新SAT閱讀電子講義

SATSAT00/174目錄一、 新SAT考試概述（SummaryoftheRedesignedSAT） 1二、 新SAT閱讀介紹(IntroductiontotheReadingTest) 2三、 新SAT閱讀特色（KeyFeaturesoftheReadingTest） 2四、 略(ReadingStrategies) 3五、 ?？碱}型介紹(TypesofQuestions) 5附錄一：新OG題型匯總（TypesofQuestionsofOG） 13附錄二：過(guò)渡詞匯總結(jié)(Transitionwords) 33匯總(ComplexSentencesofOG) 35：新OG拓展閱讀(FurtherReadings) 49Section1Literature 49RL00001 49RL00002 54RL00003 60RL00004 66RL00005 72Section2SocialScience 77RSS00001 77RSS00002 83RSS00003 89RSS00004 95RSS00005 101Section3History 107RH00001 107RH00002 113RH00003 119RH00004 125RH00005 131Section4Science 137RS00001 137RS00002 144RS00003 151RS00004 157RS00005 163參考答案 169額外筆記區(qū)（AdditionalNotes） 170SATSATPAGEPAGE1/174一、新SAT考試概述（SummaryoftheRedesignedSAT）CategoryRedesignedSATComponentsEvidence-BasedReadingandWritingReadingTestWritingandLanguageTestMathEssay(OptionalandgivenattheendoftheSAT;postsecondaryinstitutionsdeterminewhethertheywillrequiretheEssayforadmission)LengthandTimingComponentTimeAllotted(min.)NumberofQuestions/TasksReading6552andLanguage3544Math8058Essay501Total180(230withEssay)154(155withEssay)ScoreReportingScalerangingfrom400to1600Scalerangingfrom200to800forEvidence-BasedReadingandWriting;200to800forMath;2to8oneachofthreetraitsforEssayFeaturesNopenaltyforwronganswersFouranswersforeveryquestionAvailableinpaperanddigitalforms二、新SAT閱讀介紹(IntroductiontotheReadingTest) NumberofPassages: PassageLength: PassageSubject: QuestionsperPassage: 三、新SAT閱讀特色（KeyFeaturesoftheReadingTest）文章類(lèi)型簡(jiǎn)約化： 文章主題明確化： 文章內(nèi)容圖表化： 題目類(lèi)型多元化： 詞匯語(yǔ)境明晰化： 主旨題考察增多： 行號(hào)題考察減少： 答題時(shí)間相對(duì)多： 選項(xiàng)數(shù)量相對(duì)少： 答錯(cuò)不再倒扣分： SATSATPAGE4/174PAGE4/174四、新SAT閱讀策略(ReadingStrategies)LSP(longsinglepassage)infoquantity： format： wordcount： timelimit: ※Strategypaired-passages)infoquantity： format： wordcount： timelimit: ※StrategySATSATPAGEPAGE10/174五、?？碱}型介紹(TypesofQuestions)一）信息觀點(diǎn)類(lèi)推理題ID：Solution:舉證題ID：Solution:主旨題ID:Solution:詞匯題ID:Solution:因果題ID:Solution:假設(shè)題ID:Solution:次序題ID:Solution:比對(duì)題ID:Solution:二）修辭手法類(lèi)修辭題ID:Solution:作用題ID:Solution：視角題ID:Solution：態(tài)度題ID:Solution:SATSATPAGE12/174PAGE12/174三）綜合能力類(lèi)互聯(lián)題ID:Solution:求同題ID:Solution:求異題ID:Solution:圖文題ID:Solution:SATSATPAGEPAGE49/174附錄一：新OG題型匯總（TypesofQuestionsofOG）題號(hào)題型錯(cuò)題分析（PQO）OG1-1概述題OG1-2修辭題OG1-3詞匯題OG1-4推理題OG1-5舉證題OG1-6態(tài)度題OG1-7作用題-段落OG1-8詞匯題OG1-9因果題OG1-10舉證題OG1-11作用題-例子OG1-12詞匯題OG1-13因果題OG1-14舉證題OG1-15態(tài)度題OG1-16態(tài)度題OG1-17舉證題OG1-18詞匯題OG1-19作用題-例子OG1-20圖文題OG1-21因果題OG1-22作用題-詞匯OG1-23舉證題OG1-24推理題OG1-25作用題-例子OG1-26推理題OG1-27作用題-詞匯OG1-28圖文題OG1-29圖文題OG1-30圖文題OG1-31圖文題OG1-32主旨題OG1-33主旨題OG1-34作用題-詞匯OG1-35因果題OG1-36推理題OG1-37舉證題OG1-38態(tài)度題OG1-39舉證題OG1-40作用題-詞匯OG1-41作用題-例子OG1-42作用題-例子OG1-43推理題OG1-44舉證題OG1-45詞匯題OG1-46作用題-例子OG1-47推理題OG1-48詞匯題OG1-49互聯(lián)題OG1-50互聯(lián)題OG1-51舉證題OG1-52求同題題號(hào)題型錯(cuò)題分析（PQO）OG2-1概述題OG2-2作用題-句子OG2-3作用題-段落OG2-4作用題-詞匯OG2-5因果題OG2-6態(tài)度題OG2-7舉證題OG2-8修辭題OG2-9態(tài)度題OG2-10舉證題OG2-11主旨題OG2-12推理題OG2-13舉證題OG2-14詞匯題OG2-15作用題-段落OG2-16詞匯題OG2-17舉證題OG2-18作用題-段落OG2-19圖文題OG2-20圖文題OG2-21圖文題OG2-22推理題OG2-23舉證題OG2-24推理題OG2-25詞匯題OG2-26作用題-例子OG2-27比對(duì)題OG2-28修辭題OG2-29主旨題OG2-30互聯(lián)題OG2-31求同題OG2-32舉證題OG2-33推理題OG2-34作用題-詞匯OG2-35推理題OG2-36舉證題OG2-37詞匯題OG2-38作用題-詞匯OG2-39詞匯題OG2-40推理題OG2-41舉證題OG2-42推理題OG2-43作用題-段落OG2-44詞匯題OG2-45因果題OG2-46舉證題OG2-47詞匯題OG2-48推理題OG2-49舉證題OG2-50圖文題OG2-51圖文題OG2-52圖文題題號(hào)題型錯(cuò)題分析（PQO）OG3-1概述題OG3-2詞匯題OG3-3態(tài)度題OG3-4舉證題OG3-5作用題-例子OG3-6詞匯題OG3-7推理題OG3-8推理題OG3-9態(tài)度題OG3-10舉證題OG3-11作用題-段落OG3-12推理題OG3-13舉證題OG3-14作用題-段落OG3-15舉證題OG3-16詞匯題OG3-17詞匯題OG3-18舉證題OG3-19圖文題OG3-20圖文題OG3-21次序題OG3-22詞匯題OG3-23推理題OG3-24舉證題OG3-25作用題-例子OG3-26次序題OG3-27推理題OG3-28詞匯題OG3-29推理題OG3-30舉證題OG3-31詞匯題OG3-32推理題OG3-33舉證題OG3-34推理題OG3-35詞匯題OG3-36推理題OG3-37舉證題OG3-38作用題-例子OG3-39互聯(lián)題OG3-40求同題OG3-41互聯(lián)題OG3-42作用題-詞匯OG3-43假設(shè)題OG3-44舉證題OG3-45推理題OG3-46舉證題OG3-47詞匯題OG3-48作用題-段落OG3-49假設(shè)題OG3-50圖文題OG3-51圖文題OG3-52圖文題題號(hào)題型錯(cuò)題分析（PQO）OG4-1態(tài)度題OG4-2舉證題OG4-3詞匯題OG4-4作用題-句子OG4-5推理題OG4-6舉證題OG4-7態(tài)度題OG4-8推理題OG4-9詞匯題OG4-10詞匯題OG4-11概述題OG4-12推理題OG4-13詞匯題OG4-14推理題OG4-15舉證題OG4-16推理題OG4-17舉證題OG4-18詞匯題OG4-19圖文題OG4-20圖文題OG4-21圖文題OG4-22主旨題OG4-23態(tài)度題OG4-24詞匯題OG4-25推理題OG4-26舉證題OG4-27推理題OG4-28舉證題OG4-29推理題OG4-30作用題-符號(hào)OG4-31推理題OG4-32求異題OG4-33詞匯題OG4-34詞匯題OG4-35推理題OG4-36互聯(lián)題OG4-37舉證題OG4-38互聯(lián)題OG4-39舉證題OG4-40互聯(lián)題OG4-41求同題OG4-42主旨題OG4-43作用題-全文OG4-44舉證題OG4-45作用題-詞匯OG4-46推理題OG4-47舉證題OG4-48推理題OG4-49舉證題OG4-50圖文題OG4-51圖文題OG4-52圖文題附錄二：過(guò)渡詞匯總結(jié)(Transitionwords)Transitionsthatshowaddition:And,also,too,inaddition,moreover,besides,furthermore,notonly…butalso,aboveall,aswellas,togetherwith,alongwith,nextTransitionsthatshowtime:before,after,soon,atthetime,when,while,until,during,immediately,then,now,currently,atpresentTransitionsthatshowillustration:forexample,forinstance,suchas,thatis,inthiscase,inotherwords,infact,e.g.,i.e.,punctuationmarks(colons,commas,dashes,parentheses)Transitionsthatshowcomparison:like,as,similarly,inthesameway,aswell,too,equally,justas…so,as…as,both…and,neither...nor,likewise.Transitionsthatshowcontrast:unlike,differfrom,differentfrom,incontrastwith(to),whereas,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,instead,but,however,yet,although,nevertheless,eventhough,inspiteof,despite,ratherthan.Transitionsthatshowcauses:since,because,becauseof,dueto,owingto,for,as,onaccountof,resultfrom,bringabout,leadtoTransitionsthatshowresults(consequences):asaresult,therefore,thus,hence,so,consequently,so…that,resultin,Transitionsthatshowpurpose:inorderto,inthehopethat,soasto,sothat,inthehopeof.Transitionsthatshowsummary:inaword,inconclusion,onthewhole,inshort,toconclude,letmesummarize,tosumup,finally,atlast,inanutshell,inthefinalanalysis,Transitionsthatshowsequence:first,second,third,next,then,afterthat,finally,lastofall,atthebeginning,one,another,stillanother,soon,later,initially,intheend,atlast,eventually,Transitionsthatshowcondition:if,unless,onconditionthat,provided(that),aslongas,incase,suppose,onlyif,Transitionsthatshowtheauthor’sopinion:Ithink,itseemstome,myopinionis,itshouldbenoted,fortunately,unfortunately,happily,itisworthnoting,Ibelieve,Isuggest.Transitionsthatshowchanges:itseemsthat,Itappears,theoretically,traditionally,atthefirstglance,it’scommonlythought,contrarytopopularopinion,unexpectedly,unfortunately,surprisingly,paradoxically,ironically,Note1:sometransitionwordshavethesamemeaningsuchas:also,moreover,furthermore=inaddition.Note2:Sometransitionwords,insomecases,cansignalmorethanonetypeoflogicalrelationship.Forinstance:Whilecanshowtimeandcontrast.Sothatcanshowpurposeandresult.附錄三：新OG難句匯總(ComplexSentencesofOG)官方指南OG1LydiaMinitoya,TheStrangenessofBeautyHadhefollowedform—hadheaskedhismothertospeaktohisfathertoapproachago-between–wouldChiehavebeenmorereceptive?Indeed,weproposethatgift-recipientswillbelessinclinedtobasetheirfeelingsofappreciationonthemagnitudeofagiftthangiversassume.Thenotionofgift-giversandgift-recipientsbeingunabletoaccountfortheotherparty’sperspectiveseemspuzzlingbecausepeopleslipinandoutoftheseroleseveryday,and,insomecases,multipletimesinthecourseofthesameday.Thefirstfeatureofourstructurewhichisofbiologicalinterestisthatitconsistsnotofonechain,butoftwo.Thusonechainis,asitwere,thecomplementoftheother,anditisthisfeaturewhichsuggestshowthedeoxyribonucleicacidmoleculemightduplicateitself.VirginiaWoolf,ThreeGuineas,1938Wewhohavelookedsolongatthepageantinbooks,orfromacurtainedwindowwatchededucatedmenleavingthehouseataboutnine-thirtytogotoanoffice,returningtothehouseataboutsix-thirtyfromanoffice,needlookpassivelynolonger.Whocansaywhether,astimegoeson,wemaynotdressinmilitaryuniform,withgoldlaceonourbreasts,swordsatoursides,andsomethingliketheoldfamilycoal-scuttleonourheads,savethatthatvenerableobjectwasneverdecoratedwithplumesofwhitehorsehair.Theforumcomeshotontheheelsofthe2012unveilingoftwoprivateasteroid-miningfirms.Theyalsohopetobuildanoff-planeteconomyfreeofanybondswithEarth,inwhichthematerialsextractedandprocessedfromthemoonandasteroidsaredeliveredforspace-basedprojects.Questionsoftheirstewardshiphavebarelybeenbroached–andtherelevantlegalandregulatoryframeworkisfragmentary,toputitmildly.官方指南OG21857年，CharlotteBronte的《教授》TheProfessorThethingitself－theworkofcopyingandtranslatingbusinessletterswasadryandtedioustaskenough,buthadthatbeenall,Ishouldlonghavebornewiththenuisance.Iamnotofanimpatientnature,and,influencedbythedoubledesireofgettingmylivingandjustifyingtomyselfandotherstheresolutionIhadtakentobecomeatradesman,Ishouldhaveenduredinsilencetherustandcrampofmybestfaculties.Ishouldhavepentineverysighbywhichmyheartmighthaveventuredtointimateitsdistressunderthecloseness,smoke,monotony,andjoylesstumultofBigbenClose,anditspantingdesireforfreerandfresherscenes.IshouldhavesetuptheimageofDuty,thefetishofPerseverance,inmysmallbedroomatMrs.King'slodgings,andtheytwoshouldhavebeenmyhouseholdgods,fromwhichmydarling,mycherished-in-secret,Imagination,thetenderandthemighty,shouldnever,eitherbysoftnessorstrength,haveseveredme.Butthiswasnotall.Theantipathywhichhadsprungupbetweenmyselfandmyemployerstrikingdeeperrootandspreadingdensershadedaily,excludedmefromeveryglimpseofthesunshineoflife;andIbegantofeellikeaplantgrowinginhumiddarknessoutoftheslimywallsofawell.HadIbeeninanythinginferiortohim,hewouldnothavehatedmesothoroughly;butIknewallthatheknew,and,whatwasworse,hesuspectedthatIkeptthepadlockofsilenceonmentalwealthinwhichhewasnosharer.Ifhecouldhaveonceplacedmeinaridiculousormortifyingposition,hewouldhaveforgivenmemuch,butIwasguardedbythreefaculties－caution,tact,observation;andprowlingandpryingaswasEdward'smalignity,itcouldneverbafflethelynx-eyesofthese,mynaturalsentinels.Daybydaydidhismalicewatchmytact,hopingitwouldsleep,andpreparedtostealsnake-likeonitsslumber;buttact,ifitbegenuine,neversleeps.2013年，LainKing《經(jīng)濟(jì)可以愛(ài)道德嗎》Insteadofjudgingconsequences,Aristotlesaidethicswasabouthavingtherightcharacter–displayingvirtueslikecourageandhonesty.Insteadofrootingethicsincharacterortheconsequencesofactions,wecanfocusonouractionsthemselves.1.Genuinemultitasking,too,hasbeenexposedasamyth,notjustbylaboratorystudiesbutbythefamiliarsightofanSUVundulatingbetweenlanesasthedrivercutdealsonhiscellphones.背景介紹：Women'srightspioneerElizabethCadyStanton(1815-1902gavethispowerfulspeechin1868attheWomen'sSuffrageConventioninWashington,D.C.Twentyyearsearlier,atSenecaFalls,NewYork,shehadhelpedtolaunchthewomen'srightsmovementinAmerica.StantonworkedtirelesslyformorethanhalfacenturytoobtainvotingrightsforAmericanwomenandalsoquestionedthesocialandpoliticalnormsofherdaywhichexcludedwomen.Themaleelementisadestructiveforce,stern,selfish,aggrandizing,lovingwar,violence,conquest,acquisition,breedinginthematerialandmoralworldalikediscord,disorder,disease,anddeath.Themaleelementhasheldhighcarnivalthusfar;ithasfairlyrunriotfromthebeginning,overpoweringthefeminineelementeverywhere,crushingoutallthedivinerqualitiesinhumannature,untilweknowbutlittleoftruemanhoodandwomanhood,ofthelattercomparativelynothing,forithasscarcebeenrecognizedasapoweruntilwithinthelastcentury.Herethatgreatconservatorofwoman'slove,ifpermittedtoassertitself,asitnaturallywouldinfreedomagainstoppression,violence,andwar,wouldholdallthesedestructiveforcesincheck,forwomanknowsthecostoflifebetterthanmandoes,andnotwithherconsentwouldonedropofbloodeverbeshed,onelifesacrificedinvain.InternalWavesUnlikeotherlargewaves,theserollers,calledinternalwaves,donotridetheoceansurfaces.Asthesewavesmovetowardland,theybecomesteeper—muchthesamewaywavesatthebeachbecometallerbeforetheyhittheshore—untiltheybreakonacontinentalshelf.官方指南OG3shortstoryTheSchartz-MetterklumeMethodLadyCarlottasteppedoutontotheplatformofthesmallwaysidestationandtookaturnortwoupanddownitsuninterestinglength,tokilltimetillthetrainshouldbepleasedtoproceedonitsway.Then,intheroadwaybeyond,shesawahorsestrugglingwithamorethanampleload,andacarterofthesortthatseemstobearasullenhatredagainsttheanimalthathelpshimtoearnaliving.Certainofheracquaintanceswerewonttogiveherplentifuladmonitionastotheundesirabilityofinterferingonbehalfofadistressedanimal,suchinterferencebeing“noneofherbusiness.”O(jiān)nlyoncehadsheputthedoctrineofnon-interferenceintopractice,whenoneofitsmosteloquentexponentshadbeenbesiegedfornearlythreehoursinasmallandextremelyuncomfortablemay-treebyanangryboar-pig,whileLadyCarlotta,ontheothersideofthefence,hadproceededwiththewater-coloursketchshewasengagedon,andrefusedtointerferebetweentheboarandhisprisoner.Beforeshehadtimetothinkwhathernextmovemightbeshewasconfrontedbyanimposinglyattiredlady,whoseemedtobetakingaprolongedmentalinventoryofherclothesandlooks.DuringthedrivetotheQuabarlmansionLadyCarlottawasimpressivelyintroducedtothenatureofthechargethathadbeenthrustuponher;shelearnedthatClaudeandWilfridweredelicate,sensitiveyoungpeople,thatIrenehadtheartistictemperamenthighlydeveloped,andthatViolawassomethingorotherelseofamouldequallycommonplaceamongchildrenofthatclassandtypeinthetwentiethcentury.Mrs.Quabarl,touseacolloquialexpression,wasknockedoffherperch.Shewasoneofthoseimperfectlyself-assuredindividualswhoaremagnificentandautocraticaslongastheyarenotseriouslyopposed.,Straphanger:SavingOurcitiesandOurselvesfromtheAutomobile,2012Andyetpublictransportation,inmanyminds,istheoppositeofglamour–asqualidlastresortforthosewithonetoomanyimpaireddrivingcharges,toopoortoaffordinsurance,ortoodecrepittogetbehindthewheelofacar.Anybodywhohaswaitedfartoolongonastreetcornerfortheprivilegeofboardingalurching,overcrowdedbus,orwrestledluggageontosubwaysandshuttlestogettoabitcityairport,knowsthattransitonthiscontinenttendstobeunderfunded,ill-maintained,andill-planned.The“Millenials,”whoreachedadulthoodaroundtheturnofthecenturyandnowoutnumberbabyboomers,tendtofavorcitiesoversuburbs,andarefarmorewillingthantheirparentstoridebusesandsubways.TheexperienceofEuropeanandAsiancitiesshowsthatifyoumakebuses,subways,andtrainsconvenient,comfortable,fast,andsafe,asurprisinglylargepercentageofcitizenswillopttorideratherthandrive.KensettledontheChukarPartridgeasamodelspecies,buthemightnothavemadehisdiscoverywithoutakeypieceofadvicefromthelocalrancherinMontanawhowassupplyinghimwithbirds.Thebirdsweredoingtheverysamethingwiththeirwingstohelpthemscrambleupotherwiseimpossibleslopes.Itnotonlyallowedyoungbirdstoclimbverticalsurfaceswithinthefirstfewweeksoflifebutalsogaveadultsanenergy-efficientalternativetoflying.Thathalfthehumanraceisexcludedbytheotherhalffromanyparticipationingovernment;thattheyarenativebybirthbutforeignbylawintheverylandwheretheywereborn;andthattheyareproperty-ownersyethavenodirectinfluenceorrepresentation:areallpoliticalphenomenaapparentlyimpossibletoexplainonabstractprinciple.Isitnotapparent,thattheirdelicateconstitution,theirpeacefulinclinations,andthemanydutiesofmotherhood,setthemapartfromstrenuoushabitsandonerousduties,andsummonthemtogentleoccupationsandthecaresofthehome?AndisitnotevidentthatthegreatconservingprincipleofSocieties,whichmakesthedivisionofpowersasourceofharmony,hasbeenexpressedandrevealedbynatureitself,whenitdividedthefunctionsofthetwosexesinsoobviouslydistinctamanner?Youmust,youtrulymustallowthepersistenceofaunionthatnointerest,norivalry,canpossiblyundo.Howcanwomanbeexpectedtoco-operateunlesssheknowwhysheoughttobevirtuous?Unlessfreedomstrengthenherreasontillshecomprehendherduty,andseeinwhatmanneritisconnectedwithherrealgood?Iftheabstractrightsofmanwillbeardiscussionandexplanation,thoseofwoman,byaparityofreasoning,willnotshrinkfromthesametest:thoughadifferentopinionprevailsinthiscountry,builtontheveryargumentswhichyouusetojustifytheoppressionofwoman－prescription.1.Without,atleast,intermittentfeedingonthepyrethrumproducingplants,beecoloniesaresusceptibletomiteinfestationswhichcanbecomefataleitherdirectlyorduetoasecondaryinfectionofimmune-compromisedornutritionallydeficientbees.OG4年,MacDonaldHarris的TheBalloonist(NationalBookAwardsWinnerin1977)ForthefirsttimethereisborneinuponmethefulltruthofwhatImyselfsaidtothedoctoronlyanhourago:thatmymotivesinthisundertakingarenotentirelyclear.Risingslowlyfromtheearththatboremeandgavemesustenance,Iamcarriedhelplesslytowardanuninhabitedandhostile,oratbestindifferent,partoftheearth,litteredwiththebonesofexplorersandthewrecksofships,frozensupplycaches,messagesscrawledwithchilledfingersandhiddenincairnsthatnoeyewilleversee.Itisn’tclearhowthisdoctrineistobeinterpreted,exceptthatthePoleissomethingdifficultorimpossiblebesoughtfor,becausemaniscondemnedtoseekoutandknoweverythingwhetherornottheknowledgegivesthempleasure.1.Butthereisnoreasontobelievethatthedemographictrendsprevailingpriortotheconstructionbustwillnotresumeoncethatbustisover.EmilyAnthes,Frankenstein’sCat1.Instead,mostresearchersenvisionedfarmoreconsequentialapplications,hopingtocreategeneticallyengineeredanimalsthatsavedhumanlives.Toavoid…theevilsofinconstancyandversatility,tenthousandtimesworsethanthoseofobstinacyandtheblindestprejudice,wehaveconsecratedthestate,thatnomanshouldapproachtolookintoitsdefectsorcorruptionsbutwithduecaution;thatheshouldneverdreamofbeginningitsreformationbyitssubversion;thatheshouldapproachtothefaultsofthestateastothewoundsofafather,withpiousaweandtremblingsolicitude.Bythiswiseprejudicewearetaughttolookwithhorroronthosechildrenoftheircountrywhoarepromptrashlytohackthatagedparentinpieces,andputhimintothekettleofmagicians,inhopesthatbytheirpoisonousweeks,andwildincantations,theymayregeneratethepaternalconstitution,andrenovatetheirfather’slife.Subordinatecontractsforobjectsofmereoccasionalinterestmaybedissolvedatpleasure—butthestateoughtnottobeconsideredasnothingbetterthanapartnershipagreementinatradeofpepperandcoffee,calicoortobacco,orsomeothersuchlowconcern,tobetakenupforalittletemporaryinterest,andtobedissolvedbythefancyoftheparties.Themunicipalcorporationsofthatuniversalkingdomarenotmorallyatlibertyattheirpleasure,andontheirspeculationsofacontingentimprovement,whollytoseparateandtearasunderthebandsoftheirsubordinatecommunityandtodissolveitintoanunsocial,uncivil,unconnectedchaosofelementaryprinciples.TheParliamentorthepeopleof1688,orofanyotherperiod,hadnomorerighttodisposeofthepeopleofthepresentday,ortobindortocontroltheminanyshapewhatever,thantheparliamentorthepeopleofthepresentdayhavetodisposeof,bind,orcontrolthosewhoaretoliveahundredorathousandyearshence.Thosewhohavequittedtheworld,andthosewhoarenotyetarrivedatit,areasremotefromeachother,astheutmoststretchofmortalimaginationcanconceive.Whatpossibleobligation,then,canexistbetweenthem;whatruleorprinciplecanbelaiddown,thattwononentities,theoneoutofexistence,andtheothernotin,andwhonevercanmeetinthisworld,thattheoneshouldcontroltheothertotheendoftime?...2013,AmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.In2012,ateamofscientistsledbygeochemistGiffordMillerstrengthenedthelinkbetweenthemysteryeruptionandtheonsetoftheLittleIceAgebyusingradiocarbondatingofdeadplantmaterialfrombeneaththeicecapsonBaffinIslandandIceland,aswellasiceandsedimentcoredate,todeterminethatthecoldsummersandicegrowthbeganabruptlybetween1275and1300C.E.(andbecameintensifiedbetween1430and1455C.E.)ButwhenLavigne’steamexaminedshardsofvolcanicglassfromthisvolcano,theyfoundthattheydidn’tmatchthechemicalcompositionoftheglassfoundinpolaricecores,whereastheSamalasglassisamuchclosermatch.附錄四：新OG拓展閱讀(FurtherReadings)Section1LiteratureRL00001ThispassageisadaptedfromSirArthurConanDoyle,"TheAdventuresofSherlockHolmes,"originallypublishedin1892.ItistoldfromthepointofviewofDr.Watson,whoworkscloselywithdetectiveSherlockHolmes.Theportlyclientpuffedouthischestwithanappearanceofsomelittleprideandpulledadirtyandwrinklednewspaperfromtheinsidepocketofhisgreatcoat.Asheglanceddowntheadvertisementcolumn,withhisheadthrust5 forwardandthepaperflattenedoutuponhisknee,Itookagoodlookatthemanandendeavored,afterthefashionofmycompanion,toreadtheindicationswhichmightbepresentedbyhisdressorappearance.Ididnotgainverymuch,however,bymyinspection.Our10 visitorboreeverymarkofbeinganaveragecommonplaceBritishtradesman,obese,pompous,andslow.Heworeratherbaggygreyshepherd’schecktrousers,anotover-cleanblackfrock-coat,unbuttonedinthefront,andadrabwaistcoatwithaheavybrassyAlbertchain,andasquarepiercedbitofmetal15 danglingdownasanornament.Afrayedtop-hatandafadedbrownovercoatwithawrinkledvelvetcollarlayuponachairbesidehim.Altogether,lookasIwould,therewasnothingremarkableaboutthemansavehisblazingredhead,andtheexpressionofextremechagrinanddiscontentuponhisfeatures.20 SherlockHolmes’quickeyetookinmyoccupation,andheshookhisheadwithasmileashenoticedmyquestioningglances.“Beyondtheobviousfactsthathehasatsometimedonemanuallabour,thatheisaFreemason,thathehasbeeninChina,andthathehasdoneaconsiderableamountof25writinglately,Icandeducenothingelse.”Mr.JabezWilsonstartedupinhischair,withhisforefingeruponthepaper,buthiseyesuponmycompanion.“How,inthenameofgood-fortune,didyouknowallthat,Mr.Holmes?”heasked.“Howdidyouknow,forexample,30 thatIdidmanuallabour?It’sastrueasgospel,forIbeganasaship’scarpenter.”“Yourhands,mydearsir.Yourrighthandisquiteasizelargerthanyourleft.Youhaveworkedwithit,andthemusclesaremoredeveloped.”35 “Well,then,andtheFreemasonry?”“Iwon’tinsultyourintelligencebytellingyouhowIreadthat,especiallyas,ratheragainstthestrictrulesofyourorder,youuseanarc-and-compassbreastpin.”“Ah,ofcourse,Iforgotthat.Butthewriting?”40 “Whatelsecanbeindicatedbythatrightcuffsoveryshinyforfiveinches,andtheleftonewiththesmoothpatchneartheelbowwhereyourestituponthedesk?”“Well,butChina?”“Thefishthatyouhavetattooedimmediatelyaboveyour45 rightwristcouldonlyhavebeendoneinChina.Ihavemadeasmallstudyoftattoomarksandhaveevencontributedtotheliteratureofthesubject.Thattrickofstainingthefishes’scalesofadelicatepinkisquitepeculiartoChina.When,inaddition,IseeaChinesecoinhangingfromyourwatch-50 chain,thematterbecomesevenmoresimple.”Mr.JabezWilsonlaughedheavily.“Well,Inever!”saidhe.“Ithoughtatfirstthatyouhaddonesomethingclever,butIseethattherewasnothinginitafterall.”“Ibegintothink,Watson,”saidHolmes,“thatImakea55 mistakeinexplaining.‘Omneignotumpromagnifico,’*youknow,andmypoorlittlereputation,suchasitis,willsuffershipwreckifIamsocandid.Canyounotfindtheadvertisement,Mr.Wilson?”“Yes,Ihavegotitnow,”heansweredwithhisthickred60 fingerplantedhalfwaydownthecolumn.“Hereitis.Thisiswhatbeganitall.Youjustreaditforyourself,sir.*Roughlytranslatedas“Everythingunknownis/seemsmagnificent.”O(jiān)verthecourseofthepassage,themainfocusshiftsfromA．a(chǎn)nabstractdescriptionprovidedbythenarratortoaconcretedescriptionprovidedbytheclient.B．a(chǎn)detailedstudyofSherlockHolmestoanoutsider’sstudyofhisclient.C．thedescriptionofacharacter’souterappearancetoadescriptionofhisinnerbeliefs.D．theintroductionofonecharactertotherevelationofanothercharacter’sastuteobservations.Asusedinline6,“fashion”mostnearlymeansA．construction.B．a(chǎn)ppearance.C．manner.D．clothing.Themainpurposeofthesecondparagraphistoshowthattheclientislessvethatthenarratorisinherentlybiasedagainsttheclient.C．demonstratethatthenarratorismistakeninhisviewoftheworld.D．presentthenarrator’sassessmentoftheclientbasedonhisappearance.Bytheendofthepassage,theclientviewsHolmes’riguing.astonishing.insulting.ThepassageimpliesthatHolmesknowsthatWatsonA．hasbeentryingtomakehisowninferencesabouttheclient.B．recognizestheclientfromapreviousmeeting.C．cannotunderstandwhytheclienthaschosentocometothem.D．understandstheclientbetterthanHolmesdoes.Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?15–17(“Afrayed...him”)lines17–20(“Altogether...features”)lines21–23(“Sherlock...glances”)lines23–26(“Beyond...else”)Inlines46–48,thewords“study,”and“l(fā)iterature”primarilyservetodemonstratethedepthofHolmes’videafalsesenseofauthoritytoHolmes’vethatHolmesfeelsthatheisintellectuallysuperiortoWatson.Accordingtothepassage,HolmesdeducesthattheclientreceivedhistattooinChinabecausetheclienthassaidthathehasspenttimeinChina.thetattooistheChinesesymbolfortheFreemasons.Holmeswroteabookaboutthetypeoffishdepictedinthetattoo.thecoloringtechniqueusedinthetattooisuniquetoChina.SherlockHolmes’sdeductionsabouttheclientservetointroducetheclientironicallytosetthetonefortherestofthepassage.characterizeHolmesasunusuallyperceptiveandknowledgeable.showtheextentofWatson’serrorstoestablishhimasincapable.highlightsthedifferenceinsocialclassbetweenthedetectiveandtheclient.Itcanbereasonablyinferredthat,afterhearingHomesexplainhisobservat