第二部分第三講

第三講定語從句在復(fù)合句中，

修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。一、定語從句的種類定語從句可以分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。1.限制性定語從句它是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，書寫時不可用逗號分開。如果關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中作賓語，關(guān)系代詞通常可以省略。Doyouknowthegirlwhojustcamein?你認識那個剛剛進來的女孩嗎？Shanghaiisacity(that)I’vealwayswantedtovisit.上海是我一直想?yún)⒂^的城市。ThetimewhenIfirstmetMr.Whitewasaverydifficultperiodofmylife.我第一次遇見懷特先生是我一生中非常困難的時期。2.非限制性定語從句它只是對先行詞作附加補充說明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。這種從句與主句的關(guān)系不是很密切，書寫時往往用逗號分開。非限制性定語從句一般不用that引導(dǎo)。Theoldwoman，wholivesonherown,hasacatforcompany.這個老婦人一個人住，養(yǎng)了一只貓陪伴她。Beijing,whichisthecapitalcityofChina，isaverybeautifulcity.中國的首都北京是一座非常美麗的城市。二、關(guān)系詞的用法在定語從句中，

關(guān)系詞起著連接主句與從句、指代先行詞和在從句中作句子成分的三重作用。關(guān)系詞的選用取決于主句中的先行詞以及關(guān)系詞在從句中作何種成分。1.關(guān)系代詞的用法(1)幾個常見關(guān)系代詞的基本用法關(guān)系代詞先行詞所作成分是否可省that物/人主語/賓語作賓語時可以省略，前有介詞時不可省略which物主語/賓語who人主語/賓語whom人賓語whose物/人定語不可以省略Howdoyoulikethefilmwhich/thatwasshownlastSunday?你認為上周日上映的電影怎么樣？HeworkedoutthemostdifficultproblemthatIhadeverseen.他解答出了我所見過最難的題目。Childrenwhoarenotactiveorwhosedietishighinfatwillgainweightquickly.不愛活動或飲食富含高脂肪的孩子體重會增加很快。Hehasmovedintoahousewhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.他已經(jīng)搬進了一個窗子朝向大海的房子。(2)關(guān)系代詞that與which的用法辨析在限制性定語從句中指代物時，which和that一般可通用。但要注意以下幾種情況：①只用that而不用which的情況?先行詞有形容詞最高級修飾時HenryisthemostenergeticyoungmanthatIhaveevercomeacross.亨利是我見過的最有活力的年輕人。?先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時Thisisthethirdtimethattheyhavemet.這是他們第三次見面。?先行詞既有人又有物時Hetalkedabouttheschoolsandteachersthathehadvisited.他談?wù)摿怂菰L過的學(xué)校和老師。

?先行詞為all，much，few，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代詞時I’dliketotellyousomethingthatmightmakeyousurprised.我想告訴你一件可能會讓你吃驚的事情。?先行詞前面有thevery，theonly，thesame，any，few，little，no，all，oneof等詞修飾時ThisistheveryroomthatIsleptinthatevening.這正是我那天晚上睡覺的房間。②只用which而不用that的情況?引導(dǎo)非限制定語從句時IborrowedthebookSherlock

Holmesfromthelibrarylastweek，whichmyclassmatesrecommendedtome.我上周從圖書館借了《夏洛克·福爾摩斯》這本書，這是我的同學(xué)推薦給我的。?在定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時IwasputinapositioninwhichIhadtoacceptIwaslessimportant.我被置之于我不得不接受我不重要的境地。2.關(guān)系副詞的用法關(guān)系副詞先行詞所作成分when＝介詞＋which時間時間狀語where＝介詞＋which地點地點狀語why＝for＋which原因原因狀語WewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextSundaywhentheweathermaybebetter.＝WewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextSundayonwhichtheweathermaybebetter.我們把野餐推遲到下周日，那時天氣可能會變好。WhenIarrived，hetookmetoseethehousewhereIwouldbestaying.＝WhenIarrived，hetookmetoseethehouseinwhichIwouldbestaying.當(dāng)我到達時，他帶我去看了我將要住的房子。ThereasonwhyIdon’ttrusthimisthatheoftentellslies.＝ThereasonforwhichIdon’ttrusthimisthatheoftentellslies.我不信任他的原因是他常常撒謊。[名師指津]

where引導(dǎo)定語從句時，不僅僅修飾具體的地點，還可以修飾抽象的地點，此時先行詞常為situation，case，point等抽象名詞。Hegotintoasituationwhereitwashardtodecidewhatwasrightandwrong.他陷入一種難以分辨是非的局面。3.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句的區(qū)別正確區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，關(guān)鍵是要弄清楚它們在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)什么成分，而不僅僅取決于先行詞是什么。如果關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語或賓語，就用關(guān)系代詞；如果關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作狀語，就用關(guān)系副詞。試比較：4.“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞的選用先行詞是人whom先行詞是物which介詞的選用先行詞的意義和搭配

從句中的動詞或形容詞的搭配

根據(jù)句子的意思判斷

表示“整體和部分關(guān)系”常用of

Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?還記得你加入我們俱樂部的那一天嗎？(on與theday搭配)TradingleathershoesisthebusinesstowhichtheGreensaredevoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事業(yè)。(bedevotedto為固定搭配)Johninvitedabout40peopletohiswedding，mostofwhomarefamilymembers.約翰邀請了大約40人參加他的婚禮，他們當(dāng)中絕大部分都是家人。[名師指津]

whose也可以放在介詞后，即“介詞＋whose＋名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，個別情況下也可以用“介詞＋when/where”。IwishtothankProfessorSmith，withoutwhosehelpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.我想要感謝史密斯教授，沒有他的幫助，我永遠不會取得這么大的成就。Sheclimbeduptothetopofthehill，fromwhereshecouldhaveagoodviewofthewholetown.她登上山頂，從那里她可以一覽全城風(fēng)光。5.as引導(dǎo)的定語從句及其與which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別(1)as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句其主要結(jié)構(gòu)有：thesame...as...，such...as...，as/so...as...等。主句中出現(xiàn)thesame，as，such，so修飾先行詞，需選擇as作關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語或賓語。It’sthesamepersonaswewantedtofindyesterday.我們昨天要找的是同一個人。SuchgirlsasheknowsaregoodatEnglish.他所認識的女孩都擅長英語。Shewillmarryaswealthyamanasshecanfind.她將嫁給她能找到的任何一個有錢人。[名師指津]

thesame，such，so引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句和結(jié)果狀語從句的區(qū)別thesame，such，so可以與as或that搭配。as引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，在從句中充當(dāng)成分；而that引導(dǎo)的是結(jié)果狀語從句，從句結(jié)構(gòu)完整。Itissobreathtakingaparkthateveryonewantstovisitit.(結(jié)果狀語從句)Itissobreathtakingaparkaseveryonewantstovisit.(定語從句)(2)as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時都可以代指整個主句內(nèi)容，其主要區(qū)別如下：關(guān)系詞從句位置意義as放在主句之前、主句之后或者插在主句中間皆可正如which只能放在主句之后這一點Aseveryoneknows，Chinaisabeautifulcountrywithalonghistory.每個人都知道，中國是一個有著悠久歷史的美麗國家。Thesunheatstheearth，whichisveryimportanttous.太陽使地球暖起來，這對我們?nèi)祟惡苤匾名師指津]

當(dāng)非限制性定語從句的謂語為被動式謂語時，常用as引導(dǎo)。asbeannounced，asbeexpected，asbeknown，asbereported，asbesaid，asbeshownTheairqualityinthecity，asisshowninthereport，hasimprovedoverthepasttwomonths.正如報告所顯示的那樣，在過去的兩個月里，這個城市的空氣質(zhì)量已有所改善。三、定語從句的幾個問題1.定語從句中的主謂一致

(1)定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞作主語時，從句謂語的人稱和數(shù)要與先行詞一致。Heisthemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou.Thepicturesthat/whichlookbeautifulweredrawnbyhim.(2)as/which作主語引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句指全句時，從句謂語用第三人稱。Liquidwaterchangestovapor，whichiscalledevaporation(蒸發(fā)).Asisusual，Hanscametoschoollatethismorning.2.非限制性定語從句與并列句的區(qū)別區(qū)分辦法主要看前后句之間是否有and，but等并列連詞或分號等的存在，若有，則為并列句；如果只有逗號，且逗號后的內(nèi)容是對前面某一名詞的補充說明，則為非限制性定語從句。Inourclassthereare46students，ofwhomhalfwearglasses.(定語從句)Inourclassthereare46students，andhalfofthemwearglasses.(并列句)3.定語從句與地點狀語從句的區(qū)別where可以引導(dǎo)定語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句，二者的區(qū)別主要看有無先行詞。Ricegrowswellintheplacewherethereisenoughwater.(定語從句)Ricegrowswellwherethereisenoughwater.(地點狀語從句)[針

對

訓(xùn)

練]Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.Likeanything,itispossibletohavetoomuchoffatandsalt，________isnotgoodforthehealth.(2017·全國卷Ⅰ)2.Sarah，________hastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels，wantstoprovethatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)3.Myeldestson，________worktakeshimallovertheworld,isinNewYorkatthemoment.(2017·天津卷)4.Thelittleproblems__________________wemeetinourdailylivesmaybeinspirationsforgreatinventions.(2017·北京卷)5.In1963theUNsetuptheWorldFoodProgramme,oneof________purposesistorelieveworldwidestarvation.(2017·江蘇卷)whichwhowhosethat/which/不填whose6.MyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s,________IwasthefirstWesternTVreporter.(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)7.Istillrememberthefarm________myparentsworkedtenyearsago.8.Iboughtagreatmanybooks，________whichIspentallmymoneythatIhadsaved.9.Thereissowarmahouse________wewanttolivein.10.Theonlything________isslowerthanbeforeisthewaywedrive.whenwhereonasthat11.Thereisnosimpleanswer，________isoftenthecaseinscience.12.Theyhavereachedthepoint________theyhavetoseparatewitheachother.13.Rememberthatthereisstillonepoint________wemustmakeclearattheconferencetomorrow.14.Thereason________whichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear.15.Lilytookafewfriendstomybirthdayparty，noneof________Iwasfamiliarwith.aswherewhichforwhomⅡ.單句改錯1.Intheirsparetime,theyareinterestedinplantingvegetablesintheirgarden,thatisontherooftopoftheirhouse.(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)____________2.Aroundmeinthepicturearethethingstheywereveryimportantinmylifeatthattime：carmagazinesandmusicalinstruments.(2017·全國卷Ⅲ)________________3.ThedisheswhatIcookedwereMom’sfavorite.__________________________

4.Havingteainthelateafternoonprovidesabridgebetweenlunchanddinner,thatmightnotbeserveduntil8o’clockatnight.____________that→whichthey→that/whichwhat→which/that或去掉whatthat→which5.Wewentuptotheroof，fromwhichwehadagoodviewoftheprocession.____________6.Thechildren，allofthemhadplayedthewholedaylong，werewornout.____________7.Myhouse，thatIboughttwoyearsago，hasgotalovelygarden.____________8.Whichweknow，smokingisharmfultoone’shealth.____________9.Thisisthemuseumwherewevisitedlastsummer.____________________________10.Isthisthereasonwhyheexplainedforhisrudenessatthemeeting？which→wherethem→whomthat→whichWhich→As

where→which/that或去掉wherewhy→which/that或去掉whyⅢ.翻譯句子1.上周你看見的那個人已離開了城鎮(zhèn)。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)2.桂林是座具有2000年歷史的城市。(which/that在從句子中作主語)3.住在樓下的那個人英語說得很好。(who/that在從句中作主語)4.他給我們講了許多我們從來沒有聽說過的有趣的人和事。(that在從句中作賓語)Themanwhom/thatyousawlastweekhasleftthetown.Guilinisacitywhich/thathasahistoryof2，000years.Themanwho/thatlivesdownstairsspeaksEnglishwell.Hetoldusmanyinterestingthingsandpersonsthatwehadneverheard.5.查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。(who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句)6.我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。(which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句)7.正如一句諺語所說，“只工作，不玩耍，聰明孩子也變傻?！?as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句)8.在漢語演講比賽中獲得一等獎，這是我做夢也沒有想到的。(which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句)CharlieSmith，whowasmyformerteacher，retiredlastyear.Myhouse，whichIboughtlastyear，hasgotalovelygarden.Asasayinggoes，“AllworkbutnoplaymakesJackadullboy.”IwonthefirstprizeintheChinesespeechcompetition,whichwasbeyondmywildestdreams.Ⅳ.語法填空LaughterYogaisanewformofexercise1.________promotestheuseoflaughterasaformofphysicalexercise.It2.________(create)inthemid-1990sasasocialexperiment.AlthoughitcamefromIndiaand3.________(definite)includessomeyoga，don’texpectittohavemuchincommonwiththeyogaclasses4.________(offer)atyourlocalstudioorgym.LaughterYogaattachesmoreimportancetotheformerthantothelatter.Themethodbeganin1995whenDr.MadanKatariacalledonagroupofstudentsinapark5.________(test)whetherintroducingregularlaughterintopeople’sliveswouldimprovetheirwell-being.Katariaalsointroduceddeepbreathingandsimplestretchesintotheexercises.Medicalresearchhassuggested6.________laughingisagoodwaytoreducestressandhelppeoplefeelgood.Kataria’sLaughterClubsarepoppingupinresponse7.________people’sneedtohandle8.________(press).KatariaalsooffersbooksandDVDstopeople9.________don’thaveaccesstoalocalLaughterClub.However，connectingwithotherhumansisabigpartofLaughterYoga’ssuccessin10.________(help)peoplefeelbetterandexperiencemorejoy.答案

1.that/which2．wascreated

[由后面的inthemid-1990s可知，此句是對過去事實的描述，應(yīng)用一般過去時，又因為It(指代LaughterYoga)與create之間是被動關(guān)系，故填wascreated。