閱讀復雜句解析

倒裝有兩種。將主語和謂語完全顛倒過來， 叫做完全倒裝倒裝有兩種。將主語和謂語完全顛倒過來， 叫做完全倒裝(completeinversion)。如Then一、定語從句一、定語從句定語從句是英語中一種最常見的句型，它可以分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句，即定語從句的關(guān)系詞在文中修飾哪個詞、短語或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定語從句稱限定性定語從句。對主句起附加說明作用的定語從句稱非限定性定語從句。此外，定語從句和主句之間還存在著狀語關(guān)系，說明原因、目的、讓步、假設(shè)等。例1.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementofthenewageandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.（1996年真題）例2.TheAmericaneconomicsystemis,organizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.例3.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.例4.Thegovernmentpromisedtogivepreferentialtaxationpoliciesandloansoflowinterestratetothoseenterprisesthatcouldimprovetheirstructureofproductionandwerewillingtotakeinover50laid-offworkersyearly.例5.Thelocalgovernmentintroducedthesnakesintothisareahopingthattheywouldcontrolthenumberofmice,whichfinallybecamethethreatneededtobecontrolled.例6.Theenvironmentalprotectionshouldbegivenprioritywhichmeanstheeconomicdevelopmentwouldbeloweredtosomeextentinadevelopingcountry.例7.Shewasconfirmedtobeinfectedwithbirdfluthatcallsforaquarantineandmedicalobservationforweeksinthehospital.例8.InEurope,aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother（.2005）二、同位語從句例1.TheaudienceleranedformtheinternetthenewsthataseriousexplosionbrokeoutinXi'anafewdaysago.例2.Therumorthatsheelopedwithherboyfriendjustcannotholdwater,forIsawherathomejustnow.例3.However,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriiesswrong.（2009年第3篇）三、倒裝句倒裝（inversion）是一種語法手段，用以表示一定句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要和強調(diào)某一句子成分的需要。英語的最基本的結(jié)構(gòu)是主、謂結(jié)構(gòu)，倒裝就是將這種比較固定的詞序加以顛倒。beganabitterwarbetweenthetwocountries.于是兩國之間開始了惡戰(zhàn)。只將助動詞(包括情態(tài)動詞)移至主語之前，叫做部分倒裝(partialinversion)o女口Atnotimewastheentranceleftunguarded.入口無時無人把守。英語句子的倒裝一是由于語法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要而進行的倒裝， 二是由于修辭的需要而進行的倒裝。前一種情況，倒裝是必須的，否則就會出現(xiàn)語法錯誤，后一種情況，倒裝是選擇性的，倒裝與否只會產(chǎn)生表達效果上的差異。例1Amongtheadvantagesthatfuturebiochips,or“l(fā)ivingcomputers”，wouldhaveoverconventionalsemiconductorchipsarethattheyaresmaller,theydonotgenerateasmuchheat,andtheyallowfortheparallelprocessingofinformation,makingthemfasterthantoday'semiconductordevices.例2Thisistheworldoutofwhichgrowsthehope,forthefirsttimeinhistory,ofasocietywheretherewillbefreedomfromwantandfreedomfromfear.注意：調(diào)整語序，加強語氣。以Therebe引出的倒裝句Thereseemtobemanygoodcandidatesinthedistrict.Thereexistmanyproblemsamongthepresentdaystudents.Thereappearstobeamaninblackinthedistanee.以畐U詞here,there,then,now,next引岀的倒裝句Herecometherestoftheparty.Nowcomesyourturn.Thenfollowedthediscoveryofanewcompound.NextcameEdwardwithhiswife.以表地點的介詞短語引出的倒裝句Attheschoolgatestoodaguard.Underthetreearesittingsomestudents.Onthebedlayaprettykitten.主語為代詞時，不用倒裝Behindthecounterhestood.Behindthecounterstoodamanwithglasses.以表方位的副詞引出的倒裝句Upwentthearrowintotheair.Downfelladozenapples.Offwentthehorse.not短語置于句首Notuntilhewentabroaddidheknowthetruthofthefact.Notamomentdidshewasteoncampus.NotonlydidIknowher,butIwasherbestfriend.Notsimpleisthisbookinteresting,butalsoinstructive.no短語置于句首Bynomeansshouldhebeleftalone.Innowayarecanweallowthistocontinue.Innocaseareyoutoleaveyourpost.Onnoaccountshouldwefollowblindly.Undernocircumstancescanwecreateordestroyenergy.NoIongeraretheystayingwithus.Nosoonerhadshefinishedthepoemthanthestudentsbegangoaskherquestions.only置于句首Onlybythismeansisitpossibletoexplainhisfailuretoactdecisively.Onlyaftermakinginvestigationcanwehavetherighttospeak.Onlywhenonelosesfreedomdoesoneknowitsvalue.比較狀語從句中的倒裝HeranasfastasdidthepersonwhocamefromEngland.Ispendlessthandonineoutoftenpeopleinmyposition.Thegreaterthenumberofthefreeelectronsinamaterial,thebetteristheconductivityofthematerial.讓步狀語從句中的倒裝Smallasatoms,electronsarestillsmaller.Complexasitmayappear,therocket,whichwasinventedinChinaover800yearsago,isarelativelysimpledevice.HardasItriedtoexplainittohim,hestilldidn'understand.MuchasIdisagreewithyou,Iyetrespectyou.Vaguethoughitscategory(is),itiswithoutdoubtanessay.Tryashewould,hecouldnotlifttherock.四、被動語態(tài)1?變?yōu)闈h語的主動形式the.g.Inhisattitudecanbefoundseedsforartinthe20century:theartoftheprimitive,ofsymbol,andofimagination.e.g.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset：itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetestedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.g.Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidenee,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.g.Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.2?被動結(jié)構(gòu)的表語化，可譯為：“是，的”，“由，的”等。e.g.ThemovementtoopposeracialdiscriminationwaspersonallyinitiatedandledbyafamousNegroleader.e.g.ThispicturewastakenbymybrotherashewenttoYunnan.3.譯成具有被動意義的漢語結(jié)構(gòu)。e.g.Forallthehelpthiscomputermayprovide,itshouldnotbeseenasasubstituteforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.e.g.Itshouldbemadecleartoentirecitizensthatwhoeverenjoysrightsmustundertakecorrespondingobligations.e.g.Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.e.g.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.4.增添“人們”、“大家”等適當?shù)脑~做漢語譯文的主語。e.g.Withthenewtechnique,measurementwasclaimedtobemuchmoreprecise.e.g.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.e.g.Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.綜合例題：Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson（.2007年真題）五、 形式主語（賓語）結(jié)構(gòu)Itis+adjective/noun+clause注意：先翻從句部分，再翻形容詞/名詞部分。Soitisquitesadwhendivorcescomewithsmallprovocations,whenparentsandchildrengiveupononeanother,whenfriendshipsfalteratthefirstinjury,forthusweforfeitagreatworkofart——thelonglove.ItisthusnoexaggerationthatAmericanshavetakentomechanicalcoolingavidlyandgreedily.Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultoflabormarketproblemsnumberinthehundredsofthousandsorthetensofmillions.Itis+adjective+infinitiveto注意：先翻不定式部分，再翻形容詞部分。Itisextremelywastefultogiveyearsoftrainingatpublicexpenseonlytohavethequalifiedteacherornursemarryafterayearoftwoandbelostforevertoherprofession.Itisessentialformodernmentomasteroneortwoforeignlanguages.Itisdifficultforustoover-praisethebook.Itis+pastparticiple+that-clause注意：先翻過去分詞部分，再翻從句部分。ItisreportedthatSadamHusseinwasbetrayedbyhisjanissary.ItissaidthatItisbelievedthatItisrumoredthatItisestimatedthatItisknownthatItisarguedthat六、強調(diào)句型例1.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomesthattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.七、并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)英語常用并歹U連詞，如： and,but,so,yet,for,nor,or,notonly:..butalso,either…or或neither…nor等連接兩個或幾個同等成分，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為并列結(jié)構(gòu)。連接的同等成分可以是動詞的賓語、介詞短語或名詞的定語等。例1Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.（1995年真題）例2AstrophysicistsworkingwithgroundbaseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoonborneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingssoon.（1998年真題）例3Itisnotthat（不是）thescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthat（而是）thelatter（后者）isamuch

finerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer(前者)。(1993年真題)八、 省略句型例1.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.A:部分否定partialnegation常用詞有代詞或副詞：all,both,every,everybody,everyday,everyone,many,everything,entirely,altogether,absolutely,wholly,completely,weathered,always,often等和not搭配時，表示部分否定，意為“并非都是，不是每個都是”Bothofthemarenotmybrothers.C.f.“Neitherofthemismybrother.”Allisnotgoldthatglitters=notallisgoldthatglitters.Everymancannotdoit=noteverymancandoitIdon'tremembaellrtheseformulas.Thiskindoftreeisnotfoundeverywhere.Thericharenotalwayshappy.Everycoupleisnotapair.B:轉(zhuǎn)移否定否定主語，但否定詞not在形式上往往否定謂語Everybodycannotenjoypopmusic.(noteveryone)否定表語和賓語，但否定詞not在形式上往往否定謂語Theclothdoesnotfeelverysoft.=Theclothfeelsnotverysoft.Idon'teaegrwithallofyou.(someofyou)Idon'liktebothofthebooks.(Ilikenotbothofthem.)否定狀語，但否定詞not在形式上往往否定謂語Hehasnotcometothedecisionquickly.(notquickly)Ididnotdoitformyself.(Ididitnotformyself.)Thestudentsdidnotsittherelisteningtotheteacher.在not…and結(jié)構(gòu)中，否定的往往是 and后的部分，但否定詞 not往往否定謂語。Thehouseisnotbigandcomfortable.Thehouseisnotbig,butcomfortable.Thehouseisnotbigorcomfortable.Hedoesn'tspeakRussianaFnrdench.Don'tdrinkanddriv.eWecan'ptutonairsandmakepeoplelikeus.正確理解和區(qū)分部分否定和全部否定很重要，稍一疏忽，就會鑄成譯文上的大錯。Idon'tknowanythingabouth.（er一無所知）Idon'tknoweverythingabouth.e（r并不全知道）Noneoftheanswersareright.（都不正確）Alltheanswersarenotright.（并非都正確）Idon'tknowanyofthe.（m全不認識）Idon'tknowallofthe（并非都認識）C:雙重否定，意義肯定雙重否定指同一句子里出現(xiàn)兩個否定詞 ,即否定之否定,雙重否定句表達的意思是肯定的，通常比肯定句的語氣要重些 ,譯成漢語就譯成肯定形式 ,也可以保持雙重否定的形式。Noonecancommandotherswhocan'atncdohmimself.Therewasneveragreatgeniuswithoutatinctureofmadness.Therearenoroseswithoutthorns.Youcan'tmakesomethingoutofnothin.gWhat'sdonecan'tbe.undoneNothingisnothingatall.Hardlyadaypassedwithoutourlearninganythingnew.※可用于表示雙重否定的詞有no…not,no（not）…without,no...but,cannotbut+v,cannothelp+v-ing,withoutdoubt,withoutfail,cannothelp+v,withoutexception,nothinglessbut,（正是）nonebut（除…外，…別無）noonebut（除了…夕卜，沒有別人）nonetoo（一點也不）havenoalternative/choicebuttodo（除...,另U無選擇）,Thereisnodoubtthat,Thereisnodenyingthat…,Thereisnoquestionthat...,notseldom,notinfrequently,notunlike,notdispleasedWecannotbutreadbookstoenrichourselves.Wecannothelpadmiringhiscourage.Ican'thelpbutfeelsorryforh.erD:幾乎否定幾乎否定表示整個句子的意思接近于否定，常用的詞有：little,few,barely,hardly,rarely,scarcely,seldom,Thisproblemhasbeenlittlestudied.Helittlerealizedthedangerhewasin.Sheisbarelyright.Iseldomgotanysleeplastnight.Scarcelyanythingremainstobesaid.E:形式否定，意義肯定英語中有些形式上，否定而內(nèi)容含義上都是肯定的結(jié)構(gòu)，譯成漢語時不能拘泥于原文的表層結(jié)構(gòu)的否定，要忠實于原文的含義。cannot…（bo越…..越…,無論怎樣…..也不過分（It'imspossibletooverdoit.Themore...,themore…）在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，cannot可改為canhardly,scarcely,never,too也可改為over+v,enough,sufficient等Youcannotbetoocautious.Youcanhardlypraisehimtoomuch.Amancanneverhavetoomanyfriends.Newton'scontributiontomodernscienc⑥anscarcelybeoverrated.Hecan'seeyouquicklyenough.(Hedesirestoseeyouassoonaspossible.)cannotwaittodo(eagertodo)Icannotwaittoreadyournewbook.Icannotwaittoseeher.no(nobody)…but都，沒有….不，只有…才Thereisnomanbuthashisfaults.Thereisnorulebuthasexception.Nobodyreadsthebookbutwillbemoved.Thereexistsnomanbuthasanenemy.這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的but起關(guān)系代詞的作用，相當于that,which,whodoes/will/havenot.※注意句子結(jié)構(gòu)Noonebelievesthathewillsucceed.Noonebelievesbuthewillsucceed.Thereisnoonewhoknowshim.Thereisnoonebutknowshim.Thereisnomanthaterrs.Thereisnomanbuterrs.Youwillnotfindtheanswerbut(that)youstudyitthoroughly.But為否定含義never(not) .but(that)每當…總是…,沒有哪次不是”Ineverseeyoubutthinkofmymother.Itneverrainsbutitpours.Neveradaypassedbutbroughtusgoodnews.Hewillnotbeangrybutthatheisoffended.nothingbut,nonebut僅僅，只， 只有…才nothingbut后接非指人的名詞， nonebut后接指人的名詞，與 nothingotherthan同義意為“僅僅，只有…才”Wecanseenothingbutwater.Wefoundnonebutanoldmanintheroom.Nonebutmeknewwhathappened.Nonebutafoolwoulddosuchathing.YoucanfindthatsortofbirdnowherebutinAustralia.notingelsethan(僅僅，完全)Hisfailurewasduetonotingelsethanhisowncarelessness.no(none)otherthan正是,僅僅是,Thisisnootherthanthebookwewanttobuy.Sheisnoneotherthanmyadviser.moreoftenthannot,asoftenasnot常常,往往Duringfoggyweather,planesarelatemoreoftenthannot.Asoftenasnot,hegetsuplate.探aslikelyasnot=很有可能Shewillforgetallaboutitaslikelyasnot.否定詞+比較級(相當于最高級)Icannotagreewithyoumore.C.f.Icannotagreewithyouanymore.Hecouldnotfeelbetter.Thefilmcannotbebetter.Hewantsnothingmorethantime.Nothingismorepreciousthanhealth.否定詞+withoutThereisnosmokewithoutfire.Hebelieved,notwithoutreason,thattheprojectwillbeasuccess.nootherwisethan只是，僅僅Heisnootherwiseafraidthanofhisfather.(nobodybut….)Hedoesnootherwisethanfoolaroundallday.(donothingbut)在有些句子結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞肯 /否，句意不變。Iwonderifhecan(not)helpyouinyourwork.Idon'tknowwhetherhehan