SAT備考資料：201805北美及答案

20185月SAT真題111ReadingTest65MINUTES,52QUESTIONSTurntoSection1ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.DIRECTIONSEachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorpair,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesinanyaccompanyinggraphics(suchatableorgraph).Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThispassageadaptedfromTheodoreDreiser,SisterCarrie.OriginallypublishedinItwasnotoftenthatshecametotheplaystirredtoherheart’scorebyactualities.To-dayalowsongoflonginghadbeensetsinginginherheartbytheLinefinery,themerriment,thebeautyshehadseen.Oh,5thesewomenwhohadpassedherby,hundredsandhundredsstrong,whowerethey?Whencecametherich,elegantdresses,theastonishinglycolouredbuttons,theknick-knacksofsilverandgold?Whereweretheselovelycreatureshoused?Amidwhat10eleganciesofcarvedfurniture,decoratedwalls,elaboratetapestriesdidtheymove?Whereweretheirrichapartments,loadedwithallthatmoneycouldprovide?Inwhatstableschampedthesesleek,nervoushorsesandrestedthegorgeouscarriages?15Whereloungedtherichlygroomedfootmen?Oh,themansions,thelights,theperfume,theloadedboudoirsandtables!NewYorkmustbefilledwithsuchbowers,orthebeautiful,insolent,superciliouscreaturescouldnotbe.Somehothousesheldthem.20Itachedhertoknowthatshewasnotoneofthem—that,alas,shehaddreamedadreamandithadnotcometrue.Shewonderedatherownsolitudethesetwoyearspast—herindifferencetothefactthatshehadneverachievedwhatshehadexpected.

amidgildedsurroundings.Suchbon-motsareeverenticingtothosewhohavealltheirdayslongedfor30suchmaterialsurroundingsandhaveneverhadthemgratified.Theyhavethecharmofshowingsufferingunderidealconditions.Whowouldnotgrieveagildedchair?Whowouldnotsufferamidperfumedtapestries,cushionedfurniture,andliveriedservants?35Griefundersuchcircumstancesbecomesanenticingthing.Carrielongedtobeofit.Shewantedtotakehersufferings,whatevertheywere,insuchaworld,orfailingthat,atleasttosimulatethemundersuchcharmingconditionsuponthestage.Soaffectedwas40hermindbywhatshehadseen,thattheplaynowseemedanextraordinarilybeautifulthing.Shewassoonlostintheworlditrepresented,andwishedthatshemightneverreturn.Betweentheactsshestudiedthegalaxyofmatineeattendantsinfrontrowsand45boxes,andconceivedanewideaofthepossibilitiesNewYork.Shewassureshehadnotseenitall—thatthecitywasonewhirlofpleasureanddelight.Goingout,thesameBroadwaytaughtherasharperlesson.Thesceneshehadwitnessedcoming50downwasnowaugmentedandatitsheight.Suchacrushoffineryandfollyshehadneverseen.Itclinchedherconvictionsconcerningherstate.Shehadnotlived,couldnotlayclaimtohavinglived,untilsomethingofthishadcomeintoherownlife.55Womenwerespendingmoneylikewater;shecouldseethatineveryelegantshopshepassed.Flowers,25 Theplaywasoneofthosedrawing-roomconcoctionsinwhichcharminglyoverdressedladiesandgentlemensufferthepangsofloveandjealousy

candy,jewelry,seemedtheprincipalthingsinwhichtheelegantdameswereinterested.Andshe—shehad1Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 2 CONTINUECONTINUEUnauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 2CONTINUE111scarcelyenoughpinmoneytoindulgeinsuch60outingsasthisafewtimesamonth.Thatnighttheprettylittleflatseemedacommonplacething.Itwasnotwhattherestoftheworldwasenjoying.Shesawtheservantworkingatdinnerwithanindifferenteye.Inhermindwere65runningscenesoftheplay.Particularlysherememberedonebeautifulactress—thesweetheartwhohadbeenwooedandwon.ThegraceofthiswomanhadwonCarrie’sheart.Herdresseshadbeenallthatartcouldsuggest,hersufferingshadbeenso70real.TheanguishwhichshehadportrayedCarriecouldfeel.Itwasdoneasshewassureshecoulddoit.Therewereplacesinwhichshecouldevendobetter.Hencesherepeatedthelinestoherself.Oh,ifshecouldonlyhavesuchapart,howbroadwouldbe75herlife!She,too,couldactappealingly.11Throughoutthepassage,thenarratorprovidesinsightintoCarrie’scharactermainlybyexplaininghowCarrieissimilartoacharactersheseesinaplay.developingacontrastbetweenhowCarrieperceivesherselfandhowsheisperceivedbyparingCarrie’sactualappearancetoherperceptionsofherappearance.juxtaposingCarrie’sperceptionsofthecityandherimpressionsatthetheater.

22Oneimportantthemeofthepassagedevelopedthroughthenarrator’spresentationofCarrieisthatnaturaltalentwilllanguishifitremainsunnourished.imaginedpleasureshavethepowertomakeeverydaylifeseemunacceptable.nogoalisunfeasiblesolongasitispursuedwithstubbornpersistence.relationshipsareultimatelymoreimportantmoneyindetermininganindividual’shappiness.33Asusedinline1,“stirred”mostnearlydded.encouraged.44Whatmaineffectdothewords“knick-knacks”(line8)and“concoctions”(line26)haveonpassage?Theyunderscorethewidespreadpopularityofthethingsbeingdescribed.TheyprovideinsightintothecausesunderlyingCarrie’smaterialisticmind-set.TheyemphasizehowlittlevalueCarrieactuallyattachestothethingssheappearstocovet.TheysuggestthatthethingsCarrieisobservingoughttoberegardedastrivial.1Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 3 CONTINUECONTINUEUnauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 3CONTINUE1115 757ThemainpurposeoftheseriesofquestionsinthefirstparagraphistorevealCarrie’signoranceofthewomen’sprivatestruggles.capturethescene’sauthenticitybyprovidingdetaileddescriptionsofthewomen.emphasizethenarrator’scontemptforthewomen’sdisplaysofaffluence.developthenarrator’sportrayalofCarrie’sintenseadmirationofprivilegedwomen.66WhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencethatthenarratordoesnotshareCarrie’sviewofthetypeofplaythatCarrieattends?lines20-22(“Itached...true”)lines28-31(“Such...gratified”)lines39-41(“Soaffected...thing”)lines41-43(“Shewas...return”)

Basedonthepassage,Carrieregardsherday-to-daylifestyleasonethathasnotbeenconducivetohelpingherachieveherambitions.followedarepetitivebutproductivepattern.allowedforinteractionwitharangeofinterestingpeople.facilitatedhergoalsasanactress.88Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines22-24(“Shewondered...expected”)lines36-39(“Shewanted...stage”)lines49-50(“Thescene...height”)lines56-68(“Ferested”)1Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 4 CONTINUECONTINUEUnauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 4CONTINUE1119 10910Accordingtothepassage,asCarrieviewstheplay,sheenvieswhichaspectofthecharacters’lives?TheirlackofeverydayproblemsTheirabilitytoforgetthepasteasilyandfocusonthepresentTheiropportunitytobeartheirsufferingsinfortunatecircumstancesTheiropenindifferencetomaterialpossessions

Accordingtothepassage,Carriejudgestheperformanceoftheactresswhoplayedthehero’ssweetheartasinferiorincertainrespectstotheperformancethatshebelievesherselftobecapableofgiving.dissatisfyinginitsemphasisonphysicalgraceoveremotionalauthenticity.clumsyandmelodramaticyetsuperiortotheotheractors’performances.difficulttowatchbecauseoftheintensesufferingitevoked.1Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 5 CONTINUECONTINUEUnauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 5CONTINUE111Questions11-20arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.ThispassageandaccompanyingfiguresareadaptedfromGiovanniFrazzetto,Joy,Guilt,Anger,Love:WhatNeuroscienceCan—andCan’t—TellUsaboutHowWeFeel.?2013byGiovanniFrazzetto.Dr.AnnaAbrahamwantedtofindoutwhetherthebrainoperatesbydifferentmechanismswhenitisexposedtoasituationthatisrealasopposedtooneLinethatisentirelyfictional.Soshedesignedan5interestingfMRI-based1experimentthatexploredthebrain’sreactionstosituationsthatinvolvedeitherrealorfictionalcharacters.Participantswereshownone-sentencewrittenscenariosinwhicharealpersonnamedPeterwas10involvedinsituationsthatincludedGeorgeBushCinderella.Inonesetofsituations,Petersimplyreceivedinformationaboutbothcharacters.Theothersetofsituationsinvolveddirectinteractionswiththecharacters.Whatparticipantshadtodowas15simple.Theyhadtodecidewhetherthescenariosportrayedwerepossibleornot—thatis,iftheycouldindeedhappeninthephysicalrealityoftheworldwelivein.Howdoesthebrainoperatewhenassessingthese20twodifferenttypesofscenarios?Theresultswereintriguing.Commontobothtypesofsituationwassomelevelofmentalactivityinpartsofthebrain,suchasthehippocampus,thatareatworkwhenweingeneralrecallfactsorevents.Suchactivitywas25detectableregardlessofthenatureofthescenario—thatis,whetherthescenariowasinformative(whenPeteronlyheardaboutthecharacters)orinteractive(whenheactuallymetthecharacters).However,therewereafewstrikingfinerdistinctionsinactivity30relativetothetwoscenariosandthesedependedonthetypeofcharacterinvolved.WhenexposedtoscenariosfeaturingGeorgeBush—afamousrealperson—thebraininvolvedtheanteriormedialprefrontalcortex(amPFC)andthe35precuneusandposteriorcingulatecortex(PCC).TheamPFCandthePCCaremedialpartsofthebrainthatareinvolvedinautobiographicalmemoryretrievalaswellasself-referentialthinking.Whenfictionalcharacterswerefeatured,thebrain40respondedsomewhatdifferently.Partsofthelateralfrontallobe,suchastheinferiorfrontalgyrus(IFG),weremoreactive.TheIFGisthoughttoprovidemirroringcapacities,butisalsoinvolvedinhigh-

levellanguageprocessing.ThefactthatGeorgeBush45waslinkedtopersonalmemoryretrievalbutCinderellawasnotledtheresearcherstothinkthatacrucialdifferencewhenassessingrealorfictionalscenariosmightlienotsomuchinthedegreeofrealnessofthecharacterinvolved,butintheir50relevancetoourreality.Totestthishypothesis,theypeeredintothebrainofnineteennewvolunteerswho,asinthepreviousstudy,wereaskedtoassessthepossibilitythatarealprotagonistcouldeitherimagine,hearordreamaboutoractuallyinteract55withasetofcharacters.However,thistimethecharactersinvolvedinthescenarioswererankedinthreecategorieswithdifferingdegreesofpersonalrelevancefortheparticipants:theirfriendsorfamily(highpersonalrelevance),famouspeople(medium60relevance)andfictionalcharacters(lowpersonalrelevance).Aspredicted,theactivationintheamPFCandPCCwasindeedproportionallymodulatedbythedegreeofrelevanceofthecharactersdescribed.Itwashighestinthecaseoffriendsandfamily65membersandlowestinthecaseoffictionalcharacters.Theresearchersgavethefollowingexplanation.Whenyouencounterrealcharacters,evenifyouhavenevermetthem,theywillintegrateintoawide,70comprehensiveandintricatelyconnectedstructureintheconceptualstorageofyourmind.Youarefamiliarwiththeirbasicbehaviouralfeaturesashumanbeings.Youknowmoreorlesshowtheythink,whatkindofopinionstheymayproduce.You75areawareoftherangeofemotionsthatyoucanexpectfromthem.Bycontrast,yourmindisnotequallyfamiliarwithfictionalcharacters.Nomatterhowmuchweknowabouttheworldofafictionalcharactertherewillstillbesomethingalienand80inscrutabletousaboutthatworld.Youmayhavereadallthebooksaboutafictionalcharacter,buttheamountofinformationyouhavegatheredaboutcharacterisstilldefinitelylimitedcomparedwiththewealthofinformationthatisavailabletoyouabout85membersofyourfamily,friends,orfamousrealpeoplewhoarepartofyourimmediateandpastexperience.Basically,inordertounderstandafictionalcharacter,youneedtodigdeeperintoyourimagination,becauseheorsheisbounduptofewer90nodesofreferenceinyournetworkthanarereal,orrelevant,peopleinyourlife.1fMRIisshortfor“functionalmagneticresonanceimaging.”1Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 6 CONTINUECONTINUEUnauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 6CONTINUE1111Unauthorized1Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 7 CONTINUECONTINUEFigure2Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 7

1111Themainpurposeofthepassageistoadvocateformoreresearchonhowthebrainrmthereaderabouttheresultsofexperimentsonbrainfunction.explorehowthebrainprocessesfactualinformation.arguethatthewaythebrainprocessesfictionalsituationsiswidelymisunderstood.1212Asusedinline19,“operate”mostnearlymeansmanipulate.exercise.function.conduct.1313Whichchoicebestsupportstheclaimthatthereareimportantsimilaritiesbetweenhowthebrainrespondstoscenariosinvolvingrealpeopleandhowitrespondstothoseinvolvingfictionalpeople?lines21-24(“Common...events”)lines28-31(“However...involved”)lines71-76(“Youare...them”)lines80-87(“Youmay...experience”)11114 171417ItcanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethattheresultsofAbraham’sexperimentsshowedthatinteractivescenariosresultedinfinerdistinctionsinbrainactivitythandidinformativescenarios.bothinteractiveandinformativescenariosrequiredrmativescenariosweremorelikelytobeconsideredpossiblethanwereinteractivescenarios.allscenariosyieldedsomeunclassifiablebrainactivity.1515ThegreatestincreaseinactivityintheamPFCofaresearchsubject’sbrainwouldmostlikelybeobservedinscenariosinwhicharealprotagonisthasaconversationwitharealpersonwhoisunknowntoeractswithrealpeoplewhowerechildhoodfriendsofthesubject’s.encountersafictionalcharacteraboutwhomthesubjectisquiteknowledgeable.istoldaboutarealpersonthesubjectpreviouslymet.

Accordingtothepassage,thebrainstoresinformationaboutfamousrealpeopleinordertoallowefficientretrievallater.exactlyasitstoresinformationaboutclosefriendsorfamilymembers.indifferentareasdependingonthetypeofcontactonehaswiththem.inanetworkofmemoriesbroaderinscopememoriesaboutfictionalpeople.1818Asusedinline79,“alien”mostnearlyplex.1Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 8 CONTINUE1616Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines11-14(“Inone...characters”)lines45-49(“However...personalrelevance”)lines55-61(“Aspredicted...described”)lines71-73(“Youare...beings”)CONTINUEUnauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 8CONTINUE11119 201920Accordingtofigure1,thepercentincreaseintheactivityofthePCCinsubjectsreactingtoascenarioinwhichsomeonehasaconversationwitharealpersonisapproximatelyA)0.05%.B)0.1%.C)0.13%.D)0.18%.

Accordingtofigure1andfigure2,thehighestpercentchangeinactivityinanyofthestudiedareasofthebrainwasinthePCCwhenthesubjectswereexposedtoaninteractivescenarioinvolvingrealpeople.IFGwhenthesubjectswereexposedtoaninteractivescenarioinvolvingfictionalpeople.PCCwhenthesubjectswereexposedtoanyscenarioinvolvingfictionalpeople.IFGwhenthesubjectswereexposedtoaninteractivescenarioinvolvingrealpeople.1Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 9 CONTINUECONTINUEUnauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 9CONTINUE111Questions21-30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThispassageadaptedfromDavidGrimm,GenesThatTurnedWildcatsKittyCats.”?2014byAmericanAssociationfortheofScience.Placeahousecatnexttoitsdirectancestor,theNearEasternwildcat,anditmaytakeyouaminutetospotthedifference.They’reaboutthesamesizeLineandshape,and,well,theybothlooklikecats.Butthe5wildcatisfierceandferal,whereasthehousecat,thankstonearly10,000yearsofdomestication,istameandadaptableenoughtohavebecometheworld’smostpopularpet.Nowscientistshavebeguntopinpointthegeneticchangesthatdrovethis10remarkabletransformation.Thefindings,basedonthefirsthigh-qualitysequenceofthecatgenome,couldshedlighthowothercreatures“Thisistheclosestthingtoasmokinggunwe’veeverhad,”saysGregerLarson,anevolutionary15biologistattheUniversityofOxfordintheUnitedKingdomwhohasstudiedthedomesticationofpigs,dogs,andotheranimals.“We’remuchclosertounderstandingthenitty-grittyofdomesticationthanwewereadecadeago.”

45revealed281genesthatshowsignsofrapidornumerousgeneticchanges—ahallmarkofrecentselections—indomesticcats.Someappeartobeinvolvedinhearingandvision,thesensesthatfelinesrelyonmost.Othersplayaroleinfatmetabolism50andarelikelyanadaptationtocats’highlycarnivorouslifestyle.Butthemostintriguingfindingscamewhentheteamsequencedthegenomesof22domesticcats—representingawidevarietyofbreedsandlocations—55andcomparedthemwiththegenomesoftwoNearEasternandtwoEuropeanwildcats.Theresearchersuncoveredatleast13genesthatchangedascatsmorphedfromferaltofriendly.Someofthese,basedonpreviousstudiesofknockoutmice[genetically60engineeredmice],seemtoplayaroleincognition,includingfearresponsesandtheabilitytolearnnewbehaviorswhengivenfoodrewards.“Thatjibeswithwhatweknowaboutthedomesticationofcats,”Montaguesays,“becausetheywouldhaveneededto65becomelessfearfulofnewlocationsandindividuals,andthepromiseoffoodwouldhavekeptthemstickingaround.”“Thisismyfavoritepartofthepaper,”saysKerstinLindblad-Toh,aleadingcomparative20 Catsfirstenteredhumansocietyabout9,500yearsago,notlongafterpeoplefirsttookupfarmingintheMiddleEast.Drawntorodentsthathadinvadedgrainstores,wildcatsslunkoutofthedesertsandintovillages.There,manyscientistssuspect,they

70genomicistatUppsalaUniversityinSwedenwhowasnotinvolvedinthework.Shenotesthatafewofthegenestheteamidentifiedcodeforglutamatereceptors,whichplayakeyroleinlearningandmemoryandmayhavebeenselectedinhumansas25mostlydomesticatedthemselves,withthefriendliestonesabletotakeadvantageofhumantablescrapsandprotection.Overthousandsofyears,catsshrankslightlyinsize,acquiredapanoplyofcoatcolorsandpatterns,and(largely)shedtheantisocialtendencies30oftheirpast.Domesticanimalsfromcowstodogshaveundergonesimilartransformations,yetscientistsknowrelativelylittleaboutthegenesinvolved.ResearchersledbyMichaelMontague,apostdoc

75well.“We’rehittingongenesthatallowourbrainstodevelopandmakeusinteractsocially.”Theteamalsofoundfivegenesindomesticcatsthatinfluencethemigrationofneuralcrestcells,stemcellsinthedevelopingembryothataffect80everythingfromskullshapetocoatcolor.Thissupportsarecentproposalthatsuchcellsmaybethemastercontrolswitchesofdomestication,explainingwhydomesticanimalssharecommontraits,suchassmallerbrainsandcertainpigmentationpatterns.35attheWashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicineinSt.Louis,havenowpinpointedsomeofthem.Thescientistsstartedwiththegenomeofadomesticcat—afemaleAbyssinian—thathadbeenpublishedindraftformin2007,thenfilledinmissing

85 Sowhyarecatsstillabitwilderthanourotherfavoritedomesticate,thedog?Co-authorWilliamMurphy,ageneticistatTexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,saysthecatgenomeappearstohaveundergonelessintenseandmorerecentevolutionary40sequencesandidentifiedgenes.Theycomparedtheresultinggenomewiththoseofcows,tigers,dogs,andhumans.Theanalysis,publishedrecentlyintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,

90pressurethanthatofdogs;that’snotsurprising,consideringthatdogsmayhavelivedwithusforupto30,000years.“Catswerenotselectedforapurposelikedogsandotherdomesticates,”Murphyspeculates.1Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 10 CONTINUECONTINUEUnauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 10CONTINUE11121 232123Themainpurposeofthepassageistosummarizeastudyofthegeneticdifferencesbetweenvariousbreedsofdomesticcats.describefindingsregardingthebenefitsthatcatsprovidedtohumansasaresultofdomestication.discussresearchintothegeneticchangesthatcatsunderwentaspartofdomestication.presentexperimentalevidencecontrastingthebehaviorofwildcatsanddomesticcats.

Thepassagesuggeststhatsomescientistswouldagreewithwhichstatementaboutthedomesticationofcats?Itdidnotoccuruntilafterthedomesticationofcowsandpigs.Itcausedcatstoslightlyincreaseinsize.Itwasnotintentionallyundertakenbyhumans.Itresultedfromhumans’needforpets.24242222Theauthorincludesthephrase“and,well”(line4)mostlikelystressthattherelationshipbetweenwildcatsandroduceadiscussionofthephysicalattributesofdomesticcats.advanceatentativehypothesisabouttheevolutionanddevelopmentofwildcats.acknowledgetheobviousnessofasimilaritybetweenwildcatsanddomesticcats.

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines24-27(“Ttection”)lines27-30(“Over...past”)lines30-33(“Domestic...involved”)lines43-47(“Theanalysis...cats”)1Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 11 CONTINUECONTINUEUnauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 11CONTINUE11125 262526WhichchoicebestdescribeshowMontague’steamachievedtheresultsdiscussedinthesixthparagraph(lines52-67)?Theteamsequencedthegenomesoftwenty-twobreedsofdomesticcatsfromaroundtheworld,comparedthosegenomestooneanother,andidentifiedthegenesthatappeartohavechangedasaresultofbreeding.Theteamusedapreviouslypublishedgenomesequenceofadomesticcattolocatethegenesassociatedwithhearingandvision,comparedthosegenestothesamegenesintwospeciesofwildcats,andidentifiedthepointintimeatwhichthosegenesappeartohavediverged.Theteamsequencedthegenomesofseveralbreedsofgeographicallydiversedomesticcats,comparedthosegenomestothegenomesoffourwildcatsfromtwolocations,andidentifiedthegenesthatappeartohavechangedduedomestication.Theteamsequencedthegenomesofdomesticcatsfromtwolocations,comparedthosegenomestothegenomesofwildcatsfromthesamelocations,andidentifiedwhichgenesappeartobegeographicallyspecific.

Aspresentedinthepassage,Montague’sexplanationforthegenechangesindomesticcatsisbasedontheassumptionthatgenesassociatedwithparticularcharacteristicsinonespeciesareassociatedwithsimilarcharacteristicsinotherspecies.missingsequencesinthegenomeofoneparticularbreedofcatcanbecompletedbytheparallelsequencesinthegenomeofanotherbreedofcat.thenumberofgenesaffectedbydomesticationisgreaterinsomebreedsofdomesticcatsthaninotherbreeds.changestothecatgenomeasaresultofdomesticationoccurredsimultaneouslywithchangestogenomesofotherspeciesassociatedwithsociability.2727Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines37-40(“Thescientists...genes”)lines55-57(“Theresearchers...friendly”)lines57-62(“Some...rewards”)lines75-76(“We’rehitting...socially”)1Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 12 CONTINUECONTINUEUnauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 12CONTINUE11128 302830Accordingtothepassage,thediscoverythatsomegenesindomesticcatsinfluencethemigrationneuralcrestcellsisimportantbecauseneuralcrestcellsarelikelytobeoverlookedinanalysesregardingtheevolutionofdomesticanimals.potentiallyresponsiblefordomesticanimals’abilitytothriveinharshenvironments.thoughttobefundamentaltotheoverallprocessofthedomesticationofanimals.consideredtobecriticaltodomesticanimals’reproduction.

Theauthormostlikelyincludesthequotationinthelastsentenceofthepassagetoofferanalternativetogenerallyacceptedbeliefsaboutthedomesticationofcats.suggestapotentialexplanationforthedistinctvideapossiblereasonforthecontinualchangestothecatgenome.qualifypreviouslydiscussedfindingsaboutdomesticanimals.1Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 13 CONTINUE2929Asusedinline83,“commontraits”mostnearlymeanswidespreadmannerisms.inferiorqualities.familiarhabits.similarfeatures.CONTINUEUnauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal. 13CONTINUE111Questions31-41arebasedonthefollowingpassages.Passage1isadaptedfromaspeechdeliveredinbyStephenDouglas,“DefenseoftheKansas-NebraskaBill.”InDouglas,asenatorfromIllinois,proposedabillallowingvotersintheterritoriesofKansasandNebraskatodecidewhetherslaveryshouldbepermittedthere.Whenenacted,thebillwouldeffectivelyrepealtheMissouriCompromiseofwhichprohibitedslaveryintheseterritories.Passage2isadaptedfromaspeechdeliveredinbyCharlesSumner,“TheCrimeagainstKansas.”SumnerwasasenatorMassachusetts.Passage1Theargumentof[myopponents]ispredicatedupontheassumptionthatthepolicyofthefathersoftherepublicwastoprohibitslaveryinalltheterritoryLinecededbytheoldstatestotheUnionandmade5UnitedStatesterritoryforthepurposeofbeingorganizedintonewstates.Itakeissueuponthatstatement....[Y]oufinduponthestatutebooksunderWashingtonandtheearlyPresidentsprovisionsof10lawshowingthatinthesouthwesternterritoriestherighttoholdslaveswasclearlyimpliedorrecognized,whileinthenorthwestterritoriesitwasprohibited.Theonlyconclusionthatcanbefairlyandhonestlydrawnfromthatlegislationisthatitwasthepolicyof15thefathersoftherepublictoprescribealineofdemarcationbetweenfreeterritoriesandslaveholdingterritoriesbyanaturalorageographicalline,beingsuretomakethatlinecorrespond,asnearasmightbe,tothelawsofclimate,ofproduction,20andprobablyofallthoseothercausesthatwouldcontroltheinstitutionandmakeiteitherdesirableorundesirabletothepeopleinhabitingtherespectiveterritories....NowIaskthefriendsandtheopponentsofthis25measuretolookatitasitis.Isnotthequestioninvolvedthesimpleone,whetherthepeopleoftheterritoriesshallbeallowedtodoastheypleaseuponthequestionofslavery,subjectonlytothelimitationsoftheConstitution?Thatisallthebillprovides;and30itdoessoinclear,explicit,andunequivocalterms Idonotwishtodealinanyequivocallanguage.Iftheprincipleisright,letitbeavowedandmaintained.Ifitiswrong,letitberepudiated.LetallthisquibblingabouttheMissouri35Compromise,abouttheterritoryacquiredfromFrance,abouttheactof1820,becastbehindyou;forthesimplequestionis—Willyouallowthepeople

legislateforthemselvesuponthesubjectofslavery?Whyshouldyounot?Passage240 [T]heNebraskaBillwasineveryrespectaswindle.ItwasaswindlebytheSouthoftheNorth.Itwas,onthepartofthosewhohadalreadycompletelyenjoyedtheirshareoftheMissouriCompromise,aswindleofthosewhosesharewasyetabsolutely45untouched Itwasaswindleofabroadterritory,thuscheatedofprotectionagainstslavery.Itwasaswindleofagreatcause,earlyespousedbyWashington,Franklin,andJefferson,surroundedbythebestfathersoftherepublic.Sir,itwasaswindleof50God-giveninalienablerights.Turnitover;lookatitonallsides,anditiseverywhereaswindle;and,ifthewordInowemployhasnottheauthorityofclassicalusage,ithas,onthisoccasion,theindubitableauthorityoffitness.Nootherwordwilladequately55expressthemingledmeannessandwickednessofthecheat.Itscharacterwasstillfurtherapparentinthegeneralstructureofthebill.Amidoverflowingprofessionsofregardforthesovereigntyofthe60PeopleintheTerritory,theyweredespoiledofeveryessentialprivilegeofsovereignty.Theywerenotallowedtochoosetheirgovernor,secretary,chiefjustice,associatejustices,attorney,ormarshal—allofwhomaresentfromWashington;norwerethey65allowedtoregulatethesalariesofanyofthesefunctionaries,orthedailyallowanceofthelegislativebody,oreventhepayoftheclerksanddoorkeep