高級(jí)英語(yǔ)視聽(tīng)說(shuō)教程各章文本和練習(xí)答案1-9篇

高級(jí)英語(yǔ)視聽(tīng)說(shuō)教程各章文本高級(jí)英語(yǔ)視聽(tīng)說(shuō)教程各章文本和練習(xí)答案1-9篇Chapter1Napoleon：FromSchoolboytoEmperorNapoleonwasaFrenchsoldierwhobecameemperorofFrance.Hewasbornin1769ontheislandofCorsica.Whenhewasonly10yearsold,hisfathersenthimtomilitaryschoolinFrance.N.wasn’taverygoodstudentinmostofhisclasses,butheexcelledinmathematicsandmilitaryscience.Whenhewas16yearsold,hejoinedtheFrencharmy.Inthatyearhebeganthemilitarycareerthatbroughthimfame,power,riches,and,finally,defeat.N.becameageneralintheFrencharmyattheyoungageof24.Severalyearslater,hebecametheemperoroftheFrenchpireN.wasmanythings.Hewas,firstofall,abrilliantmilitaryleader.Hissoldierswerereadytodieforhim.Asaresult,N.wonmany,manymilitaryvictories.AtonetimehecontrolledmostofEurope,butmanycountries,includingEngland,Russia,andAustriafoughtfiercelyagainsthim.Hisdefeat–hisend–camewhenhedecidedtoattackRussia.InthismilitarycampaignagainstRussia,helostmostofhisarmy.ThegreatFrenchconquerordiedalone--desertedbyhisfamilyandfriends–in1821.N.wasonly51yearsoldwhenhedied.PostlisteningA.TheComprehensionCheck1.RecognizingInformationandCheckingAccuracy1.WhenwasNapoleonborn?(a)2.WhatkindofstudentwasNapoleoninmostofhisclasses?(d)3.WhatdidNapoleon'smilitarycareerbringhim?(d)4.WhendidNapoleonbecomeemperoroftheFrenchEmpire?(d)5.OnereasonthatNapoleonwonmanymilitaryvictorieswasthathissoldierswerereadytofighttothedeathforhim.(T)6.AustriaandRussiafoughtfiercelyagainstNapoleon,butEnglanddidnot.(FEnglandalsofoughtagainsthim.)7.ManyofNapoleon'sfamilyandfriendswerewithhimwhenhedied.(FHediedaloneanddesertedbyhisfamilyandfriends.)8.Napoleondiedbeforehereachedtheageof52.(T)ListeningFactoid#1ThecauseofNapoleon'sdeathattheageof51ontheislandofSt.Helenaisstillamystery.Thereisnodoubtthataverysickmanatthetimeofhisdeath.Onetheoryaboutthecauseofhisdeathisthathehadstomachcancer.Anothertheoryisthathewasdeliberatelypoisonedbyaservant.Thisthirdtheorysuggeststhathewaspoisoned,butnotbyhisservant.Thisthirdtheorysuggeststhatthathewaspoisoned,accidentallybyfumesfromthewallpaperwereanalyzedandtracesofarsenicwerefoundinit.ArsenicispowerfulpoisonthatwasusedinsomeofthedyesinwallpaperduringthetimethatNapoleonlived.Morethan170yearsafterhisdeath,peoplearestillspeculatingaboutthecauseofhisdeath.ListeningFactoid#21.Tenpeoplewhospeakmakemorenoisethan10,000whoaresilent.2.Inpolitics,stupidityisnotahandicap.3.Amanwillfightharderforhisintereststhanforhisrights.4.Menofgeniusaremeteorsintendedtoburntolighttheircentury.5.Iknow,whenitisnecessary,howtoleavetheskinoftheliontotaketheskinofthefox.6.Historyistheversionofpasteventsthatpeoplehavedecidedtoagreeupon.7.Itissuccesswhichmakesgreatmen.tenandFoundTodaymanypeoplewholiveinlargemetropolitanareassuchasParisandNewYorkleavethecityinthesummer.Theygotothemountainsortotheseashoretoescapethecitynoiseandheat.Over2,000yearsago,manyrichRomansdidthesamething.TheyleftthecityofRomeinthesummer.ManyofthesewealthyRomansspenttheirsummersinthecityofPompeii.P.wasabeautifulcity;itwaslocatedontheocean,ontheBayofNaples.Intheyear79C.E.,ayoungboywholaterbecameaveryfamousRomanhistorianwasvisitinghisuncleinP..Theboy’snamewasPlinytheYounger.OnedayPlinywaslookingupatthesky.Hesawafrighteningsight.Itwasaverylargedarkcloud.Thisblackcloudrosehighintothesky.Rockandashflewthroughtheair.WhatPlinysawwastheeruption–theexplosion--ofthevolcano,Vesuvius.ThecityofP.wasatthefootofMt.V..Whenthevolcanofirsterupted,manypeoplewereabletofleethecityandtoescapedeath.Infact,18,000peopleescapedtheterribledisaster.Unfortunately,therewasnotenoughtimeforeveryonetoescape.Morethan2,000peopledied.Theseunluckypeoplewereburiedaliveunderthevolcanicash.Theeruptionlastedforabout3days.Whentheeruptionwasover,P.wasburiedunder20feetofvolcanicrockandash.ThecityofP.wasburiedandforgottenfor1,700years.Intheyearof1748anItalianfarmerwasdiggingonhisfarm.Ashewasdigging,heuncoveredapartofawalloftheancientcityofP..Soonarchaeologistsbegantoexcavate–todig--inthearea.Astimewentby,muchoftheancientcityofP.wasuncovered.TodaytouristsfromallovertheworldcometoseetheruinsofthefamouscityofPompeii.PostlisteningA.TheComprehensionCheck1.RecognizingInformationandCheckingAccuracy1.AtwhattimeoftheyeardidwealthyRomansliketovisitPompeii?(inthesummertime)2.InwhatyeardidPlinypayavisittohisuncle/shouseinPompeii?(in79C.E.)3.WhatdidPlinyseewhenhewaslookingoutovertheBayofNaplesoneday?(alargedarkcloud)4.WherewasPompeiilocatedinrelationtoMt.Vesuvius?(PompeiiwaslocatedatthefootofMt.Vesuvius.)5.WhendidanItalianfarmerdiscoverapartofanancientwallofPompeii?{in1748)6.RomewaslocatedatthefootofMt.Vesuvius.(FPompeiiwaslocatedatthefootofMt.Vesuvius.)7.MostofthepeopleofPompeiiwereabletofleethecityandtoescapedeath.(T)8.Pompeiiwasburiedundertwofeetofvolcanicash.(FPompeiiwasburiedunder20feetofvolcanicash.)9.Pompeiilayburiedandforgottenbetween79C.E.and1748.(T)10.TheItalianfarmerwaslookingfortheancientcityofPompeii.(FThefarmerwasdiggingonhisfarm.)11.TouristscometoexcavatethecityofPompeii,(FTouristscometoseetheruinsoftheancientcityofPompeii.)ctoidInanAustralianpilotpreventedhisplaneformbeingshotdownbyflakformavolcanoTheplanewasflyingoveravolcanoinPapua,NewGuineawhenthevolcanosuddenlyerupted.Itsentashandflak36,000feetintotheair.Bitsofstonepoundedagainsttheplane’swingsandfuselage,butthepilotkeptcontrolandflewtheplanetosafety.Incidentally,almost3,000peopleonthegrounddiedasaresultoftheeruptionofthisvolcano.ctoidytheYoungersawtheeruptionofMountVesuviusformadistanceOnthedayoftheeruption,theboy’sunclePlinytheElderwasincommandofaRomanfleetwhichwasnotfarofftheshoreofPompeii.OnseeingtheremarkableeruptionofMtVesuvius,PlinytheElder,whowasagreatnaturalist,sailedtoshoretotakealookattheeruptionofthemountain.Onhisapproachtotheshore,hewasmetbyashowerofhotcinderswhichgrewthickerandhotterasheadvancedHefinallylandedontheshore,andwenttoahouseawayformthebeachHeevenwenttosleep,butlaterinthenight,theservantswokehimup.BythenthehousehadbeguntorocksoviolentlythatPlinyandeveryoneinhishouseholdleftthehouseandwenttowardthebeachtoescape.Tyingpillowcasesontheirheadsandusingtorchestolighttheway,theygropedtheirwaytothebeachButitwastoolateforPlinytheElder.Apparently,hebecametiredandlaydownonthegroundtorest.Butwhenhelaydownontheground,hedied.Hisdeathwasprobablyduetocarbondioxidepoisoning.SinceCO2isheavierthanair,ithugsthegroundandmakesitimpossibletobreathewhenoneisclosetothegroundItislikelythatothersintheareaalsodiedofcarbondioxidepoisoningiftheylaydowntorestonthegroundbelowMt.Vesuvius.Chapter3LanceArmstrong:SurvivorandWinnerLanceArmstrongwasbornonSeptember18,1971inasuburbofDallas,Texas,calledPlano.Lancebeganrunningandswimmingcompetitivelywhenhewasonly10yearsold.Bythetimehewas13,hewascompetingintriathlonsandwontheIronKidsTriathlon.Lance’smother,whoraisedL.mostlybyherself,recognizedandencouragedhiscompetitivespirit.Duringhissenioryearinhighschool,L.wasinvitedtotrainwiththeUSOlympiccyclingdevelopmentalteaminColorado.Fromthattimeon,L.focusedcompletelyoncycling.By1991,L.wastheUSNationalAmateurChampion.Healsowon2majornationalracesthesameyear--evenbeatingsomeprofessionalcyclists.Althoughhewasgenerallydoingverywell,L.hadhisupsanddowns.In1992,hewasexpectedtodoverywellattheBarcelonaOlympics,butfinishedin14thplace.Thiswasabigdisappointment.L.gotoverthedisappointmentanddecidedtoturnprofessional.Inhisfirstprofessionalrace,the1992ClassicoSanSebastian,heendedupfinishingdeadlast,27minutesbehindthewinner.L.’smothercontinuedtoencourageL.throughhisdifficulttimes.ThingswentmuchbetterforL.inthefollowingyears.In1993,hewastheyoungestpersontowintheWorldRaceChampionships.Inthesameyear,heenteredtheTourdeFranceforthefirsttime.Hewononestageoftherace,butdroppedoutoftheracebeforefinishing.In1995,heevenwontheClassicoS.S.,theracehehadfinishedlastin,in1992.L.alsowonthemostimportantUStournament,theTourduPont,2times,inboth1995and1996.By1996,L.wasranked7thamongcyclistsintheworld,andhesigneda2-yearcontractwithaFrenchracingteam.Atthattime,everythingwaslookingverygoodforL.A..However,everythingchangeddramaticallyanddrasticallyinOctoberof1996,shortlyafterhis25thbirthday.Atthistime,L.wasdiagnosedwithadvancedcancerthathadalreadyspreadtohisbrainandlungs.Healmostimmediatelyunderwent2cancersurgeries.Afterthese2surgeries,hewasgivena50-50chanceofsurvivalashebegananaggressive3-monthcourseofchemotherapy.ThechemotherapyleftL.veryweak,butthetreatmentworkedwell.Quitesoonafter,L.wasdeclaredfreeofcancer.L.returnedtocyclingandtrainingonly5monthsafterhewasinitiallydiagnosedwithcancer.Hevowedhewouldreturntocompetitivecyclingbetterthanever.However,hisFrenchcyclingteamdroppedL.fromtheteam.Theydidn’tbelievethatL.wouldeverbeabletoreturntohisformerlevelofstrengthandendurance.FortunatelytheUSPostalServiceTeambecamehisnewsponsor.WiththesupportoftheUSPostalServiceTeam,L.returnedtoracingin1998.Afteroneparticularlybaddayduringoneofhisraces,L.pulledoveranddecidedhewasdonewithracing.However,afterspendingtimewithhisreallygoodcyclingfriends,L.returnedtoracing,andagainhewasoffagaininpursuitofcyclingvictories!L.’sbigcomebackwasmarkedbyhisvictoryatthe1999TourdeFrance.L.repeatedthisfeatintheyears2000,2001,2002,2003and2004,foratotalof6consecutivevictoriesintheTourdeFrance,themostprestigiousandthemostgruelingofallcyclingcontests.L.s’TourdeFrancerecordmayneverbebeatenorevenmatched.Interestingly,L.wastheyoungestpersontowintheWorldCyclingChampionshipsin1993andtheoldestpersonevertowintheTourdeFrancein2004!Inadditiontohisamazingathleticperformance,L.A.hasestablishedtheL.A.Foundation,whichisdevotedtoprovidinginformationaboutcancerandsupporttocancervictims.HehasalsowrittenabookabouthislifeandwinningtheTdF,calledEverySecondCounts,andforL.,everysecondhascounted.L.A.givesalotofcreditforhissuccesstohismother,whoseindependentspiritandsupportforL.inspiredhimtoovercomealloflife’sobstacles,bothonandofftheracetrack.Lance,inreturn,hasprovidedinspirationtomany,forhiscourage–bothathleticandpersonal.PostlisteningA.TheComprehensionCheck1.RecognizingInformationandCheckingAccuracy1.HowoldwasLancewhenhebeganrunningandswimmingcompetitively?(b)2.WhichsportscontestdidLancewinwhenhewas13yearsold?(b)3.HowoldwasLancewhenhewasdiagnosedwithadvancedcancer?(c)4.WhatchanceforsurvivalwasLancegivenafterheunderwenttwosurgeries?(c)5.WhowasLance'ssponsorwhenhewontheTourdeFrancein1999?(d)6.WhatisthenameofthebookthatLancewrotethatismentionedinthelecture?b)7.Lauce’scancerhadalreadyspreadtohislungsandbrainbeforeitwasdiagnoised?(T)8.Lauce’sFrenchteamdroppedLaucebecausetheydidn’tthinkhewouldeverreturntohisformerlevelofstrengthandendurance.(T)9.LaucewontheClassicoSanSebastiantwotimes.(FHelostthefirsttimeandwonthesecondtime.)10.LauceistheonlycyclisttowintheTourdeFrancefivetimesconsecutively.(FLauceistheonlypersontowintheTourdeFrancesixtimesconsecutively.)Listeningfactoid#1Amazinglyenough,thebicycleisamoreefficientmeanoftransportationthananyothermethodoftraveling.Ittakesmuchlessenergytobicycleonemilethanitdoestowalkonemile.Infact,itcantakeuptofivetimesasmuchenergytowalkamilethantobicycleamile.Ifwecomparetheamountofenergyahumanbeingusestobicyclethreemiles,orabout5kilometers,wefindthisamountofenergywouldpoweracarforonlyabout278feet,or85meters.Listeningfactoid#2AccordingtoProfessorSteveJones,thethreemostimportantinventionsinthehistoryofmankindwerefire,speech,andthebicycle.Hesaysthattheinventionoffirefreedhumanbeingfromthepowerofclimate,dangerousanimals,andmonotonousdiets.Theinventionofspeechmeantthathumanbeingscouldbegintobuildcivilization.Andtheinventionofthebicycle–bywhichhereallymeanserntransportationingeneralmeantthatgroupsofhumanbeingswerenolongerisolatedbutcouldtravelgreatdistances.Beingabletotravelmuchmorefreelymeantthattherecouldneveragainbemorethanonespeciesofhumanbeingsastherehadbeeninancienttimes.apterTheInternetHowitWorksTheInternetconsistsofmillionsofcomputers,alllinkedtogetherintoagiganticnetwork.NoweverycomputerthatisconnectedtotheInternetispartofthisnetworkandcancommunicatewithanyotherconnectedcomputer.Inordertocommunicatewitheachother,thesecomputersareequippedwithspecialcommunicationsoftware.ToconnecttotheInternet,theuserinstructsthecomputer’scommunicationsoftwaretocontacttheInternetServiceProvider,orISP.NowanInternetServiceProvider,orISP,isacompanythatprovidesInternetservicetoindividuals,organizations,orcompanies,usuallyforamonthlycharge.LocalISPsconnecttolargerISPs,whichinturnconnecttoevenlargerISPs.Ahierarchyofnetworksisformed.Andthishierarchyissomethinglikeapyramid,withlotsofsmallnetworksatthebottom,andfewerbutlargernetworksmovingupthepyramid.But,amazingly,thereisnoonesinglecontrollingnetworkatthetop.Instead,therearedozensofhigh-levelnetworks,whichagreetoconnectwitheachother.ItisthroughthisprocessthateveryoneontheInternetisabletoconnectwitheveryoneelseontheInternet,nomatterwhereheorsheisintheworld.Howdoesinformationthatleavesonecomputertravelthroughallofthesenetworks,andarrivesatitsdestination,anothercomputer,inafractionofasecond?Theprocessdependsonrouters.Nowroutersarespecializedcomputerswhosejobistodirecttheinformationthroughthenetworks.Thedata,orinformation,inane-mailmessage,aWebpage,orafileisfirstbrokendownintotinypackets.Eachofthesepacketshastheaddressofthesenderandofthereceiver,andinformationonhowtoputthepacketsbacktogether.EachofthesepacketsisthensentoffthroughtheInternet.Andwhenapacketreachesarouter,therouterreadsitsdestinationaddress.Andtherouterthendecidesthebestroutetosendthepacketonitswaytoitsdestination.Allthepacketsmighttakethesamerouteortheymightgodifferentroutes.Finally,whenallthepacketsreachtheirdestination,theyareputbackintothecorrectorder.Tohelpyouunderstandthisprocess,I’mgoingtoaskyoutothinkofthesepacketsofinformationaselectronicpostcards.Nowimaginethatyouwanttosendafriendabook,butyoucansenditonlyaspostcards.First,youwouldhavetocupupeachofthepagesofthebooktothesizeofthepostcards.Next,youwouldneedtowriteyouraddressandtheaddressofyourfriendoneachofthesepostcards.Youwouldalsoneedtonumberthepostcardssothatyourfriendcouldputtheminthecorrectorderafterhereceivesthepostcards.Aftercompletingthesesteps,youwouldputallthepostcardsinthemail.Youwouldhavenowaytoknowhoweachpostcardtraveledtoreachyourfriend.Somemightgobytruck,somebytrain,somebyplane,somebyboat.Somemightgobyall4ways.Nowalongtheway,manypostalagentsmaylookattheaddressesonthepostcardsinordertodecidethebestroutetosendthemoffontoreachtheirdestination.Thepostcardswouldprobablyarriveatdifferenttimes.Butfinally,afterallofthepostcardshadarrived,yourfriendwouldbeabletoputthembackinthecorrectorderandreadthebook.NowthisisthesamewaythatinformationissentovertheInternetusingthenetworkofrouters,butofcourseithappensmuch,muchfaster!PostlisteningA.TheComprehensionCheck1.RecognizingInformationandCheckingAccuracy1.WhatistheInternet?(d)2.Whatisarouter?(c)3.WhatiscarriedoneverytinypacketofinformationthattravelsthroughtheInternet?(d)4.Whatisaroutercomparedtointhelecture?(b)5.TheInternetiscontrolledbyonegiganticISP.(FThereisnoonecontrollingnetworkatthetop)6.Routerscansendthepacketsofinformationinonee-mailmassageovermanydifferentroutestotheirdestination.(T)7.ThelecturercomparesthetinypacketsofinformationthattravelthroughtheInternettoelectronicpostcards.(T)Listeningfactoid#1JeffHancock,ascientistatCornellUniversity,asked30studentstokeepacommunicationdiaryforaweek.Thestudentswrotedownthenumbersofconversationstheyhadeitherface-to-faceoronthetelephoneandthenumberofe-mailexchangestheyhad,bothregulare-mailsandinstantmessages,thatlastedmorethan10minutes.Theyalsowrotedownthenumberofliestheyhadtoldineachconversationore-mailexchange.WhenJeffHancockanalyzedthestudents’communicationrecords,hefoundthatliesmadeup14percentofe-mails,21percentofinstantmessages,27percentofface-to-faceconversations,and37percentofphonecalls.Hisfindingssurprisedsomepsychologists,whothoughtitwouldbeeasiertolieine-mailthaninreal-timeconversations.Oneexplanationisthatpeoplearelesslikelytoliewhentherewillbearecordoftheirlies,suchasinane-mail.Listeningfactoid#2Ifyouhaveane-mailaccount,youhavenodoubtbeenspammed.Thatis,youhavereceivedunsolicitede-mailfromsomeoneyoudon’tknow,someonewhoisusuallytryingtosellyousomething!Mostpeoplesaythattheyhatespam.Formanypeople,spammailisjustanuisance,butforbusinessesit’sveryexpensive,astheiremployeewasteconsiderableworkingtimegoingthroughanddeletingspan.AccordingtoMessageLabs,acompanythatprovidese-mailsecurity,76%oftheworld’se-mailisspamanditcostsbusinessesapproximately$12billiondollarsayear.AccordingtoasurveybyCommtouchSoftware,anotheranti-spamcompany,inthelastfewmonthsthenumberofspamattacksincreasedby43%.Theirreportpredictsthatwithintwoyears8%ofalle-mailwillbespam!Chapter5Language:HowChildrenAcquireTheirsWhatI’dlietotalktoyouabouttodayisthetopicofchildlanguagedevelopment.Iknowthatyouallaretryingtodevelopasecondlanguage,butforamoment,let’sthinkaboutarelatedtopic,andthatis:Howchildrendeveloptheirfirstlanguage.Whatdoweknowabouthowbabiesdeveloptheirlanguageandcommunicationability?Well,weknowbabiesareabletocommunicateassoonastheyareborn―evenbeforetheylearntospeaktheirfirstlanguage.Atfirst,theycommunicatebycrying.Thiscryingletstheirparentsknowwhentheyarehungry,orunhappy,oruncomfortable.However,theysoonbegintheprocessofacquiringtheirlanguage.Thefirststateoflanguageacquisitionbeginsjustafewweeksafterbirth.Atthisstage,babiesstarttomakecooingnoiseswhentheyarehappy.Then,aroundfourmonthsofagetheybegintobabble.Babiesallovertheworldbegintobabblearoundthesameage,andtheyallbegintomakethesamekindsofbabblingnoises.Now,bythetimetheyaretenmonthsold,however,thebabblingofbabiesfromdifferentlanguagebackgroundssoundsdifferent.Forexample,thebabblingofababyinaChinese-speakinghomesoundsdifferentfromthebabblingofababyinanEnglish-speakinghome.Babiesbeginanewstageoflanguagedevelopmentwhentheybegintospeaktheirfirstwords.Atfirst,theyinventtheirownwordsforthings.Forexample,ababyinanEnglish-speakinghomemaysay“baba”fortheword“bottle”or“kiki”for“cat.”Inthenextfewmonths,babieswillacquirealotofwords.Thesewordsareusuallythenamesofthingsthatareinthebaby’senvironment,wordsforfoodortoys,forexample.Theywillbegintousethesewordstocommunicatewithothers.Forexample,ifababyholdsupanemptyjuicebottleandthensays“juice,”tohisfather,thebabyseemstobesaying,“Iwantmorejuice,Daddy”or“MayIhavemorejuice,Daddy?”Thisword“juice”isreallyaone-wordsentence.Now,thenextstageoflanguageacquisitionbeginsaroundtheageof18months,whenthebabiesbegintosaytwo-wordsentences.Theybegintouseakindofgrammartoputthesewordstogether.Thespeechtheyproduceiscalled“telegraphic”speechbecausethebabiesomitallbutthemostessentialwords.AnEnglish-speakingchildmightsaysomethinglike“Daddy,up”whichactuallycouldmean“Daddy,pickmeup,please.”Then,betweentwoandthreeyearsofage,youngchildrenbegintolearnmoreandmoregrammar.Forexample,theybegintousethepasttenseofverbs.Thechildrenbegintosaythingssuchas“Iwalkedhome”and“IkissedMommy.”Theyalsobegintoovergeneralizethisnewgrammarruleandmakealogofgrammarmistakes.Forexample,childrenoftensaysuchthinsas“Igoedtobed”insteadof“Iwenttobed,”or“Ieatedicecream”insteadof“Iateicecream.”Inotherwords,thechildrenhavelearnedthepasttenseruleforregularverbssuchas“walk”and“kiss,”buttheyhaven’tlearnedthattheycannotusethisruleforallverbs.Someverbslike“eat”areirregular,andthepasttenseformsforirregularverbsmustbelearnedindividually.Anyway,thesemistakesarenormal,andthechildrenwillsoonlearntousethepasttenseforregularandirregularverbscorrectly.Thechildrenthencontinuetolearnothergrammaticalstructuresinthesameway.Ifwestoptothinkaboutit,actuallyit’squiteamazinghowquicklybabiesandchildrenallovertheworldlearntheirlanguageandhowsimilartheprocessisforbabiesallovertheworld.Doyourememberanythingabouthowyoulearnedyourfirstlanguageduringtheearlyyearsofyourlife?Thinkabouttheprocessforaminute.Whatwasyourfirstword?Wasit“mama”ormaybe“papa”?NowthinkalsoabouttheprocessoflearningEnglishasasecondlanguage.CanyourememberthefirstwordyoulearnedinEnglish?Idoubtthatitwas“mama.”Now,thinkaboutsomeofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinvolvedintheprocessesofchildandadultlanguagelearning.We’lltalkaboutsomesimilaritiesanddifferencesinthefirstandsecondlanguagelearningprocessestomorrow.Seeyouthen.PostlisteningA.TheComprehensionCheck1.RecognizingInformationandCheckingAccuracy1.Atwhatagedobabiesbegintocommunicate?(a)2.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleof“telegraphic”speech?(b)3.Atwhatagedochildrenbegintousethepasttense?(c)4.Atfourmonthsofagethebabblingofbabiessoundsthesameallovertheworld.T)5.Ababy’sfirstwordsareusuallywordsthatheorsheinverts.(T)6.Achildusesonlyvocabularyandnogrammarbeforeabouttwoyearsofage.(FHe/sheactuallyusedakindofgrammarinmakingtwo-wordsentencesatabout18monthsofage.)7.Childrenprobablysay“Igoed”insteadof“Iwent”becausetheyheartheirparentssaythis.(FChildrensay“Igoed”insteadof“Iwent”becausetheyareovergeneralizingthegrammarrulefortheregularpasttenseverbstotheirregularverb“go.”)ListeningFactoid#1Haveyoueverwonderedaboutwhattheworld'soriginallanguagewas?Orwhetherchildrenwouldbegintospeakiftheyneverheardlanguage?Well,morethan2,500yearsago,anEgyptianpharaohaskedhimselfthesamequestions.Hehadtheideathatchildrenwhodidn'thearadultsspeakinganylanguagewouldbegintospeaktheworld's"originallanguage."Sohehadtwonewbornbabiesofpoorparentstakenawayfromthem.Hegavethebabiestoashepherdtotakecareof.Noonewasallowedtospeaktothem.Abouttwoyearslater,theshepherdreportedtothepharaohthatthechildrenweremakingasoundlike"bekos."Thissound"bekos"soundedlikethewordforbreadinthePhrygianlanguage,sothepharaohconcludedthatPhrygianwastheoriginallanguageintheworld.Therewasonlyoneproblemwiththepharaoh'sconclusion.Heoverlookedthefactthat"bekos"soundedverymuchlikethenoisethatsheepmake!Listeningfactoid#2Doyouknowthatgrownupsusebabytalk?Why?TohelpbabieslearntospeakDavidSacks,alinguist,saysthat,"babiesintheirfirstyearoflifelearntospeak-firstinbabytalk,thenwiththerudimentsofgenuinevocabulary-byimitatingthespeechsoundstheyheararoundthem.(Oftenthesesoundsareaddressedtothebabyinanexaggerated,singsongform;forexample,"Howdidy