2024年中考英語專項復(fù)習(xí)：動詞

動詞動詞的分類分類法種類例詞按句法作用分類實義動詞及物動詞play,drive,drink,eat,sing,dance,swim,speak不及物動詞go,come,arrive,listen,walk,look助動詞do,does,did,will,would,be,have,has情態(tài)動詞can,could,must,haveto,may,might,will,should,shall系動詞become,get,turn,look,smell,sound,smell,feel,remain,stay按詞匯意義分類動態(tài)動詞持續(xù)性動詞read,fly,study,work,grow,improve,increase瞬息性動詞jump,knock,begin,leave,die,reach,start,buy狀態(tài)動詞allow,need,order,prefer,require,ask,mind,advice及物動詞及物動詞后可直接接賓語，可分為跟單賓語的及物動詞、雙賓語的及物動詞、賓語補(bǔ)足語的及物動詞。常見跟單賓語的及物動詞:catch,hold,break,celebrate,discuss,educate,grow,borrow,put,forget,love,worry...Eg:Don’tbreaktherules.Wearegoingtodiscussthetopicingroups.Iborrowapenfromastranger.Putthebananasintheblender.間接賓語前可加to或for的及物動詞:give,offer,buy,pass,sell,show,read,sing,draw,make,choose,cook...Eg:Myfatherboughtabikeformeasapresent.MissLiofferedsomepicturestous.間接賓語一定要放在直接賓語前的及物動詞:ask,cost...Eg:Thedoctoraskedmesomequestions.Itcostsmetwentydollars.常見跟賓語補(bǔ)足語的及物動詞名詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語:call,consider,name,make...Eg:RobinsonnamedthemanFriday.形容詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語:make,find,believe,keep...Eg:Asadmoviemakesmeunhappy.分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語:see,watch,find,keep,feel,hear,make,have...Eg:Ilovetowatchthemonkeysclimbingaround.Lilyhasherhaircut.帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語:advice,tell,ask,expect,promise,want,invite,allow,encourage,remind,require...Eg:Myparentsrequiredmetocleanmyroom.TheyinvitedMr.Blacktotakepartinthegame.不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語:feel,hear,make,have,let,see,watch...Eg:Isawhimwalkintothehall.Thefunnymoviemakespeoplelaugh.不及物動詞不及物動詞不能直接跟賓語，大多數(shù)動詞既是及物動詞又是不及物動詞，純不及物動詞很少，常見純不及物動詞有：arrive,come,go,walk,sit,stand,happen,lie,run...Eg:Wearrivedatthesciencemuseumat8:30thismorning.Thepolicehappenedtoknowthetruth.助動詞助動詞本身沒有意義，不能單獨作謂語，只能用來幫助主動詞構(gòu)成各種時態(tài)、語態(tài)、否定式和疑問式等?；局鷦釉~有be,do,have,willshallbe的用法與現(xiàn)在分詞連用構(gòu)成各種進(jìn)行時態(tài)Eg:Look!Someboysareplayingbasketball.Theywerehavingdinnerwhentheearthquakehappened.與過去分詞連用構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)Eg:Studentsarerequiredtohaveadiscussion.Thebuildingisnamedafterafamousscientist.與帶to的不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語Eg:Ifwearetowinthegame,wemusttryourbest.do的用法幫助構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)和過去時的否定式和疑問式Eg:Shedoesn’tlikeeatingcarrots.Doyouwanttobeanactor?用于加強(qiáng)語氣Eg:Idobelieveyou.用于代替前面出現(xiàn)過的動詞，以免重復(fù)Eg:Ididn’twatchTVlastnight,butmybrotherdid.have的用法與過去分詞連用構(gòu)成完成時Eg:Ihavefinishedreadingthisbook.Haveyoueverbeentoamuseum?Shehaslivedhereforovertwentyyears.Herealizedthathehadlefthiskeysathome.will、would、shall、should的用法will、shall構(gòu)成一般將來時，would、should構(gòu)成過去將來時；shall、should主要用于第一人稱，will、would可用于各種人稱Eg:Hewillreachtheairportinhalfanhour.Cindysaidshewouldmakeherdreamcometrue.IshallpayavisittoEuropethissummer.Iwastoldthatweshouldfixupthemachine.Samwasinformedthatheshouldn’ttouchanythingintheroom.Itwon’traintomorrow.情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞本身有各種含義，不能單獨作謂語，要和動詞原形連用構(gòu)成謂語，表示說話人的語氣、情緒或態(tài)度。情態(tài)動詞一般沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。can和could表示能力，意為“會，能夠”，can表示現(xiàn)在的能力，could表示過去的能力Eg:Hecansing.Hecouldplaytheguitarwhenhewasyoung.表示推測，意為“可能”Eg:Sheisonbusiness,soshecan’tbeathome.表示請求、允許、建議，意為“可以”，could比can的語氣更加委婉、禮貌Eg:-Couldyouhelpmewithmath?-Sorry,Ican’t.I’mbusypreparingforthetest.-CouldIuseyourcomputer?-Ofcourse,youcan.Youcouldaskhospitalstoletyouvisitthekidsandcheerthemup.must和havetomust只有一種時態(tài)形式；haveto可用于多種時態(tài)，其否定式和疑問式都要借助助動詞構(gòu)成。表示必須：must強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀意愿，而haveto強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀上的必要性，意為“不得不”Eg:Youmustfollowthelaws.Youdon’thavetostayuplate.must可以表示推測，且把握較大Eg:Themanovertheremustbeournewteacher.may和might表示推測，意為“可能”，可能性的大小關(guān)系為：must>can>may>mightEg:Billymay/mightbeinthelibrary.I’mnotsure.表示請求、允許，意為“可以”，might比may的語氣更加委婉、禮貌Eg:--May/MightItakearest?--Yes,youcan.shall表示詢問意見，用于一、三人稱的疑問句中Eg:ShallItakeitoff?表示決心、許諾、警告、威脅或命令，用于第一、二、三各人稱的肯定句中Eg:Nothingshallpreventusfromprotectingtheenvironment.Youshallbepunishedifyoubreaktheruleagain.表示規(guī)定或義務(wù)Eg:Thenewlawshallbecarriedoutnextmonth.should表示義務(wù)、責(zé)任Eg:Weshouldnevergiveupourdreams.Adultsshouldtakecareoftheyouth.表示推測Eg:ItshouldbeDoctorLi’scellphone.need作情態(tài)動詞時，常用于否定句和疑問句中，對疑問句的肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t，意為“不必”；沒有人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化Eg:Youneedn’tbeafraidofthispuppy.Heneedfinishthetasktoday.作實義動詞時，有人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化，后跟名詞、代詞和不帶to的不定式等Eg:Theydon’tneedtocometoschoolonweekends.Littlebabiesneedtheirparents.will和would沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化表示意愿、愿望，意為“愿意”Eg:Agoodfriendistheonewhowillhelpyouwhenyou’reintrouble.Hewillpickmeuptotheparty.Themanwouldn’tlethischildrendochores.表示傾向、習(xí)慣，意為“總是”Eg:YouwillalwaysdotheoppositeofwhatItellyou.Waterwillturnintoicewhenthetemperatureisbelowzero.表示猜測，意為“可能、大概”Eg:Theladyyoutalkedwithwouldbeyoursister.用于第二人稱的疑問句時，表示客氣的請求，would比will的語氣更委婉Eg:Wouldyoupassthepapertome?hadbetter可當(dāng)做情態(tài)動詞使用，后接動詞原形，無人稱，時態(tài)和數(shù)的變化，意為“最好.....”，否定形式為hadbetternot，疑問句將had移到句首Eg:You’dbetterhandinyourpaperbeforeFriday.You’dbetternottellhimthenews.HadIbetternottellhimthenews?系動詞表示狀態(tài)的be動詞:am,is,are,was,wereEg:I’mgladtomeetyou.感官動詞:feel,sound,smell,hear,seem,taste...Eg:Thecaketastesgood.Hismothersaidthatshefeltbetter.表示保持狀態(tài):keep,stay,remainEg:Tokeepfit,weshoulddosomeexerciseeveryday.表示狀態(tài)變化:become,go,grow...Eg:Theroombecamecrowed.Fishsoongoesbadinhotweather.表示變化結(jié)果:get,prove,turn...Eg:Whenmysongetsolder,hewantstobeamusician.持續(xù)性動詞和瞬息性動詞持續(xù)性動詞表示可持續(xù)的動作或狀態(tài)，瞬息性動詞表示短暫行為或事件的動詞持續(xù)性動詞可與表示一段時間的狀語連用，但是瞬息性動詞不可以Eg:Ihavehadthisbikeforthreeyears.Youcankeepthebookforsevendays.瞬息性動詞的否定式可與表示一段時間的狀語連用Eg:Thestormhasn’tstoppedsincetwohoursago.動詞的形式動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式（用于構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時）規(guī)則動詞原形第三人稱單數(shù)形式一般在詞尾加-splayplays以/s/、/?/、/t?/音素結(jié)尾或以-o結(jié)尾的動詞，加-esfix,finish,watch,gofixes,finishes,watches,goes以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的動詞，去y加-iesstudystudies動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式（主要用于構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時）規(guī)則動詞原形-ing形式一般直接在詞尾加-ingworkworking以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾，去掉e再加-ingrideriding以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個輔音字母的動詞，要雙寫最后一個輔音字母再加-ingstopstopping少數(shù)以-ie結(jié)尾的動詞，先變ie為y，再加-ingdie,tie,liedying,tying,lying以-ee,-ye等結(jié)尾的動詞，直接加-ingsee,eyeseeing,eyeing動詞的過去式和過去分詞形式（過去式主要用于構(gòu)成各種一般過去時，過去分詞主要用來構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時和被動語態(tài)）規(guī)則動詞規(guī)則動詞原形過去式過去分詞一般直接加-edwatchwatchedwatched以-e結(jié)尾，加-dlovelovedloved以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，去y加-iedcrycriedcried以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個輔音字母的動詞，要雙寫最后一個輔音字母再加-edplanplannedplanned不規(guī)則動詞動詞原形過去式過去分詞Be(am,is,are)was,werebeenbeginbeganbegunbreakbrokebrokengivegavegivenspeakspokespokendrivedrovedrivenrideroderiddenwritewrotewrittenbuyboughtboughtfeelfeltfeltspellspeltspeltputputputcutcutcutcostcostcostread/ri:d/read/red/read/red/sellsoldsoldtelltoldtoldspendspentspentsendsentsentgrowgrewgrownthrowthrewthrownlielied（說謊）lied（說謊）lay（躺）lain（躺）短語動詞動詞+介詞arrivein/ataskforlookafterlookatlookforlistentowaitfordependonjoinintalkto/withshoutat/to動詞+副詞breakdownbreakoutbreakupturnonturnoffturnupturndowngiveupgiveawaygiveinputupputonputawaypickupstayup動詞+副詞+介詞comeupwithlookforwardtorunoutofgetalongwithputupwith動詞+名詞takecaretakeplacemakethebedloseheartloseweightmakeadifferencemakefriendshavefun動詞+名詞+介詞takepartintakeprideintakeplaceoftakechargeofpayattentiontomakeone’swayto動詞+形容詞makesurecometruekeepfitstayhealthfeelsadsoundgoodsmellbad練習(xí)：1.-What'sthematterwithDaniel?Heisn'tatschooltoday.-Hisarmshurt.Hewas_______byacarthismorning.A.treatedB.hitC.operatedD.cured2.Mumismakinglunch.It_______sonice!AsmellsB.tastesC.feelsD.sounds3.Therewassomethingwrongwiththephone.Wecouldn’t______eachotherclearly.AlistenB.soundC.hearD.speak4.You'dbetter______thetestpaperbeforehandingitin.A.goaheadB.goonC.gooffD.goover5.Moreandmoreteenagersinthecountrysideare______theirhometownsatanearlyagetolookforworkinthecities.A.goingtoB.leavingC.beginningD.comingto6.-Doyouthinkourbasketballteamwillwinthematch?-Yes,wehavebetterplayers.SoI____themtowin.A.hopeB.helpC.expectD.wish7.She_______myinvitationbecauseshehadtohelphermotherwithchores.A.tookdownB.putdownC.turneddownD.wrotedown8.-HowisStevennow?-Ihearthecompany________himagoodjob,butherefusedit.A.providedB.offered