轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的危害英文

轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的危害(英文)Haveyoueverheardoftomatoesthatareresistanttorot?Whathappenswhencornbecomesresistanttopests?Further,haveyoueverheardoforseengeneticallymodifiedfoods?Intheongoingbattleagainsthunger,foodproductionhasimprovedtechnologicallyovertheyearsandyieldshavecontinuedtorise.Butifthisincreaseinyieldislinkedtoatechnologyknownas"geneticmodification,"wouldyoueatfoodthathasincreaseditsyieldthroughtechnologicalmeans?RecombinantDNAtechnologyorgeneticengineeringisseenasanimportanttoolortechnologicalmeanstoimprovefoodqualityandcropyieldinthefieldoffoodandagriculture.Havingsaidallthat,whatdoesGMreallymean?Transgenemeanstakinga"targetgene"fromoneorganismandinsertingitintoanothergenecalledthetargetorganism.Forexample,ifresearcherswantAparticularorganism(organismA)toproduceanutrientthatitcannotinitsnaturalgrowingstate,theywilllookforanotherorganismthatcanproducethatparticularnutrient(organismB),andtheninsertagenefromorganismBthatcanproducethatparticularnutrient(thetargetgene)intoorganismA'sgene.ThemaingoalsofGMfoodsaretoincreaseyieldsandincreaseresistancetoplantandanimalpests.AlthoughsomeGMfoodshavebeenapprovedandpassedassafeasconventionalfoods,thecontinuedproductionofGMfoodsremainscontroversial.Didyouknowthatalthoughgeneticallymodifiedfoodshavethecharacteristicsneededbyhumans,theprocessofrecombinantDNAtechnologyispronetomutationsthatleadtounpredictablechangesintheproductionofDNAanditsproteins?Thescarythingisthatthe"targetgenes"cancomefrombacteria,insects,andanimalswithspecifictraits.So,strictlyspeaking,geneticallymodifiedfoodshavetheirharmfuleffects.Theharmofgeneticallymodifiedfoodtohumanbeings1.AllergicreactionsInhumans,thenumberonemostcommonsideeffectofeatingGMfoodsisallergicreactions.Thisallergicreactionoccurswhenacertainprotein(allergen)presentinageneticallymodifiedcropentersthebodyandstimulatesanimmuneresponse.Asmentionedearlier,geneticallymodifiedfoodsarecreatedbyinsertingaforeigngeneintoanorganism.Thisprocessisthoughttohaveadverseeffectsinhumansbecausetheseinsertedgenesmaycarryspecificallergensthattriggerthisimmuneresponse.Inaddition,thereareconcernsthatnewallergiesmaydevelopduetothemixingofgenesfromthetwoorganisms.Andbecausesomeoftheinsertedgenescomefrombacteriaandviruses,thepotentialforspreadingdiseaseisalsoaconcern.2.ToxinproductionGeneticallymodifiedtomatoGmfoodsmayalsoincreasetheirproductionoftoxinsatlevelsthatarealreadyharmfultohumans.Thismaybecausedbytoxinsproducedwhenthe"targetgene"isdamagedduringinsertion.Anotherreasoniswhentheinsertedgeneisnotuniversallyacceptedbytherecipientorganismbecauseitinterfereswithitsmetabolicpathways.Therefore,byconsumingthesefoodsthatcontaintoxins,thepossibilityofingestingtoxinsandbeingharmedbythemmayoccur.3.ReducednutritionalvalueIronically,itisreportedthatsomegeneticallymodifiedfoodshavenonutritionalvalue.Becausegeneticengineeringtendstobemorefocusedonincreasingyields,prolonginglifeanddeterringpests,thenutritionalvalueofcertaincropscansometimessuffer.Forexample,organicsoybeanshaveinfactbeenfoundtobemuchhigherinnutrients(suchashealthysugars,proteins,selenium,andzinc)thangeneticallymodifiedsoybeans.Thefindingalsosuggeststhatbymakingplantsmoreresistanttopests,antioxidantphytochemicalsarereduced.Sobygeneticallymodifyingfood,quantitysuffersmorethanquality.Theharmofgeneticallymodifiedfoodtotheenvironment4.ReleasetoxinsintothesoilToxinsinsoilAsyoucansee,theharmofgeneticallymodifiedcropsgoesbeyonddamagingourhealth.Regardingtheirenvironmentalimpact,toxicityisabigconcernwithGMcrops.AfamousexampleisBtcorn,whichisknownforitsresistancetoinsects.InsertingBacillusthuringiensis(Bt),asoilbacteriumwhosegenesproducecertainproteintoxinsthatareeffectiveagainstpests,intocornmakesitmoreresistanttopests.Whilethispropertyhelpscontrolpests,itcanleadtothereleaseofsaidtoxinsintothesoil.Toomanytoxinsinthesoilcanpreventthegrowthofbacterianecessaryforplantgrowth.Asaresult,thesoilbecomesstarvedofallnecessarynutrients.5.PestsdevelopresistancetotoxinsBeyondthat,thelong-termeffectsofGmosareuncertain.Scientistsareconcernedthatovertime,overproductionofgeneticallymodifiedfoodswithtoxin-producingpropertieswillbecomeineffective.Thisisbecausethepeststhesetoxinsareusedtodetermayeventuallydevelopresistancetothem.6.DestructionofbiodiversityTheproductionofgeneticallymodifiedfoodsposesahighriskofdamagetobiodiversity.Thisisbecauseengineeredgenesproduce"better"traitsthatmaybenefitanorganism.Inaddition,theintroductionofGmoswilleventuallydisruptthenaturalprocessofgeneflow.Whatdoesthatmean?DisruptedgeneflowcanalsocausetheseGMcropstobecomeweedsbecausetheyreproducesoquicklyandcompetewithothercrops.HowtoavoidgeneticallymodifiedfoodItinvolvessocialandmoralissuesInadditiontohealthandenvironmentalconcerns,theproductionofgeneticallymodifiedcropsandanimalshasbecomethecenterofsocialandethicaldebate.Fornow,decipheringitslong-termeffectsremainschallenging,soit'sentirelyunderstandablethatconsumersareconcernedaboutsafety.Itcanbesaidthateveryfoodhasitsassociatedhealthbenefitsandrisks.AfterunderstandingalltheaforementionedhazardsofGMfoodsandcropsnotonlytohumanhealthbutalsototheenvironment,thedecisionisentirelyuptoyou.Areyoustillwillingtotakethatrisk?

您聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)耐腐爛的西紅柿嗎？玉米對(duì)害蟲(chóng)有抵抗力會(huì)怎么樣？進(jìn)一步來(lái)說(shuō)，您聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)或者見(jiàn)過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)基因食品嗎？在人類與饑餓的持續(xù)斗爭(zhēng)中，糧食生產(chǎn)多年來(lái)在技術(shù)上得到了更多改進(jìn)，產(chǎn)量也持續(xù)提高。但是，如果這種產(chǎn)量的提高與被稱為“轉(zhuǎn)基因”的技術(shù)有關(guān)，您會(huì)吃這種通過(guò)技術(shù)手段而提高產(chǎn)量的食物嗎？重組DNA技術(shù)或基因工程被視為提高糧食和農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域食品質(zhì)量和作物產(chǎn)量的重要工具或技術(shù)手段。說(shuō)了這么多，那么轉(zhuǎn)基因到底意味著什么呢？轉(zhuǎn)基因意味著從一種生物體中提取“目的基因”并將其插入另一被稱為目標(biāo)生物體的基因中。例如，如果研究人員想讓一種特定的生物體（A生物體）產(chǎn)生一種它自然生長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)下無(wú)法產(chǎn)生的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，他們將尋找另一種可以產(chǎn)生這種特定營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的生物體（B生物體），然后將B生物體中的能產(chǎn)生特定營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的基因（目的基因）插入A生物體的基因中。轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的主要目標(biāo)是提高產(chǎn)量和增強(qiáng)對(duì)動(dòng)植物害蟲(chóng)的抗性。盡管一些轉(zhuǎn)基因食品已經(jīng)獲得批準(zhǔn)并通過(guò)，作為傳統(tǒng)食品是安全的，但轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的繼續(xù)生產(chǎn)仍然存在爭(zhēng)議。您是否知道，盡管轉(zhuǎn)基因食品具有人類所需要的特征，但是，重組DNA技術(shù)的過(guò)程很容易發(fā)生突變，從而導(dǎo)致DNA及其蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的不可預(yù)測(cè)的變化?？膳碌氖?，“目的基因”可能來(lái)自具有特定性狀的細(xì)菌、昆蟲(chóng)和動(dòng)物。所以嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)，轉(zhuǎn)基因食品是具有其有害影響的。轉(zhuǎn)基因食品對(duì)人類的危害1.過(guò)敏反應(yīng)在人類中，食用轉(zhuǎn)基因食品最常見(jiàn)的第一大副作用是過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)基因作物中存在的某種蛋白質(zhì)（過(guò)敏原）進(jìn)入體內(nèi)并刺激免疫反應(yīng)時(shí)，就會(huì)發(fā)生這種過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。如前所述，轉(zhuǎn)基因食品是通過(guò)將外來(lái)基因插入生物體而創(chuàng)造的。這個(gè)過(guò)程被認(rèn)為對(duì)人類有不利影響，因?yàn)檫@些插入的基因可能攜帶觸發(fā)這種免疫反應(yīng)的特定過(guò)敏原。此外，人們還擔(dān)心由于兩種生物體的基因混合而可能發(fā)生新的過(guò)敏。而且由于一些插入的基因來(lái)自細(xì)菌和病毒，傳播疾病的可能性也令人擔(dān)心。2.毒素的產(chǎn)生轉(zhuǎn)基因西紅柿轉(zhuǎn)基因食品也可能增加其毒素的產(chǎn)生，其水平已經(jīng)對(duì)人類有害。這可能是由于插入過(guò)程中“目的基因”受損時(shí)產(chǎn)生的毒素造成的。另一個(gè)原因是當(dāng)插入的基因不被受體生物體普遍接受時(shí)，因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)干擾其代謝途徑。因此，通過(guò)食用這些含有毒素的食物，可能會(huì)發(fā)生攝入毒素并受到其傷害的可能性。3.營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值降低具有諷刺意味的是，據(jù)報(bào)道，一些轉(zhuǎn)基因食品沒(méi)有營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值。由于基因工程往往更側(cè)重于增加產(chǎn)量、延長(zhǎng)壽命和阻