2023新北師大版高中英語(yǔ)選擇性必修三全冊(cè)課文翻譯（英漢對(duì)照）

（北師大版）高中英語(yǔ)選擇性必修三課文及翻譯Unit7Lesson1EQ:IQ第一課EQ:IQSuccessComeswithaHighEQ

MoststudentsdoanIQ(IntelligenceQuotient)testearlyintheirschoollife.Eveniftheyneverseetheirresults,theyfeelthattheirIQiswhatdetermineshowwelltheyaregoingtodoinlife.Whentheyseeotherstudentsdoingbetterthanthem,theyusuallybelievethatthosestudentshaveahigherIQandthatthereisnothingtheycandotochangetheirsituation.However,newresearchintoEQ(EmotionalQuotient)suggeststhatsuccessisnotsimplytheresultofahighIQ.大多數(shù)學(xué)生會(huì)在學(xué)生生涯早期做智商測(cè)試。即使從未看到過(guò)測(cè)試結(jié)果，他們也認(rèn)為是智商決定了自己日后生活中的表現(xiàn)。當(dāng)看到其他學(xué)生比自己優(yōu)秀，他們通常會(huì)認(rèn)為那些學(xué)生智商更高，無(wú)論做什么也改變不了自身這一劣勢(shì)。然而，最新的情商研究表明，成功并不僅僅是高智商的結(jié)果。WhileyourIQtellsyouhowintelligentyouare,yourEQtellsyouhowwellyouuseyourintelligence.ProfessorSalovey,whoinventedthetermEQ,givesthefollowingdescription:atwork,itisIQthatgetsyouemployed,butitisEQthatgetsyoupromoted.Supportedbyhisresearch,ProfessorSaloveysuggeststhatwhenpredictingsomeone’sfuturesuccess,theircharacter,asmeasuredbyEQtests,mightactuallymattermorethantheirIQ.智商表明你到底有多聰明，而情商表明你如何善用智慧。最先使用情商一詞的沙洛維教授這樣描述：幫你找到工作的是智商，但讓你升職的是情商。在其研究的基礎(chǔ)上，沙洛維教授建議，在預(yù)測(cè)某人未來(lái)的成功時(shí)，由情商測(cè)定的性格實(shí)際上可能比智商更重要。ProfessorSaloveymaybecorrect.Forexample,haveyoueverwonderedwhysomeofthesmarteststudentsinyourclass,whoyouthinkdeservegoodgrades,sometimesendupfailingexams?PerhapstheirfailureisbecauseoftheirlowerEQ.PeopleareoftenmistakeninthinkingthatthosewithhighIQsalwayshavehighEQsaswell.Thisassociationcanexist,butitisjustaspossibleforsomeonewithalowIQtohaveahighEQorsomeonewithahighIQtohavealowEQ.

沙洛維教授或許是對(duì)的。舉個(gè)例子，你有沒(méi)有想過(guò)，為什么班里那些最聰明的學(xué)生，那些你認(rèn)為本應(yīng)取得好成績(jī)的學(xué)生，有時(shí)卻考試不及格?也許他們的失敗是因?yàn)榍樯梯^低。人們常誤以為高智商的人也同樣擁有高情商。這種關(guān)聯(lián)可能存在，但同樣也有可能低智商擁有高情商，或者高智商的人擁有低情商。ItisgenerallybelievedthatpeoplewithhighEQsareopentonewideasandhavepositiveattitudestowardslife.Theyarealsolesslikelytobetroubledbyinternalproblems.Ontheotherhand,thereislittledoubtthatpeoplewithlowEQsoftenhaveproblemsgettingonwithotherpeopleanddealingwithdifficultsituations;hencetheyhaveahardertimeadjustinginlifeandintheircareers.人們普遍認(rèn)為，情商高的人容易接納新思想，對(duì)待生活積極樂(lè)觀，很少為自身問(wèn)題所困擾。另一方面，情商低的人毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)往往在與人相處、解決困難方面存在問(wèn)題。因此，他們適應(yīng)生活和職業(yè)生涯中的變化也就更困難。Peoplegenerallybelievethataperson’sIQisdeterminedbybirth.However,mostsocialscientistsagreethatEQhasalottodowitheducation.Somearetryingtostudythepossibilityofimprovingaperson’sEQ,especiallyintermsof“peoplekills”,suchasunderstandingandcommunication.人們普遍認(rèn)為人的智商是一出生就決定了的。然而，大多數(shù)社會(huì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，情商與教育有很大關(guān)系。一些科學(xué)家正試圖研究提升情商的可能性，特別是“人際技能”方面，例如：理解和溝通。ProfessorMayer,recognisedbymanyasaleadingexpertinthestudyofchangestopeople’sEQs,recentlyannouncedtheresultsofastudyonseniorsecondaryschoolstudents.Whenstudentswereintroducedtothosewhohaddisabilities,theyfoundthat,afterwards,thenon-disabledstudentsweremorewillingtohelppeoplewithdifficulties.Comparedtostudentswhohadnotbeeninvolvedinthestudy,theyalsoshowedabetterunderstandingofthedisabledstudents’feelings.Therewasalsoanobviouschangeinthedisabledstudents’attitudes.Theybecamemorepositiveaboutlifeandmorewillingtotrynewthings.梅爾教授是公認(rèn)的人類情商變化研究領(lǐng)域的頂級(jí)專家，他最近公布了一項(xiàng)針對(duì)高中生的研究結(jié)果。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，介紹學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)有殘障的學(xué)生之后，這些身體健全的學(xué)生會(huì)更愿意幫助殘障人士。與未參與這一研究的學(xué)生相比，他們能更好地理解殘障學(xué)生的感受。同時(shí)，殘障學(xué)生的態(tài)度也發(fā)生了明顯的變化，他們對(duì)待生活更加積極，更愿意嘗試新事物。Altogether,theresultsofstudiesshowthatEQisasimportant,ifnotmoreimportantthanIQ.Togetaheadintheworldandleadahappysuccessfulliferequiresgettingonwellwithotherpeopleandbeingabletounderstandandreacttosituationsinthebestwaypossible.AhighEQisnecessaryforthis—thehigherthebetter.AndthefactthatitmightbepossibletoraiseEQsmeansthatschoolsneedtomakesurethattheirstudentsarereceivinganeducationtheyreallyneed,notsolelybasedonIQbutondevelopingtheentirecharacter.總之，一系列研究表明情商即使不比智商更重要，至少也是同等重要。要在這個(gè)世界上出人頭地，過(guò)上快樂(lè)又成功的生活，必須要與他人融洽相處，并能夠以最好的方式理解和應(yīng)對(duì)各種狀況。要做到這些高情商必不可少，而且是越高越好。此外，情商是可以后天提高的，這就意味著學(xué)校需要確保學(xué)生接受真正所需的教育，是全人發(fā)展的教育，而不僅僅是基于智商的教育。Lesson3MeettheNewBoss:You第三課

遇見(jiàn)新老板：你Upuntilthe1980s,peopleinmanycountriesregularlyfollowedintheirparents’footstepsbyworkinginthefamilybusinessorjoiningthesameprofessionasthem.You’dfollowyourfathertosea,ontothefarmorintotheworkshop.You’dfollowyourmotherintothekitchenorsewingroom.Inyourgrandparents’time,therewastheprospectofdoingthesamejobfromgraduationuntilretirement.Howtimeshavechanged!Mostpeoplenowhavenointentionoffollowingintheirparents’footstepsorevenstayingatonejobforverylong.一直到20世紀(jì)80年代，在很多國(guó)家人們往往子承父業(yè)，參與家族生意，或選擇與父母從事同一職業(yè)。你可能會(huì)像父親一樣出海、去農(nóng)場(chǎng)、進(jìn)車(chē)間，也可能會(huì)像媽媽一樣進(jìn)廚房、去縫紉室。在你祖父母的時(shí)代，人們的預(yù)期是從畢業(yè)到退休都做同樣的工作?，F(xiàn)在時(shí)代變了!如今大多數(shù)人不再想子承父業(yè)，甚至不愿長(zhǎng)時(shí)間做同一份工作。Infact,planningtoworkinthesamefieldorindustryforyourentireworkinglifejustisn’tpracticalanymore.Onereasonforthisistechnology.Theskillsyouhavenowareunlikelytoremainrelevantandbeenoughtohelpyouthroughyourentirecareer.Infact,theywillprobablybeoutofdateverysoon.Andthenwhatwillyoudo?Workhard?Winthelottery?Hopeforthebest?Youmightbelucky.Thesestrategiesmightbringyouanice,comfortablelife:workingatajobyoulike,earningadecentsalaryandretiringwhileyou’restillyoungandhealthy.Butmostofustodayhavetolookbeyondthelittleboxcalled“career”.事實(shí)上，在同一個(gè)領(lǐng)域、同一行業(yè)工作一輩子的想法已經(jīng)不現(xiàn)實(shí)了。其中一個(gè)原因是技術(shù)進(jìn)步。你現(xiàn)在擁有的工作技能不可能一直有用，也不足以支撐你的整個(gè)職業(yè)生涯。事實(shí)上，這些技能可能很快就會(huì)過(guò)時(shí)，然后你會(huì)怎么做？努力地工作？中彩票？盡量往好處想？你可能會(huì)運(yùn)氣不錯(cuò)。這些做法可能會(huì)帶來(lái)美好舒適的生活：從事一項(xiàng)自己喜歡的工作，掙著一份體面的薪水，退休時(shí)還年富力強(qiáng)。但是，今天我們大多數(shù)人都必須跳出“職業(yè)生涯”這個(gè)小框來(lái)看待問(wèn)題。Ifyouthinkyoucanworkeighthoursadayandbuildacareer,thinkagain.Youmightbeabletokeepyourjobifyoufinishwhatyouareaskedtodo,butthisishardlyarecipeforgreatcareersuccess.Instead,you’dbetterkeeplookingforsmarterwaystodoyourwork.You’llneedtobearisktaker,aninnovator,aproblemsolver,andahardworker.Keepdoingthis,andyoucanbecomeanexpertoraspecialistinsomethingoneday.Youhaveachancetochoosetobuildacareer,ratherthanbeingtoldtostayortogo.如果以為一天工作8個(gè)小時(shí)就可以成就一番事業(yè)，那么你得重新想想了。完成別人安排的任務(wù)，也許可以保住你的工作，但絕不是取得巨大職業(yè)成就的方法。相反，最好要不斷尋找更巧妙的工作方法，要成為一個(gè)冒險(xiǎn)者、一個(gè)創(chuàng)新者、一個(gè)問(wèn)題解決者，以及一個(gè)努力工作的人。持之以恒，這樣有一天你才會(huì)成為某個(gè)行業(yè)的專家或?qū)I(yè)人士。你有機(jī)會(huì)去選擇成就一番事業(yè)，而不是讓別人決定自己的去留。Jobsandoccupationscomeandgoatanamazingpacethesedays.Ifyouthinkyoucan’tbereplacedbysoftware,oryourjobcan’tbeoutsourcedtosomerobotsonthemoon,youarewrong.Whatifyourjobdisappearsafterworkingfor10yearsinthefield?Youmayhavetogobacktotheclassroomandberetrainedinordertoqualifytoworkinanotherfield.Infact,inalllikelihood,youwillhavetodothismultipletimes.Butyoucanbepreparedfordevelopmentsandchangesbeforeyouarethrownoutofacareer.Itisentirelyyourchoicetolearn,ortobeforcedtolearn.如今，工作更換、職業(yè)更替的速度驚人。如果認(rèn)為自己不會(huì)被軟件所取代，或者自己的工作不可能外包給月球上的機(jī)器人，那就大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)了。假如自己辛辛苦苦工作了十年的崗位消失了怎么辦？你可能不得不重新回到教室，接受再培訓(xùn)，才能取得在其他領(lǐng)域工作的資格。事實(shí)上，你非常有可能要這樣重復(fù)很多次。但是在被職業(yè)拋棄之前，你可以為未來(lái)的發(fā)展變化做好準(zhǔn)備。選擇主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)還是被迫學(xué)習(xí)，完全取決于你自己。Inshort,ifyouwanttosucceedina21stcenturycareer,youwillhavetodevelopnewessentialskills.Lifetimesecurityfromoneemployerisnolongercertainorevenlikely.Thetruthisthatyouarethebossofyourcareer,anditisuptoyoutodecidewhatyoucandoandhowwellyoucandoit.Areyoureadyforthis?簡(jiǎn)言之，如果你想在21世紀(jì)的職業(yè)生涯中取得成功，就必須培養(yǎng)新的必備技能。從同一個(gè)雇主那里獲得終身職業(yè)保障已不再可能也不再可行。實(shí)際上，你才是自己職業(yè)生涯的老板，也只有你才能決定自己能做什么、能做多好。你準(zhǔn)備好了嗎?Unit8Lesson1TheLastLeaf第一課

最后一片葉子GreenwichVillageisaplacewheretheartpeoplecametogether,huntingforapartmentswithnorth-facingwindowsandlowrents.Atthetopofathree-storybuilding,SueandJohnsyhadtheirstudio.格林威治村是個(gè)藝術(shù)人士聚集的地方，他們?cè)谀抢飳ふ掖皯舫鼻易饨鸬土墓ⅰＬK和約翰西的畫(huà)室就在一座三層樓的頂樓。InNovember,acold,unseenstranger,whomthedoctorscalledPneumonia,arrivedinGreenwichVillage.MrPneumoniaplacedhisicyfingeronJohnsy;andshelay,barelymoving,inherbedstaringatablankwallunderherblanket.十一月的時(shí)候，一個(gè)冷酷無(wú)情、肉眼看不見(jiàn)、醫(yī)生稱之為“肺炎”的不速之客，來(lái)到了格林威治村?！胺窝紫壬卑阉涞氖种阜旁诩s翰西身上，于是她躺在床上，幾乎不動(dòng)，蓋著毯子，眼睛盯著一堵空墻。ThedoctortookSueasideandclaimed,“Shehasonechancein—letussay,ten.Andthatchanceisforhertowanttolive.Trytoencouragehertothinkmorehopefulthoughts,aboutthefuture,aboutliving.”醫(yī)生把蘇拉到一邊，說(shuō)：“她的病只有，這么說(shuō)吧，只有一成希望，這一成希望在于她自己要不要活下去。試著鼓勵(lì)她多想想有希望的事情、想想未來(lái)、想想活下去。”SuetooksomepaperandapenintoJohnsy’sroomandbeganapendrawing,inanattempttoraiseJohnsy’sspirits.Johnsy’seyeswereopen,buttheyweren’twatchingher.Instead,shestaredoutthewindowandcountedbackwards:“Ten,nine,eight,seven...”蘇拿了幾張紙和一支鋼筆來(lái)到約翰西的房間，開(kāi)始畫(huà)鋼筆畫(huà)，試著讓約翰西打起精神。約翰西的眼睛是睜著的，但并沒(méi)有看蘇。相反，她望向窗外，倒數(shù)著：“十，九，八，七……”“Whatareyoucounting,dear?”askedSue.“They’refallingfasternow,”repliedJohnsy.“Threedaysagotherewerealmostahundred.Butnowit’seasy.Thereareonlyfiveleftnow.Fiveleavesontheivyvine.Whenthelastonefalls,Imustgo,too.Didn’tthedoctortellyou?”“你在數(shù)什么啊，親愛(ài)的?”蘇問(wèn)道?！八鼈儸F(xiàn)在掉得更快了，三天前差不多還有一百來(lái)片。現(xiàn)在數(shù)起來(lái)容易了，只剩下五片了。常春藤上有五片葉子。當(dāng)最后一片掉下來(lái)的時(shí)候，我就要離開(kāi)人世了，難道醫(yī)生沒(méi)有說(shuō)嗎?”約翰西回答說(shuō)?！癘h,Ineverheardofsuchnonsense,”quicklyrepliedSue.ButJohnsy’smindwasmadeup.“Iwanttoseethelastonefall.I’mtiredofwaiting.Iwanttogosailingdown,down,justlikeoneofthosepoor,tiredleaves.”“哦，我從未聽(tīng)過(guò)這么荒謬的話?！碧K立刻答到。但是約翰西決心已定。“我想看著最后一片葉子掉下來(lái)，我已經(jīng)等膩了。我想隨風(fēng)而逝，就像一片可憐的、疲倦的藤葉一樣?！薄癟rytosleep,”saidSue.Thenshewenttofetchherneighbour,MrBehrman,tobeamodelforherdrawing.Hewasafailedpainter.In40yearshehadneverproducedthemasterpiecehelongedtopaint.SuetoldhimaboutJohnsy’slongingtoslipawayliketheleaves.Behrmancriedwith

disbelief.“Aretherepeopleintheworldthatfoolishtothinkthey’lldiebecauseleavesdropofffromavine?ThisisnotaplaceinwhichMissJohnsyshallliesick.SomedayIwillpaintamasterpiece,andweshallallgoaway.”“試著睡一會(huì)兒吧，”蘇說(shuō)道。然后她去叫鄰居伯曼先生來(lái)做繪畫(huà)模特。他是個(gè)失敗的畫(huà)手，40年來(lái)，他從未創(chuàng)作出他所渴望的杰作。蘇告訴他約翰西想要像樹(shù)葉一樣流逝。伯曼不可置信地喊道：“世界上竟有這種傻子，認(rèn)為藤葉落掉他們就得死?約翰西小姐實(shí)在不應(yīng)該躺在這里生病?？傆幸惶煳乙?huà)一幅杰作，然后我們就可以離開(kāi)這里?！盉ehrmanandSuelookedoutthewindowatthevineandnoticedthattherewasjustoneremainingleaf.What’smore,acoldrainwasfalling,mixedwithsnow.伯曼和蘇望著窗外的藤蔓，發(fā)現(xiàn)藤枝上只剩下最后一片葉子了。更糟糕的是，外面下起冰冷的雨來(lái)，雨夾著雪。Thenextmorning,Johnsywokeandaskedforthecurtainstobeopened.Oneleafremainedonthevine,bravelyholdingoninthewindandrain.“Itwillfalltoday.AndIwilldiewithit.”第二天早上，約翰西醒來(lái)，讓打開(kāi)窗簾。藤上還留著一片葉子，在風(fēng)雨中勇敢地?fù)沃?。“它今天?huì)掉下來(lái)的，我也會(huì)和它一同死去。”Thefollowingday,Johnsyaskedagainforthecurtainstobeopened.Theleafwasstillthere!又過(guò)了一天，約翰西又讓打開(kāi)窗簾。葉子還在那兒！Johnsylayforalongtimelookingatit.“I’vebeenabadgirl,Sue,”saidJohnsy.“Itisacrimetowanttodie.”Thensheaskedforsomefood.約翰西躺了很久，看著它說(shuō)：“我真是一個(gè)壞姑娘，蘇，不想活下去是罪惡?！奔s翰西說(shuō)，然后她要了些吃的。Intheafternoon,thedoctorvisited,“Evenchances,”saidthedoctor,“withgoodnursing,you’llwin.AndnowImustseeafellowdownstairs,Behrman.Pneumonia,too.Thereisnohopeforhim.”下午，醫(yī)生來(lái)了，“康復(fù)的希望有五成了，只要好好護(hù)理，你會(huì)勝利的?，F(xiàn)在我得去樓下看另一個(gè)病人，貝爾曼先生，也是肺炎。他沒(méi)有希望了?！盩henextday,SuecametoJohnsy’sbed.“Ihavesomethingtotellyou,”shesaid.“MrBehrmandiedtoday.Hewasillforonlytwodays.Thejanitorfoundhimlyinginbedhelplesslywithpainyesterdaymorning.Hisshoesandclothingwerewetthroughandicycold.Theycouldn’timaginewherehehadbeenonsuchaterriblenight.Andthentheyfoundalantern,stilllit,andsomebrushes,and—lookoutthewindow,dear,atthelastivyleafonthewall.Didn’tyouwonderwhyitnevermovedaninchwhenthewindblew?Ah,dear,it’sBehrman’smasterpiece—hepaintedittherethenightwhenthelastleaffell.”再過(guò)了一天，蘇來(lái)到約翰西的床前?！拔矣行┰捯嬖V你?！彼f(shuō)，“伯曼先生今天去世了。他生病只有兩天時(shí)間。昨天早晨，看門(mén)人發(fā)現(xiàn)他無(wú)助地躺在床上，極度痛苦。他的鞋和衣服都濕透了，冰涼冰涼的。他們想不出，在那凄風(fēng)冷雨的夜里，他究竟是到什么地方去了。后來(lái)，他們找到了一盞還亮著的燈籠，還有幾支畫(huà)刷—一親愛(ài)的，看看窗外，墻上最后的那片葉子。你不覺(jué)得奇怪嘛，為什么那片葉子在風(fēng)中一動(dòng)不動(dòng)呢？啊，親愛(ài)的，因?yàn)槟鞘遣慕茏鳌翘焱砩献詈蟮囊黄~子掉落時(shí)，他畫(huà)上去的。”Lesson2PoetryStoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEveningbyRobertFrost(1874-1963)WhosewoodstheseareIthinkIknow.Hishouseisinthevillagethough;HewillnotseemestoppinghereTowatchhiswoodsfillupwithsnow.MylittlehorsemustthinkitqueerlostopwithoutafarmhousenearBetweenthewoodsandfrozenlakeThedarkesteveningoftheyear.HegiveshisharnessbellsashakeToaskifthereissomemistake.Theonlyothersound’sthesweepOfeasywindanddownyflake.Thewoodsarelovely,darkanddeep,ButIhavepromisestokeep,AndmilestogobeforeIsleep,AndmilestogobeforeIsleep.雪夜林畔小駐譯/余光中我想我認(rèn)得這座森林，林主的房子就在前村；卻看不見(jiàn)我在此歇馬，看他林中飄滿的雪景。我的小馬一定很驚訝，周?chē)灰?jiàn)什么人家，竟在一年最暗的黃昏，寒林和冰湖之間停下。馬兒搖響身上的串鈴，問(wèn)我這地方該不該停。此外只有輕風(fēng)拂雪片，再也聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)其他聲音。森林又暗又深真可羨，但是我已經(jīng)有約在先，還要趕多少路才安眠，還要趕多少路才安眠。TheDaffodilsbyWilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)Iwanderedlonelyasacloud,Thatfloatsonhigho’ervalesandhills,WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,Ahost,ofgoldendaffodils;Besidethelake,beneaththetrees,Flutteringanddancinginthebreeze.Continuousasthestarsthatshine,Andtwinkleonthemilkyway,Theystretchedinnever-endingline,Alongthemarginofabay:TenthousandsawIataglance,Tossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance.Thewavesbesidethemdanced;buttheyOutdidthesparklingwavesinglee:Apoetcouldnotbutbegay,Insuchajocundcompany:Igazed—andgazed—butlittlethought,Whatwealththeshowtomehadbrought:Foroft,whenonmycouchIlie,Invacantorinpensivemood,Theyflashuponthatinwardeye,Whichistheblissofsolitude;Andthenmyheartwithpleasurefills,Anddanceswiththedaffodils.黃水仙花譯/郭沫若

獨(dú)行徐徐如浮云，橫絕太空渡山谷。

忽然在我一瞥中，金色水仙花成簇。

開(kāi)在湖邊喬木下，微風(fēng)之中頻搖曳。

有如群星在銀河，形影綿綿光灼灼。

湖畔蜿蜒花徑長(zhǎng)，連成一線無(wú)斷續(xù)。

一瞥之中萬(wàn)朵花，起舞翩躚頭點(diǎn)啄。

湖中碧水起漣漪，湖波踴躍無(wú)花樂(lè)。詩(shī)人對(duì)此殊激昂，獨(dú)在花中事幽躅！

凝眼看花又看花，當(dāng)時(shí)未解伊何福。

晚上枕上意悠然，無(wú)慮無(wú)憂殊恍惚。情景閃爍心眼中，黃水仙花賦禪悅;

我心乃得溢歡愉，同花共舞天上曲。Lesson320,000LeaguesUndertheSea第三課海底兩萬(wàn)里FactFileJulesVerne(1828-1905),aFrenchnovelist,wascalledthe“FatherofScienceFiction”.Hewroteawidelypopularseriesofsciencefictions,including

JourneytotheCentreoftheEarth

(1864),

20,000LeaguesUndertheSea

(1870),and

AroundtheWorldinEightyDays

(1873).事實(shí)檔案：儒勒·凡爾納(1828——1905)，法國(guó)小說(shuō)家，被譽(yù)為“科幻小說(shuō)之父”。他寫(xiě)了一系列廣受歡迎的科幻小說(shuō)，包括《地心歷險(xiǎn)記》(1864年)、《海底兩萬(wàn)里》(1870年）和《八十天環(huán)游地球》(1873年)。ThecrashwassoviolentthatIhavenoclearrecollectionoffallingfromtheboat.MightIhopetobesaved?Thedarknesswasintense.Isawablackmassdisappearingintheeast.Itwastheboat!Iwaslost.撞擊實(shí)在是太猛烈了，我不清楚自己是怎么從船上摔下來(lái)的。我會(huì)被救起嗎？夜色沉黑，我仿佛看到一大塊黑東西在東方漸漸消失了。那是我們的船！我被丟下了。“Help,help!”Ishouted,swimmingtowardstheboatindesperation.Iwassinking!Icouldn’tbreathe!“Help!”Mymouthfilledwithwater;Istruggledagainstbeingdrawndeeper,deeperdown.SuddenlyIfeltmyselfquicklydrawnuptothesurfaceofthesea;andIheardthesewords:“Ifmasterwouldbesogoodastoholdontomyshoulder,masterwouldswimwithmuchgreaterease.”IgrabbedmyfaithfulConseil’sarmwithonehand.“救命啊，救命啊!”我大喊著，絕望地朝船游去。我要沉下去了！透不過(guò)氣了！“救命?。　焙Ｋ噙M(jìn)嘴里，我掙扎著不被淹沒(méi)。突然，我感覺(jué)自己被快速地拉出水面，我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有人說(shuō):“如果主人能抓牢我的肩膀，主人會(huì)游得輕松很多?！蔽矣靡恢皇肿プ≈移涂等麪柕母觳?。“Isityou?”saidI.“是你嗎？”我問(wèn)。“Myself,”answeredConseil.“正是我。”康塞爾回答?！癟hatcrashthrewyouaswellasmeintothesea?”“也是因?yàn)閯偛诺淖矒舻粝聛?lái)的？”“No;but,beinginmymaster’sservice,Ifollowedhim.”“不是。為了服侍先生，我就跟著下來(lái)了。”Conseilwascoolandcalm.Nevertheless,oursituationwasnolessterrible.Nearoneo’clockinthemorning,Isuddenlyfeltterriblytired.Conseilhadtokeepmeup,andourpreservationdependedonhimalone.“Leaveme!Leaveme!”Isaidtohim.康賽爾很冷靜。不過(guò)，我們的處境仍舊很糟糕。將近凌晨一點(diǎn)，我突然感到極度疲憊?？等麪柌坏貌煌兄?，保全我們兩個(gè)人生命的重?fù)?dān)全落在他一人身上?！胺砰_(kāi)我吧！別管我了！”我對(duì)他說(shuō)?！癗ever!”repliedhe.“Iwoulddrownfirst.”“不行！要沉下去也是我先沉?！彼鸬?。“Help!Help!”criedConseil.Itseemedtomeasifacryansweredhim.Therewasnomistake!Ahumanvoicerespondedtoours!Then,Iknownotwhy,thethoughtofthestrange,terribleanimalcameintomyheadforthefirsttime!Butthatvoice!Ihadalmostnostrengthleft;myfingerscouldhardlymove;mymouth,openingandclosing,filledwithsaltwater.Ibecamecolderandcolder.Iraisedmyheadforthelasttime,thenIsank.“救命?。【让?！”康塞爾喊道。我似乎隱約聽(tīng)到有人回應(yīng)。沒(méi)錯(cuò)！是有個(gè)人在回應(yīng)！然后，不知道為什么我第一次想到那個(gè)奇怪的、可怕的動(dòng)物！可是那人聲不假！我的力氣已經(jīng)消耗殆盡，手指變得僵硬；我的嘴一張一合，灌滿了又咸又苦的海水，我越來(lái)越冷。我最后一次抬起頭來(lái)，之后便沉了下去。Atthismomentahardbodystruckme.Iheldontoit;thenIfeltthatIwasbeingdrawnup,thatIwasbroughttothesurfaceofthewater,thatmychestcollapsed—myeyesclosed,unconscious.Isoonwokeup,andhalfopenedmyeyes.IsawafacewhichIimmediatelyrecognised.“Ned!”Icried.就在這時(shí)，一個(gè)堅(jiān)硬的東西撞了我一下。我緊緊地抓住了它；接著，我覺(jué)得有人往上拉我，把我拉出了水面，我的胸部不脹了——眼睛緊閉，失去了知覺(jué)。我很快就蘇醒過(guò)來(lái)，半睜開(kāi)眼睛，看到一張面孔立馬就認(rèn)了出來(lái)?！澳蔚拢　蔽液暗?。“Thesame,sir!”repliedtheCanadian.“正是我，先生！”加拿大人答道?！癢ereyouthrownintotheseawhentheboatcrashed?”“你也是撞擊時(shí)墜入海里的嗎？”“Yes,Professor,butmorefortunatethanyou,Iwasabletofindsafetyalmostimmediatelyuponthisislandinthesea.Or,morecorrectlyspeaking,onthislargewhale.OnlyIsoonfoundoutwhymyweaponhadnotentereditsskin,butbouncedof.”“是的，教授，但情形比您好一些，落水后不久就脫險(xiǎn)了，遇到了海里的這個(gè)小島?；蛘吒鼫?zhǔn)確地說(shuō)，是在這條大鯨魚(yú)身上。不過(guò)，我很快就明白了，為什么武器刺不穿它的皮膚，而是被彈開(kāi)。”“Why,Ned,why?”“為什么呢，奈德，究竟是為什么呢？”“Becausethatcreatureismadeofsteel.”Imovedmyselfquicklytothetopofthebeing,andkickedit.Itwasevidentlyahard,solidbody.Theblackbackthatsupportedmewassmooth,polished,nothinglikeananimal.Theblowproducedasoundofmetal;and,incrediblethoughitmaybe,itseemedasifitwasmadeofmetalplates.Thismonsterwasahumanconstruction.Wewerelyinguponthebackofasortofunderwaterboat.Isearchedallovertheoutsideforanopening,ahole,butfoundnothing.Atlastthislongnightpassed.Daybreakappeared.Suddenlyanoisecamefrominsidetheboat.Oneironplatewasmoved,amanappeared,utteredanoddcry,anddisappearedimmediately.Somemomentsafter,eightstrongmen,theirfacescovered,appearednoiselessly,anddrewusdownintotheirincrediblemachine.“因?yàn)檫@個(gè)生物是鋼鐵做的。”我迅速地爬到了它的上面，踢了一腳。顯然，這是一個(gè)堅(jiān)硬、結(jié)實(shí)的物體。在我腳下黑色的背脊精光溜滑，一點(diǎn)也不像動(dòng)物。撞擊時(shí)，這東西發(fā)出金屬的聲音；雖然聽(tīng)起來(lái)不可思議，但它似乎就像用鐵板做成的。這個(gè)怪物是人造的。我們正躺在一只潛水船的背上。我四處查找，試圖找到開(kāi)口、氣孔，但什么也沒(méi)有。終于，漫漫長(zhǎng)夜過(guò)去了，天亮了。突然船內(nèi)傳來(lái)一陣響聲，一塊鋼板被掀了起來(lái)，出來(lái)一個(gè)人。這人怪叫一聲，立刻又消失不見(jiàn)了。過(guò)了一會(huì)兒，八個(gè)壯漢蒙著臉，一聲不響地出現(xiàn)了，把我們拖進(jìn)了他們那不可思議的機(jī)器里。Unit9Lesson1ToCloneornottoClone?

第一課克隆還是不克隆Cloningistheprocessofmakinganexactcopyofaplantoranimalanddevelopingiteithernaturallyorartificially.Naturalcloninghasbeengoingonforgenerations.Forexample,gardenershavebeenusingaformofcloningwhentheytakeacuttingfromaplantandplaceitinasuitablemedium,suchassoil.Anotherexampleofnaturalcloningisidenticaltwins,whoareproducedfromthesameegg.克隆是通過(guò)自然或人為的方式，對(duì)植物或動(dòng)物進(jìn)行精確復(fù)制、培育的過(guò)程。自然克隆由來(lái)已久。例如，園丁們從植物上截取一段，放在合適的培養(yǎng)基中(例如土壤)，就是一種克隆。自然克隆的另一個(gè)例子是同卵雙胞胎，它們是由同一個(gè)卵子受精產(chǎn)生的。Foryears,therehadbeenattemptstocloneanimalsartificially.ThefirstsuccessfullyclonedanimalwasasheepnamedDollyin1996.Atfirst,Dollygrewnormally,butlatershedevelopedanillnessthatismorenormallyfoundinmucholderanimals.Shelivedforsixandahalfyears,onlyhalfthelifeofthesheepfromwhichshewascloned.AfterDolly,scientistshaveclonedmorethan20mammalspecies,includingcamels,cattle,deer,dogs,goatsandmice.However,theyhavefoundasimilarpatternofhealthproblemswiththeseotherspeciesaswell.Thishasledtoquestionssuchas,“Willthisbeamajorissueforallclonedanimals?”“Willitcontinuetohappenforever?”.多年來(lái)，人們一直在嘗試人工克隆動(dòng)物。第一只成功克隆的動(dòng)物是1996年的克隆羊多莉。起初，多莉發(fā)育正常，但后來(lái)患上了一種疾病，這種疾病更常見(jiàn)于衰老的動(dòng)物。多莉活了六年半，壽命只有母體綿羊的一半。繼多莉之后，科學(xué)家已經(jīng)克隆了20多種哺乳動(dòng)物，包括駱駝、牛、鹿、狗、山羊和老鼠。然而，在這些物種的克隆動(dòng)物身上科學(xué)家們也發(fā)現(xiàn)了與多莉羊相似的健康問(wèn)題。由此引發(fā)了一些疑問(wèn)，例如：“這會(huì)是所有克隆動(dòng)物的主要問(wèn)題嗎?”“這個(gè)問(wèn)題會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)持續(xù)下去嗎?”InJanuary2018,thecloningoftwolong-tailedmonkeys,ZhongZhongandHuaHua,wasannouncedbyChinesescientists.Theywerethefirst-everprimates(theorderofmammalswhichincludeapes,monkeys,andhumans)tohavebeencloned!Incomparisonwithotherspecies,cloningprimateshasprovedtobe“muchharder”,anddoingsowithnon-reproductivecellswasevenmorecomplicated.Dr.SunQiang,directoroftheresearchteam,saidtheyhadbeenwhollydevotedtotheresearchandhadbeentakingcareofmorethan1,000monkeys24hoursaday,7daysaweekformorethan5years.Therehadbeenanumberoffailuresbeforetheyeventuallyfoundawaytosuccessfullycloneamonkey.Thereasontheyworkedsohardtobreakthistechnicalbarrierwastogetanimalswitheditedgenesandproduceanimalmodelsthatarehelpfulformedicalresearchandhumanhealth.2018年1月，中國(guó)科學(xué)家宣布成功克隆兩只長(zhǎng)尾猴，中中和華華。它們是有史以來(lái)首次被克隆的靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物(哺乳動(dòng)物的一個(gè)類別，包括猿、猴子和人類)！與其他的物種相比，克隆靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物要“困難得多”，而使用非生殖細(xì)胞克隆則更為復(fù)雜。研究小組的負(fù)責(zé)人孫強(qiáng)博士說(shuō)，他們?nèi)硇牡赝度氲窖芯恐校?年多來(lái)每周7天，每天24小時(shí)照看1000多只猴子。歷經(jīng)多次失敗，最終找到成功克隆猴子的方法。他們之所以如此努力地要突破這一技術(shù)壁壘，是為了獲得經(jīng)過(guò)基因編輯的動(dòng)物，研制動(dòng)物模型，為醫(yī)學(xué)研究和人類健康發(fā)展做貢獻(xiàn)。Thesuccessfulcloningofprimateshasledtoworldwidepraiseasahugebreakthroughthatmightleadtocuresforvariousdiseasesandmayalsooffercluesonhowtopreventtheagingprocess.Withthistechnology,wehavethepotentialtoraisealargenumberofmonkeyswithidenticalgenesinashortamountoftime,andwecanevenchangetheirgenestosuitresearchneeds.Thiscouldhelpsaveresearchtime,reducethenumberofanimalsrequiredfortesting,producemoreaccurateresults,andleadtomoreeffectivetreatments.靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物的成功克隆獲得了全世界的贊譽(yù)，被認(rèn)為是一項(xiàng)巨大的突破，從而為治愈多種疾病、延緩衰老提供線索。有了這項(xiàng)技術(shù)，我們就有可能在短時(shí)間內(nèi)培育大量基因相同的猴子，甚至可以改變它們的基因，以適應(yīng)研究需要。這有助于節(jié)省研究時(shí)間，減少實(shí)驗(yàn)所需動(dòng)物的數(shù)量，使實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果更準(zhǔn)確、治療方法更有效。Cloning,however,continuestobeanissuethatcausesagreatdealofdisagreementandprovokesstrongemotions.Whilesomepeoplebelieveitiscrucialforscientificadvancement,othersraisemoralconcerns.Theybelieveitisboundtoleadtocloningofotherspecies,andtheyworryabouttheethicalquestionsthisraises.Forexample,theywonderifclonesshouldbetreatedasobjectsorasindividualswiththeirownidentity.Furthermore,clonesmaybeviewedasmerecopiesoforiginalsthusbeingseenasinferior.Finally,theyworrythatsomeorganisationsmayabusethetechnologyforunethicalpurposes.但是，克隆仍是一個(gè)會(huì)引起很多爭(zhēng)議、激起強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)情緒的問(wèn)題。盡管有些人認(rèn)為這對(duì)于科學(xué)的進(jìn)步至關(guān)重要，但也有人提出了道德方面的擔(dān)憂。他們認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)技術(shù)必將導(dǎo)致其他物種的克隆，擔(dān)心由此會(huì)引發(fā)倫理問(wèn)題。比如，他們提出克隆體是被當(dāng)作物體還是具有獨(dú)特個(gè)性的個(gè)體。而且，克隆體可能會(huì)被看作母體的副本，因此被認(rèn)為更低等。最后，他們擔(dān)心某些組織可能會(huì)出于不道德的目的濫用該技術(shù)。Sofar,itisstillunknownwhatwillhappentoZhongZhongandHuaHuaastheygrowup.Researchersinsistthatthescienceofcloningshouldbefurtherexploredandadvanced.AsEinsteinsaid,“Scienceisapowerfulinstrument.Howitisused,whetheritisablessingoracursetomankind,dependsonmankindandnotontheinstrument.Aknifeisuseful,butitcanalsokill.”到目前為止，我們?nèi)圆磺宄兄泻腿A華長(zhǎng)大后會(huì)發(fā)生什么。研究人員認(rèn)為，克隆科學(xué)應(yīng)進(jìn)一步得到探索與發(fā)展。正如愛(ài)因斯坦所言：“科學(xué)是一種強(qiáng)有力的工具。怎樣使用它，究竟是給人類帶來(lái)幸福還是帶來(lái)災(zāi)難，完全取決于人類自己，而不取決于工具。刀子是有用的，但刀子也能殺人。”Lesson3EqidemicsExplained第三課

流行病探因Anepidemicisthenamegiventoaninfectiousdiseasethatrapidlyspreadstoalargenumberofpeoplewithinashortperiodoftime—usuallytwoweeksorless.EpidemicshavebeenhappeningforaslongastherehavebeenpeoplelivingonEarth.Theycanbecausedbyseveraldifferentfactors,suchasavirusbeingcarriedintoanarea,orchangesinthewaypeoplelive,likemorepeoplelivinginanarea,whichincreasesthechancesofthemcomingintocontactwithabacteriaorvirus.

流行病是指在短時(shí)間內(nèi)(通常兩周或更短)迅速在大量人群中傳播的傳染性疾病。自地球上有人類生活以來(lái)，流行病就一直存在。它們可能由不同因素引起，例如病毒被帶入某個(gè)地區(qū)，或者由于人們生活方式的改變，比如說(shuō)某一地區(qū)居住的人群增多，從而增加了接觸細(xì)菌或病毒的幾率。Eachdiseasecanonlyofficiallybeclassifiedasanepidemiconceacertainnumberofdeathshaveoccurredfromthedisease.Thenumberofdeathsisdifferentforeverydisease.Soaveryrarediseasewillhavealowbaselineandjustafewcasesofitinoneplacewillbeclassifiedasanepidemic;asopposedtomorecommondiseases,suchastheflu,thathaveahigherbaseline.Thecommoncoldisawidespreadvirusthataffectsmillionsofpeople,butitisnotseenasbeingaseriousenoughconditiontodeservetheclassificationofepidemic.只有致死病例達(dá)到一定數(shù)量，某種疾病才會(huì)被正式定性為流行病。每種疾病的死亡數(shù)量各不相同。罕見(jiàn)疾病的基線很低，即使某一地區(qū)只出現(xiàn)少數(shù)病例，也會(huì)被認(rèn)定為是流行病;與此相反，常見(jiàn)疾病的基線較高，如流感。普通感冒由一種廣泛傳播的病毒引起，可感染數(shù)百萬(wàn)人，但它并沒(méi)嚴(yán)重到可以被稱為流行病。Withrecentpressreportsdrawingparallelsbetweenbirdfluandkillerepidemicsofthepast,JimSmithlooksatthesometimesdepressinghistoryofepidemicsforcluesabouthowwecancreateamorepositivefuturewithoutepidemics.最近有新聞報(bào)道，吉姆·史密斯將禽流感和過(guò)去致命的流行病做對(duì)比，在屢屢令人感到沮喪的流行病史中尋找線索，從而創(chuàng)造一個(gè)遠(yuǎn)離流行病的美好未來(lái)。Sincebirdflufirstappearedin1997,ithastakenmorethanahundredlives.Manypeoplefearitcouldbethenextglobalepidemic,especiallyasscientistswhohavegoneintodetailstudyingtissuesamplesfromthebodiesofpeoplewhodiedofthe1918SpanishFluhaveprovedthatbirdfluisamodernadaptationofthatvirus.禽流感自1997年首次出現(xiàn)以來(lái)，已經(jīng)奪去了一百多人的生命?？茖W(xué)家們仔細(xì)研究了1918年西班牙流感死亡者尸體的組織樣本，證明禽流感是該病毒的現(xiàn)代變異版本，許多人擔(dān)心它可能會(huì)引起下一場(chǎng)全球流行病。Oneoftheearliestepidemicsonrecordhappenedbetweenabout500and550CE.Scientistsnowestimatethatupto50%ofthearea’spopulationdiedfromtheepidemic,makingitoneofthemaincausesofthefalloftheRomanEmpire.Then,inthe1330s,thisepidemicreturned,thistimeinAsia.Itspread