterpollutionandsedimentationofreservoirsaswellaschanges(temporaryorirreversible)tothein-situresourcebase.譯：一個(gè)重要的問題同時(shí)也是一個(gè)研究的熱點(diǎn)，就是如何給交易活躍的商品中那些沒有市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的物品賦值，例如食品。環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中大部分被這個(gè)問題所占據(jù)。在土地評(píng)價(jià)中，(這個(gè)問題)包含了明顯的外部性(農(nóng)場(chǎng)之外的影響)如水污染和水庫的淤積，也包含了對(duì)現(xiàn)有資源基礎(chǔ)所帶來的(非永久性的或不可恢復(fù)的)的變化。Theeconomicsuitabilityofalandareaforalanduse(=Barlowe'slandusecapacity)isthepredictedneteconomicbenefittoaspecifiedparty(e.g.landowner,landuser,society)tobeexpectedifthelandareaisdedicatedtotheuse。.譯：當(dāng)某區(qū)域的土地確定將被用于某種用途時(shí)，對(duì)該土地在該種土地利用方式下的土地經(jīng)濟(jì)適宜性評(píng)價(jià)即為對(duì)不同收益者如土地所有者、土地使用者、社會(huì)的預(yù)期土地經(jīng)濟(jì)收益的預(yù)測(cè)。.Note:theeconomicvalueofalandusesystemimplementedonagivenlandareaisnotsy