英漢對(duì)比研究

會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)1英漢對(duì)比研究1.

Syntheticvs.

Analytic（綜合語與分析語）A

synthetic

language

is

characterized

byfrequent

and

systematic

use

of

inflected

forms(曲折變化形式，詞尾變化的詞語)to

expressgrammatical

relationships.第1頁/共77頁An

analytic

language

is

marked

by

a

relatively

frequent

useof

function

words,

auxiliary

verbs,

and

changes

in

word第2頁/共77頁order

to

express

syntactic

relations,

rather

than

of

inflectedforms.Modern

English

has

become

analytic

but

still

frequentlyuses

some

hereditary

inflections

from

Old

English.

It

istherefore

a

synthetic-analytic

language.

Chineseis

a

typical

analytic

language.Inflection,

word

order

and

the

use

of

function

words

areemployed

as

the

three

grammatical

devices

in

buildingEnglish

sentences.1.1

Inflectional

vs

Non-inflectionalIn

English,

nouns,

pronouns,

and

verbs

are

inflected.Such

grammatical

meanings

as

parts

of

speech,

gender,number,

case,

person,

tense,

aspect,

voice,

mood,

etc.

canbe

expressed

by

the

use

of

inflected

forms

with

or

withoutthe

help

of

function

words

and

word

order,

which

is

generallynot

true

of

Chinese.

In

Chinese

the

above

grammaticalmeanings

are

mostly

implied

in

contexts

or

between

the

lines,Though

often

with

the

help

of

word

order.

E.g.第3頁/共77頁He

moved

astonishingly

fast.He

moved

with

astonishing

rapidity.His

movements

are

astonishingly

rapid.His

movements

astonished

us

by

their

rapidity.他行動(dòng)之快令人驚訝。他行動(dòng)之迅速令人驚訝。他行動(dòng)之迅速令我們驚訝不已。1.2

Word

Order:

Flexible

vs.

InflexibleThe

less

inflective

a

language,

the

more

rigid

the

word

order.Word

order

in

English

is

not

so

rigid

as

in

Chinese.

More

waysOf

inversion

are

often

seen

in

English.

E.g.What

in

the

world

do

you

mean?你的意思究竟是什么？What

a

beautiful

voice

you

have!你有多美的嗓音??！Not

a

finger

did

I

lay

on

him?我從來沒有指責(zé)過他。1.3

The

Use

of

Function

Words:

English

andChinese

Employ

Different

Types

ofFunction

WordsEnglish

function

words

include

the

articles,prepositions,

auxiliary

verbs,

coordinators

andsubordinators,

While

Chinese

function

wordscomprise

particles,

connectives,

and

prepositions.第4頁/共77頁Each

has

its

own

features

in

the

use

of

these

words.E.g.She

was

with

a

child.她身邊帶著一個(gè)孩子。

She

was

with

child.她懷有身孕。They

are

students

of

our

school.他們是本校的一部分學(xué)生。第5頁/共77頁They

are

the

students

of

our

school.他們是本校的全體學(xué)生。Chinese

is

rich

in

particles(助詞),which

can

beclassified

into

aspect

particles(動(dòng)態(tài)助詞，如：著、了、過),structural

particles（結(jié)構(gòu)助詞，如：的、地、得）,and

emotional

particles（語氣助詞，如：嘛、嗎、吧、呢）.The

frequent

use

of

Chineseparticles

is

a

hard

nut

for

foreign

learners

of

Chinese.這回我可親眼看見啦?。ǜ袊@語氣）This

time

I’ve

actually

seen

it

for

myself.打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敵人只好投降。Unable

to

fight

on

or

escape,

theenemywas

forced

to

surrender.你呀，老這樣下去可不行?。。又卣Z氣）Look!You

can’t

go

on

like

this.這也不能怪他，頭一回嘛。（答辯語氣）He

is

not

to

blame.After

all,it

was

thefirst

time

that

he

had

done

it.第6頁/共77頁1.4

Intonation

vs.Tone(語調(diào)與聲調(diào))第7頁/共77頁English

is

an

intonation

language,while

Chinese

is

a

tone

language.In

a

language

in

which

inflection

hasbeen

greatly

reduced,

word-order

must

be-come

relatively

more

rigid.

One

consequenceof

this

tendency

to

a

fixed

word-order

is

anincrease

in

the

role

of

intonation

in

the

lan-guage.

The

varying

of

tone

to

indicate

mea-nings

is

characteristic

of

both

English

andChinese.

Musical

variety

of

tone

to

indicateshades

of

meaning

becomes

natural

in

both1.1.4English

and

Chinese.

Chinese

finds

its

naturalway

of

development

through

a

fundamentalsystem

of

tones

and

tone-groups.

A

changeof

tone

in

Chinese

will

turn

“to

buy”

into

“tosell”.

In

English,

intonation

has

a

veryimportant

andfar-reaching

role.

A

rising

or

falling

tone

in

theparts

of

a

sentence

determines

much

of

itsmeaning.

Moreover,

there

is

a

very

closebond

between

stress

and

tone

or

pitch,

astrong

stress,

for

instance,

oftencorresponding

with

a

rising

tone.

Such

asentence

as

“You

are

going

to

buy

thathouse”

may

be

statement

of

fact(declarative)or

a

question

(interrogative)

according

towhether

the

tone

is

falling

or第8頁/共77頁rising

at

its

end.One

of

the

important

features

in

modern

Chineseis

the

predominance

of

disyllables

and

quadrisyl-lables

（雙音節(jié)化和四音節(jié)化）.As

a

result,redu-plication

of

characters,repetition

of

words,four-character

expressions,and

parallelism

of

syllables,words,phrases,and

sentence

structures

have

becomepopular

grammatical

and

rhetorical

devices

in

Chinese.Look

at

the

following

example.It

was

a

day

as

fresh

as

grass

growing

up

andclouds

going

over

and

butterflies

coming

down

canmake

it.

It

was

a

day

compounded

from

silences

ofbee

and

flower

and

ocean

and

land,

which

were

notsilences

at

all,

but

motions,

stirs,

flutters,

risings,第9頁/共77頁fallings,

each

in

its

own

time

and

matchlessrhythem.

(E.

Bradbury:

The

Vacation)第10頁/共77頁綠草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，那日子如此清新可愛。蜜蜂無言，春花不語，海波聲歇，大地靜謐，那日子如此萬籟俱寂。然而并非安靜，因?yàn)槿f物各以其適宜的時(shí)刻，特有的節(jié)奏，或動(dòng)，或搖，或振，或起，或伏。2.Rigid

vs.Supple(剛性與柔性)第11頁/共77頁English

sentence

structures

are

composed

ofnoun

phrases,

verb

phrases,

etc.

It

has

becomean

invariable

custom

to

have

a

subject

before

averb,

and

therefore

a

sentence

that

does

not

con-tain

a

subject

and

a

verb

is

felt

to

be

incomplete.The

subject

must

agree

with

the

predicate

verb

inperson

and

number,

etc.

This

rigid

S-V

concordforms

the

kernel

of

a

sentence,

with

the

predicateverb

controlling

other

main

members.

English

sen-tences,

however

long

and

complicated,

can

be

re-duced

to

five

basic

patterns:

SV,

SVP,

SVO,

SVoO,and

SVOC.English

sentences

are

characterized

by

theirvariants（變式）,expansion（擴(kuò)展）,combina-tion（組合）,omission（省略）,or

inversion(倒裝).Variants:

interrogative,

negative,

and

passive;“There

be

+

subject”.Expansion:

adding

modifiers,

including

words,phrases,

and

clauses;

using

phrases

or

clausesinstead

of

words

as

members

of

the

basic

patterns.Combination:

combining

simple

sentences

intocompound

or

compound-complex

sentences.Omission:

omitting

certain

members

ofthe

sentence.Inversion:

inverting

the

word-order

of

thesentence.第12頁/共77頁Etc.This

rigid

S-V

concord

（主謂協(xié)調(diào)一致）forms

the

kernel

of

an

English

sentence.English

sentences,

however

long

andcomplicated,

can

be

reduced

to

five

basicpatterns:

SV,

SVP,

SVO,

SVoO,

and

SVOC.Chinese,

however,

is

relatively

free

from

thegovernment

of

the

rigid

S-V

concord.

The

subject-predicate

structure

is

usually

varied,

flexible,

andtherefore

complicated

and

supple.

E.g.文章翻譯完了。（受事主語）The

essay

has

been

translated.全市到處在興建新工廠。（地點(diǎn)主語）New

factories

are

being

built

all

over

the

city.現(xiàn)在正下著毛毛細(xì)雨。（時(shí)間主語）第13頁/共77頁It

is

drizzling

at

the

moment.累得我站不起來了。（無主句）第14頁/共77頁這項(xiàng)合同經(jīng)理要簽名。(主謂詞組作謂語)I

am

so

exhausted

that

I

can’t

stand

up.The

predicate

of

a

Chinese

sentence

isso

varied

and

complicated:天高云淡。（形容詞作謂語）The

sky

is

high

and

the

clouds

are

pale.他出國留學(xué)去了。（連動(dòng)式謂語）He

has

gone

abroad

for

further

studies.我介紹他加入?yún)f(xié)會(huì)。（兼語式謂語）I

recommended

him

for

membership

ofof

the

association.This

contract

should

be

signed

by

the

manager.這姑娘長得漂亮，鵝蛋形臉，兩眼又深又黑，披著又長又密的頭發(fā)。She

is

a

pretty

girl,with

an

oval

face,deep

dark

eyes,and

long

heavy

clinging

tresses.許多房子，蓋著琉璃瓦，曲曲折折，無數(shù)的朱紅欄桿。Many

houses

are

roofed

with

glazedtiles

and

set

within

numerous

winding

red

balus-trades.In

addition,

there

are

quite

a

few

“illogical”expressions

in

Chinese.

E.g.曬太陽to

bask

in

the

sun曬衣服to

sun

one’s

clothes第15頁/共77頁救火to

fight

a

fire救國to

save

the

nation補(bǔ)充缺額to

fill

a

vacancy補(bǔ)充人力

to

replenish

manpower恢復(fù)疲勞to

get

refreshed恢復(fù)健康to

recover

one’s

health打掃衛(wèi)生

to

do

some

cleaning打掃房間

to

clean

a

room吃大碗

to

eat

with

a

big

bowl吃蘋果to

eat

an

apple第16頁/共77頁More

ambuguity

can

be

found

in

Chinesedue

to

the

lack

of

connectives,

inflectionsand

other

grammatical

markers.

E.g準(zhǔn)備了兩年的食物（準(zhǔn)備了兩年的+食物/準(zhǔn)備了+兩年的食物）神秘的少女的心（神秘的+少女的心/神秘的少女的+心）The

suppleness

of

Chinese

also

manifests

itself

inthe“run-on”sentence（流水句）,which

is

composedof“the

full

sentence”and“the

minor

sentence”（小A

full

sentence

has

a

subject-predicate

structure,while

a

minor

sentence

has

only

a

word(s)orphrase(s).As呂叔湘（1979：27）points

out,”用小句而不用句子做基本單位，較能適應(yīng)漢語的情況。”第17頁/共77頁因?yàn)闈h語口語里特多流水句，一個(gè)小句接一個(gè)小句，很多地方可斷可連。”接著，他繼續(xù)設(shè)想，雞又生雞，用雞賣錢，錢買母牛，母牛繁殖，賣牛得錢，用錢放債，這么一連串的發(fā)財(cái)計(jì)劃，當(dāng)然也不能算是生產(chǎn)的計(jì)劃。（馬南：《燕山夜話》）He

went

on

indulging

in

wishful

thinking:chickens

would

breed

more

chickens;

sellingthem

would

bring

him

money;

with

this

moneyhe

would

buy

cows;

the

cows

would

breed,

too,and

selling

oxen

would

make

more

money

forhim;

with

the

money

he

could

become

a

money第18頁/共77頁lender.

Such

a

succession

of

steps

forgetting

rich,

of

course,had

nothing

to

dowith

production.The

rigidity

of

English

generally

requiresa

complete

sentence

structure,SV

concord,and

formal

cohesion(形式銜接),while

thesuppleness

of

Chinese

enjoys

flexibility

ofsentence

structure

and

pays

more

attentionto

semantic

coherence(語義連貫).Jespersen(1954:334)points

out,“Analysis

means

sup-pleness,and

synthesis

means

rigidity;in

ana-lytic

languages

you

have

the

power

of

kaleidos-第19頁/共77頁copically

arranging

and

rearranging

theelements

that

in

synthetic

forms

are

in

rigidconnexion.”王力(1984:53)指出:“就句子的結(jié)構(gòu)而論,西洋語言是法治的,中國語言是人治的。所謂‘法治’，即句子的形式嚴(yán)格受到語法的制約，如句子必須有主語和謂語動(dòng)詞，及物動(dòng)詞必須有賓語，這些不管用得著用不

著，總要呆板地求句子形式的一律。所謂‘人治’，即句子比較不受形式的約束，可以因表意的需要而加以變通，詞語的分合伸縮

比較靈活，用得著就用，用不著就不用，只

要雙方意思明白，就可以了。英語有綜合語第20頁/共77頁的特征，受形式的約束，因而語法是硬的，

沒有彈性；漢語是分析語，不受形態(tài)的約束，因而語法是軟的，富于彈性?！比?Hypotactic

vs.paratactic(形合與意合)第21頁/共77頁Hypotaxis

(形合)is

the

dependent

orsubordinate

construction

or

relationshipof

clauses

with

connectives.

English

sen-tence

building

is

characterized

by

hypota-xis.

Parataxis

(意合)

is

the

arranging

oflauses

one

after

another

without

connec-tives

showing

the

relation

between

themChinese

sentence

building

is

featured

by

para-taxis.To

clarify

the

relations

between

words,phrases

or

clauses,English

more

often

re-sorts

to

overt

cohesion(顯性銜接),frequentlyusing

various

cohesive

ties(銜接紐帶)suchas

coordinators(并列連詞)(e.g.and,or,but,yet,so,however,as

well

as,either…or…,neither…nor…),subordinators(從屬連詞)(e.g.

when,

while,

as,

since,

until,

so…

that…,unless,

lest),

relative

pronouns

and

adverbs(

e.g.

who,

whom,

whose,

that,

which,

when,第22頁/共77頁where,

why,

how),

prepositions

and

others.第23頁/共77頁Let’s

look

at

some

examples.All

was

cleared

up

some

time

laterwhen

news

came

from

a

distant

place

thatan

earthquake

was

felt

the

very

day

the

littlecopper

ball

fell.過了一些時(shí)候,從遠(yuǎn)方傳來消息:小銅球墜落那天,人們感受到了地震.這一切終于得到了澄清。We

will

not

attack

unless

we

areattacked.人不犯我,我不犯人。

Let

everybody

share

the

food

if

thereis

any.有飯大家吃。(4)Until

all

is

over,ambition

never

dies.不到黃河心不死。（緊縮句）第24頁/共77頁

不進(jìn)則退。（四字格）

He

who

doesnot

advance

falls

backward.Move

forward,

or

you

will

fall

behind.聰明一世，糊涂一時(shí)。（對(duì)偶）Smart

as

a

rule,but

this

time

a

fool.四、Complex

vs

Simplex(繁復(fù)與簡短)Subordination(從屬結(jié)構(gòu)),the

placing

ofcertain

elements

in

modifying

roles,is

a

funda-mental

feature

of

English.With

plenty

of

su-bornate

clauses

and

phrases,English

hascomparatively

longer

and

more

complicatedsentences

than

Chinese,which,on

the

otherhand,is

marked

by

its

coordination(并列結(jié)構(gòu)),loose

or

minor

sentences(松散句),contrac-ted

sentences(緊縮句),elliptical

sentences,run-on

sentences(流水句),and

compositesentences(并列句).English

sentence

buildingis

featured

by

an“architecture

style”(樓房建筑式)with

extensive

use

of

longer

or

subordinatestructures,while

Chinese

is

marked

by

a“chronicle

style”(流水記事式)with

frequent第25頁/共77頁use

of

shorter

or

composite

structures.

Inshort,

English

sentences

are

often

complex,while

Chinese

setences

are

often

simplex.In

the

doorway

lay

at

least

twelve

um-brellas

of

all

sizes

and

colors.門口放著一堆雨傘,少說也有十二把,五顏六色,大小不一。There

are

many

wonderful

stories

totell

about

the

places

I

visited

and

the

peopleI

met.我訪問了一些地方,也遇到了一些人。要談起來,奇妙的事兒可多著哩。第26頁/共77頁(

3)

Can

you

answer

a

question

which第27頁/共77頁I

want

to

ask

and

which

is

puzzlingme?我有一個(gè)問題弄不懂，想請(qǐng)教你，你能回答嗎？(4)

Gentlemen,

I

am

ashamed

to

seemen

who

embarked

on

so

great

andglorious

an

undertaking

as

that

ofrobbing

the

public,so

foolishly

andweakly

dissenting

among

themselves.(Fielding:Jonathan

Wild)諸位先生，有些人正在干著一番光榮而偉大的事業(yè)，即掠奪大眾。他們居然如此愚蠢，如此虛弱，甚至在自己人中間發(fā)生內(nèi)訌?？吹剿麄冏鲞@種事，我真覺得丟臉。(5)

Closely

linked

with

this

commitment

isthe

new

last

paragraph

of

the

preamble

whichreaffirms

that

principle

of

the

Charter

of

theUnited

Nations

in

accordance

with

which

Mem-ber

States

must

refrain

from

the

use

of

force

orthe

threat

of

force

against

the

territorial

inte-grity

or

political

independence

of

any

State

andwhich

declares

that

the

establishment

and

themaintenance

of

international

peace

and

securityare

to

be

promoted

with

the

least

diversion

forarmaments

of

the

world’s

human

and

economic第28頁/共77頁resources.與這一承諾密切相連的是序言中新增加的最后一段,它重申聯(lián)合國憲章的一條原則,即會(huì)員國不得使用武力或武力威脅來

侵犯任何國家的領(lǐng)土完整或政治獨(dú)立,并且

聲明要盡量減少把世界人力和經(jīng)濟(jì)資源用于軍備,以促進(jìn)建立和維護(hù)國際和平與國際安全。

From

the

examples

above,it

can

be

seenthat

an

invloved

sentence

in

English

is

nor-mally

turned

into

two

or

more

than

two

sen-tences,

or

into

a

full

sentence,

followed

bysome

minor

sentences

in

Chinese.

Thistranslation

technique

is

called

division(分譯法).第29頁/共77頁五、Impersonal

vs.Personal(物稱與人稱)Formal

written

English

often

goes

with

animpersonal

style,

in

which

the

writer

does

notrefer

directly

to

himself

or

his

readers,

and

heavoids

using

the

pronouns

I,

we,

and

you,

thusthe

writer

and

the

reader

are

out

of

the

picture,hiding

themselves

behind

impersonal

language.第30頁/共77頁Some

of

the

common

features

of

impersonallanguage

are

passives,

setences

beginningwith

the

introductory

word

it

and

abstract

nounsas

subjects(Leech,

1974:25).

Chinese,

by

con-trast,

prefers

to

use

the

personal

style,

whichis

featured

by

more

active

sentences,

or

moreactive

sentences

in

form

but

passive

in

mea-ning,

personal

subjects,

or

subjectless

andsubject-omitted

sentences

when

the

subject

isself-evident,

unknown

or

implied

in

the

context.As

a

result

of

the

above

differences,

theconversion

of

English

impersonal

subjectsinto

Chinese

personal

subjects

is

often

em-ployed

in

translation.An

idea

suddenly

struck

me.我突然想到了一個(gè)主意。A

strange

peace

came

over

her

when

she第31頁/共77頁was

alone.她獨(dú)處時(shí)感到一種莫名奇妙的寧靜。Alarm

began

to

take

entire

possessionof

her.他開始變得驚恐萬狀。From

the

moment

we

stepped

into

thePeople’s

Republic

of

China,care

andkindness

surrounded

us

on

every

side.一踏上中華人民共和國國土,我們就隨時(shí)隨地受到關(guān)懷與照顧。The

happiness––the

superior

advan-tages

of

the

young

women

round

about

her,gave

Rebecca

inexpressible

pangs

of

envy.麗貝卡看見周圍的小姐那么福氣，第32頁/共77頁享受種種優(yōu)越的權(quán)利，就有說不出的眼紅和痛心。第33頁/共77頁(6)Specialties

in

colleges

and

universitiesshould

be

adjusted

and

teaching

methodsimproved.應(yīng)該調(diào)整高等院校的專業(yè)設(shè)置,改進(jìn)教學(xué)方法。六、Passive

vs.Active（被動(dòng)與主動(dòng)）Passives

of

various

forms

are

frequent-ly

used

in

English

mainly

due

to

thefollowing

reasons:1)

When

the

agent

of

action

is

unknownor

self-evident,

or

it

is

unnecessary

or

impos-sible

to

mention

the

agent.

E.g.

It

is

said

thatthe

murderer

will

be

hanged.Syntactic

factors:

for

cohesion,

balance,end

focus,

weight,

etc.

E.g.

I

was

astoundedthat

he

should

be

prepared

to

give

me

a

job.Rhetorical

factors:

for

variation,

etc.

e.g.The

basic

English

sentence

pattern

of

sub-Ject-verb-object

can

be

varied

in

many

ways.Stylistic

factors:

more

passives

in

infor-mative

writing,

notably

in

the

objective,

imper-sonal

style

of

scientific

articles,

news

items

and第34頁/共77頁government

communications.

E.g.

The

resis-tance

can

be

determined

provided

that

thevoltage

and

current

are

known.The

passive

voice

allows

us

to

expressideas

without

attributing

them

to

a

specificindividual

source.

That

is

why

it

is

so

widelyused

in

government

communications

in

whichdecisions

and

opinions

are

presumed

to

bethose

of

the

bureau

or

agency

as

a

wholeand

not

considered

to

be

those

of

individualofficials.

Anyone

who

does

not

wish

to

takepersonal

responsibility

for

his

statements

finds第35頁/共77頁a

way

out

by

saying

or

writing

“It

is

directedthat”

instead

of“I

direct

that”.

The

weakpassive

is

used

in

newspaper

articles

for

thesame

reason:

to

achieve

the

impersonal

note,and

thus,

in

many

instances,

to

disclaim

directresponsibility

for

statements

that

are

based

onhearsay.By

contrast,

active

forms,

including

thosein

passive

sense

are

often

used

in

Chinese.There

are

some

reason

for

the

limited

use

ofthe

Chinese

passive

forms

marked

by被,讓、給、叫、挨、受、遭、蒙，etc.第36頁/共77頁The

Chinese

passive

form

marked

by

被is

traditionally

felt

to

be

an

“inflicting

voice”（不幸語態(tài)）,

mainly

expressing

things

un-pleasant

or

undesirable

to

the

subjectiveperson,

as

被捕、被殺、被剝削、被壓迫，though

there

is

a

modern

tendency

to

denotethings

desirable

or

neutral,

as

“被選為工會(huì)主席”、“被選為先進(jìn)工作者”。The

Chinese

passive

form

generally

hasan

agent

after被,which

restricts

the

use

ofthe

passive

form

when

the

agent

is

unknownor

difficult

to

mention.第37頁/共77頁Instead,

Chinese

generally

prefers

to

useactive

forms;

besides,

there

are

many

otherways

to

denote

passive

sense

which

is

usual-ly

expressed

in

the

English

passive

form.

E.g.1)Notional

passives

（意義被動(dòng)式）:ac-tive

in

form

but

passive

in

sense.Pattern:receptor

subject

（受事主語）+verb+agent一匹馬騎兩個(gè)人。（不說“一匹馬被兩個(gè)人騎”。）Two

persons

rode

one

horse.這鍋飯能吃十個(gè)人。（不說“這鍋飯能被十個(gè)人吃”。）A

pot

of

rice

like

this

can

feedten

people.第38頁/共77頁昨晚我蓋了兩條被子。（不說“昨晚我被兩條被子蓋著”。）Last

night

I

was

coveredup

with

two

quilts.爸爸，你想死我們了！Daddy,we’vebeen

missing

you

very

much.困難克服了，工作完成了，問題也解決

了。The

difficulties

have

been

overcome,thework

has

been

finished,and

the

problem

solved.2)

Subjectless

or

subject-omitted

sentenceswhen

the

subject

is

self-evident,

unknown,

orimplied

in

the

context.(6)要制造飛機(jī),就必須考慮空氣阻力問題。第39頁/共77頁Air

resistance

must

be

given

carefulconsideration

when

the

aircraft

is

to

bemanufactured.為什么總把這些麻煩事推給我呢?

Whyshould

all

the

unpleasant

jobs

be

pushedonto

me?注意看看信的地址是否寫對(duì)了。Careshould

be

taken

to

see

if

the

letter

is

properlyaddressed.3)

Using

generic

persons

(通稱或泛稱)

assubjects:

“人,

有人,人們,大家,人家,別人,某人”,

etc.

eg.第40頁/共77頁Voices

were

heard

calling

for

help. 有人聽見呼救的聲音。It

is

well

known

that

the

compass

wasinvented

in

China

more

than

2000

years

ago.眾所周知,中國人在兩千多年前就發(fā)明了指南針。4)Using“executive

form”(處置式),即”把”/將/使字式（11）凡是做功，都是把能從一種形式轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種形式。Whenever

work

is

beingdone,energy

is

being

converted

from

oneform

into

another.（12）1964年10月，中國爆炸了第一顆

原子彈，這把基辛格第41嚇頁/共了77頁一條跳。Kissingerwas

alarmed

by

the

exblosion

of

China’sfirst

atom

bomb

in

October,

1964.七、

Static

vs.

Dynamic（靜態(tài)與動(dòng)態(tài)）Broadly

speaking,

nouns

are

believed

tobe

static

in

that

they

refer

to

entities

that

areseen

as

stable.

At

the

opposite

pole,

verbsare

featured

as

dynamic,

for

they

are

fittedby

their

capacity

to

show

tense

and

aspect,to

indicate

action,

activity,

and

temporary

orchanging

conditions

(quirk,

1973:

48).

Adjec-tives

and

prepositions

often

go

hand

in

handwith

nouns,

while

adverbs

are

frequently

used第42頁/共77頁with

verbs.第43頁/共77頁English

is

featured

by

its

predominanceof

nouns

over

verbs.

S.

Potter

(1969:101)points

out,

“Our

western

civilization,

it

hasbeen

said,

favors

an

over-developmentof

the

intellect

at

the

expense

of

the

emotions.That

is

why

people

prefer

nouns

to

verbs.Theysuffer

what

the

Germans

call

‘noun

disease’.They

say

John’s

arrival

was

prematureinstead

of

John

came

too

soon.”Therefore,nominalization(名詞化)is

a

common

occur-rence

in

English.English

makes

more

use

of

nouns,

adjec-tives,

and

prepositions;

as

a

result,

it

is

is

morestatic.

Conversely,

Chinese

often

employs

verbs,adverbs,

verbal

phrases,

repetition

and

redump-lication

of

verbs;

accordingly,

it

is

more

dynamic.Let’s

compare

some

English

sentences

withtheir

Chinese

versions.(1)The

doctor’s

extremely

quick

arrival

anduncommonly

careful

examination

of

the

patientbrought

about

his

very

speedy

recovery.醫(yī)生迅速到達(dá),并仔細(xì)地檢查了病人,所以,病人很快就康復(fù)了.第44頁/共77頁(2)The

abuse

of

basic

human

rights

intheir

own

country

in

violation

of

the

agreementreached

at

Helsinky

earned

them

the

condem-nation

of

freedom-loving

people

everywhere.他們違反在核爾辛基達(dá)成的協(xié)議,在國內(nèi)侵犯基本人權(quán),因此受到了各地?zé)釔圩杂傻娜藗兊淖l責(zé).As

a

result

of

the

above

difference,

theconversion

of

the

English

nominal

style

intothe

Chinese

verbal

style,

e.g.

English

nounsconverted

into

Chinese

verbs,

adjectives

intoadverbs,

prepositions

into

verbs,

etc.

is

oftenemployed

in

translation.第45頁/共77頁He

is

a

good

eater

and

a

good

sleeper. 他能吃能睡。I

used

to

be

a

bit

of

a

fancier

myself. 過去我常常有點(diǎn)喜歡胡思亂想。The

computer

is

a

far

more

careful

andindustrious

inspector

than

human

beings.計(jì)算機(jī)比人檢查得更細(xì)心，更勤快。

He

has

someone

behind

him.有人給他撐腰。Ford’s

first

pledge

was,

“Mr.

President, you

have

my

support

and

my

loyalty.”福特一開始就保證說：“總統(tǒng)先生，我支持您，并第效46頁/忠共77頁于您?！?8)It

came

not

as

a

Nixon

revelation,butrather

as

a

confirmation

of

The

NewYork

Times’story.這不能算是尼克松透露了什么新東西,而是證實(shí)了《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》的報(bào)道。八、Abstract

vs.Concrete（抽象與具體）In

English,

nominalization

oftenresults

in

abstraction.

An

excessivereliance

on

the

noun

at

the

expenseof

the

verb

will,第i47n頁/共t7h7頁e

end,detach

themind

of

the

writer

from

the

realities

of

hereand

now,

from

when

and

how

and

in

whatmood

the

thing

was

done,

and

insensiblyinduce

a

habit

of

abstraction,generalization,and

vagueness

(Gowers,1987:79).This

me-

thod

of

abstract

diction

is

found

in

the

fre-quent

use

of

abstract

nouns.