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Project2IntelligentFollowingintensifiedProject2IntelligentFollowingintensifiedfamiliarizationwiththePOWERONinnovativekitintheprecedingproject,thisprojectofIntelligentElevatorsfocusesonknowledgeofengineeringprojectaswellasdevelopingthestudents’engineeringconceptandManstartedtouseprimitiveliftingtoolsfortransportingpeopleandgoodslongtimeago,mostofwhichwithmanpoweroranimalpowerasthedrivingforce.Sincetheearly19thcentury,withthedevelopmentintheindustrialrevolution,steamengineshavebecomeimportantmotivepower.ThesteamenginesastheliftingforcewerefirststartedinEuropeandAmericaandhavebeenimprovedeversince.In1852,ElishaGravesOtis,amechanicalengineerinYonkerstown(Farmington,Connecticut),NewYork,USA,showedhisinventionatanexhibition,declaringthebirthoftheFig.3- PrototypesofElevatorsinOver100yearshaspassedsincetheinventionoftheelevators,fromthesimple,unsafeanduncomfortableformintheearliesttimeuptotoday,innumerableimprovementsandprogresseshavebeenmade.Technicaldevelopmentinvolvedwillneverstop.InChina,theelevatorsinusetotal1Fig.3-32Thefirststeamenginedrivenelevatorintheworldavailablelandaremultipurposeandfullfunctionalhightypebuildingswillberemarkablydeveloped,andtheon-goingstudyonextrahighspeedelevatorswillbekept.Theelevatorindustryhasabrightfuture,forthepopulationinChinais1300million,thepercapitapossessionofelevatorsinuseaccountsfor1/3ofthatintheworld,or1/10ofthatinthedevelopedcountries.Thecurrentworldaveragestandardcanbereachedwhenwehave1.5millionelevatorsinuse,soChinamarketasthelargestoneforwillprobablycontinueforquitealongAha,suchalonghistory.I’dliketolearnmoreabouttheintelligentelevators!Task1.Gettingtoknowthehistoryandpresentsituationoftheelevators2.Gettingfamiliarwiththedefinitionofintelligentelevatorsandtheircommonclassification,andbeabletoclassifycommonintelligentelevatorsindaily3.Gettingwellacquaintedwiththemeaningsofthetypesandparametersofcommonelevators.Subtask1IntroductiontoIntelligentElevatorsarethemaintoolspeopletakeforupanddownmovementinbuildings.Thewidelyusedelevatorsystemsareprovidingfacilitiesforpeople.Bytheendof2011,thetotalnumberoftheelevatorsinusehadreached7.628millioninChina,andin2011alone,450,000elevatorsweresoldinChina.Theannualrateofincreaseinsaleis20%,andtheannuallyincreasedproductionaccountsforoverhalfofthe2Fig.3-33IntelligentGroupControlTask1GettingtoKnowIntelligentincreasedproductionofthatintheincreasedproductionofthatintheAsmoreandmorebuildingswithelevatorsaregoingup,theapplicationofelevatorsaremorewidelymadeinthenationaleconomyandlifeaccordingly.Theelevatorsareinvolvedinliving,officeanddailyactivities.Elevatorsarecloselylinkedwithpeople’sworkandlife.Therefore,moreandmoreattentionarepaidtosafety,energysaving,environmentalprotectionandotherissuesrelatedtoelevators.Functionsofvideomonitor,videodisplay,man-machineinteraction,buttoncontrol,signalcontrol,centralizedselectioncontrol,intelligentgroupcontrol,remotemonitorandtelephonecallaremoreandmorewidelyappliedinintelligentelevators.Installation,testingandmaintenanceofintelligentelevatorsweredesignatedimportanteventsoftheNationalVocationalStudent’SkillCompetitionheldin2012.Theequipmentforcompetitionisofhighsimulationandisproportionallymicro-designedonthebasisofactualelevators.Theyaremainlycomposedofmechanicalandelectricalsystemsfittedwithindependentstandardelectriccontrolsystems;themechanicalsystemcomposedofdrivingsystem,elevatorcarFig.3-34HighSimulationIntelligentElevatorsUsedinCompetitionandfloordoor,dooropen-closesystemandmechanicalsafetysystem.Theelectricalcontrolsystemismainlycomposedofpartsforpullingcontrol,useandoperation,shaftinformationcollectionsafetyprotection.Thecontrolsystemcomprisesprogrammablecontroller,frequencyconverter,sensor,motordrivingandlowvoltageelectrics.Inaddition,theyarealsoequippedwithvideomonitor,videodisplay,fireextinguisherandtelephones.Thefunctionsofbuttoncontrol,signalcontrol,centralizedselectioncontrolandman-machineinteractioncanberealized,andintelligentgroupcontrol,remotecontrolandfaultsettinganddiagnosticinspectioncanbechecked,whichrepresentthecurrentlymainstreamofelevatortechnologyintheworld.Subtask2DefinitionandClassificationoftheIntelligent1.DefinitionofWouldyougivea3Elevatorsareofverticalliftingmechanismwithmotorsasdrivingforce,equippedwithboxlikecarsandusedinmulti-storeybuildingsforcarryingpeopleandgoods,andareElevatorsareofverticalliftingmechanismwithmotorsasdrivingforce,equippedwithboxlikecarsandusedinmulti-storeybuildingsforcarryingpeopleandgoods,andarefixedliftingequipmentservingforspecifiedfloors.Thereareotherelevatorsinuse,suchasthoseofsteptype,withfootboardsfixedonarunningcrawlertrack,commonlyknownasescalators.Commonelevatorsineverydaylifearedividedintotwocategories:verticalelevators,verticaltypeorwithangleofinclination≤15o;theothersareescalatorsandmovingsidewalks,horizontalorwithslightangles,forcarryingManyactualfactorswillbeconsideredbeforechoosingelevators,buttwoparametersareparticularlyimportant:ratedloadQandratedspeed,ofwhichtheratedloadQ(kg)isthebasisonwhichtheelevatorsaremade,ortheloadwithwhichthesellercanguaranteenormalrunning.TheratedspeedV(m/s)isthespeedofanelevatorcarinaccordancewhichtheelevatorsaremadeandbywhichtheelevator’snormaloperationshallbeguaranteedbyManykindsofelevatorscanbeseennowadays,letsclassifythem!2.ClassificationoftheintelligentTheintelligentelevatorscanbeclassifiedfromdifferentangles.Sincethebasesforclassificationdifferfromeachother,thecontentsrelatedare1).ClassificationaccordingtotheirInthisway,theintelligentelevatorscanbeclassifiedinto9types:passengerelelvators,goodselevators,medicalelevators,lumberelevators,sight-seeingelevators,vehicleelevators,elevatorsforship,elevatorsatconstructionsiteandelevatorsforspecialuse.SeeTable3-8fordetails.ClassificationaccordingtothewayofInthisway,theelevatorscanbedividedintoseveralgroups:ACelevators,DCelevators,hydraulicelevators,gearandgearrackelevatorsandscrewClassificationaccordingtothewayofInthisway,elevatorscanbedividedinto8types:handleon-offswitchcontrolinsidecar,buttoncontrol,signalcontrol,centralizedselectioncontrol,lowercentralizedselectioncontrol,parallelcontrol,groupcontroland4Canyouclassifytheseeeveryday?5DesignedforcarryingsafetyequipmentandfairlygooddecorationElevatorsusedCanyouclassifytheseeeveryday?5DesignedforcarryingsafetyequipmentandfairlygooddecorationElevatorsusedinDesignedmainlyforpeopleinDesignedforcarryingmedicalvehicles,thecarisquitelongandElevatorsatElevatorsforDesignedforlibrary,officebuildingsSuchasfrigeryelevator,explosionproofelevator,mineelevatorandfiremengTransparentwallofcarFeaturesofIntelligentElevatorsDifferentindrivingGettingtoknowmainbrandsofelevatorsFeaturesofIntelligentElevatorsDifferentindrivingGettingtoknowmainbrandsofelevatorsintheOTIS，thelargestelevatorcompanyintheworld,hasbeendevotedtoelevatorrelatedstudy,development,manufacturing,installation,maintenance,service,makingreplacementsandtechnicalinnovationsofelevators,escalatorsandmovingsidewalksandothertransportationsystemsforthepastover150years.Currently,OTISelevatorsareoperatinginover200countriesandregions.Roughlythereare2.5millionOTISelevatorsandescalatorsrunning,thenumberofpassengerscarriedevery5daysisequivalenttothewholepopulationontheearth.OTISpaysmoreattentiontogreendevelopment.Theirnewtypeelevator’senergyregenerationtechnologycanfeedthepowergeneratedbythetractionenginebacktothedistributionboardinthebuildingthroughOTIS’s6WithACinductionmotorasdrivingforce;theycanbedividedintoAConespeed,ACtwospeed,ACvoltage-speedregulatingandfrequencyconversion-votlagetransformationandspeedregulatingLiquidflowtobedrivenbyelectricpump;carmovingupanddownbyplungerpistonWithDCmotorasdrivingforce,theratedspeedusu.at2.00m/soroverGuidingrailprocessedintorack;gear,engagedwiththerack,fixedontothecar;thegearturnedbythemotortomovethecarupanddownTheplungerpistonfordirectactingelevatorprocessedintorectangularscrew;thenfixbignutwiththrustnutturnedbymotorthroughareducer(orbelt);inthisway,thescrewmovesthecarupanddevelopedenergyregenerationsystem,developedenergyregenerationsystem,whichwillbeusedontheotherelectricequipment.ThereforeitissaidthatOTIS’selevatorsareableSchindler—Elevatorsuppliertothehighestresidentialbuildingsintheworld.Schindlerisaworldleadingsupplierofelevators,escalatorsandrelatedEveryday1billionpeopletakeSchindler’sSchindlerprovided25elevatorstoamultifunctionalresidentialbuildinginBombay,India.Thecontractincludedamovementsolutionforthehighestresidentialbuilding,450mhigh,named“WorldOne”.ThebuildingwillbeequippedwiththefastestelevatorsinIndia,thespeedofwhichisupto8m/s.KONEelevator—Passengers’ExperienceinKONEelevatorsarewidelyusedinmanyfamousbuildingsintheworld,includingthenewtriumphalarchinFrance,Frankfortinternationalairport,ShangrilahotlelDubai,theFourSeasonshotelUSA,Chinanationalstadium-themainsiteforholdingOlympicGamesandBeijingairport.KONEisoneoftheworld’smostexcellentbrandsinChina’smarket.KONEcreatesperfectusers’experiencewithaninnovatorysolutionof“peopleflow”,addinggreatlytotheusers’achievement.Inaddition,KONE’sleadingpowerandworkingprocedurehelpthemtorealizeexcellentandraisetheircompetitivepowerinGUANGRIElevators—theMostExcellentBrandsbyItisoneofthelargestwholeelevatorproducersinsoutheastChina.ItsmainproductsareaseriesofGreenMax,includingelevatorsforsmallworkshop,luxuriouspassengerelevators,sightseeingelevators,medicalelevators,elevatorsinhousesandGRFIIescalators,GRRIImovingsidewalks,GVHgoodselevators,ESWmotor-non-engineroomlesselevators,anditisinvolvedinawholeseriesofactivitiesfromimportofelevators,researchanddevelopment,manufacturing,export,installation,maintenanceandafter7Mitsubishi—Offering“theMitsubishi—Offering“theEnjoymentofupanddownMitsubishiShanghaiwasfoundedin1987,anelevatorjointventureformedbyShanghaielevatorfactory,MitsubishiJapanandMitsubishiHongkong.IthasenjoyedthelargestmarketshareinChinaformanyyears.Inthepast25years,ithasbeenassimilatingtheadvancedtechnologiesintheworld,persistinginself-reliantcreation,pursuingoutstandingmanagementandholdingaleadof19consecutiveyearsinChina’selevatorindustryandmarket;alsoasingleenterprisewiththehighestannualproductionandsalesintheworldfor7consecutiveyears,creatingonewonderafteranotherandbrilliantachievements.Theseconstitutealivelypioneeringhistoryinwhichprogressesaremadewhiledevelopingandcreationmadewhileprogressing,offeringpeoplewith“theenjoymentofupanddownmoving”andcreatingamoreharmoniousspaceforsociety.MitsubishiElevatorenjoysthepositionofthefirstsupplierofChina’s500largestrealestatedevelopmententerprises.FUJIElevator---GoingoutofJapanintoEuropeandOfalltheJapaneseelevatorproducers,FUJIE,infact,istheonlyelevatorbrandcompetitiveintheEuropeanandUSAmarkets.ComparedtoMitsubishi,HitachiandToshiba,FUJIEistheonlycompanyspecializinginproducingelevatorinJapan.Inthemiddleof1990’s,FUJIEformedajointventurewithZhongfang,namedHuasheng-FUJIEElevatorCo.,Ltd.FUJIEischaracterizedbyitsstability,andoneofitsmainachievementsinChinawasoncesupplyingtothefirstandthesecondstagesoftheInternationalTradeBuildingconstruction,Beijing,andthefirstBabaibanandothers.HITACHIElevators—BuildthePresentandServetheAcompanyofover100years,HITACHYenteredChinawithitsdevelopedtechnologyandmadeaninvestmentinbuildingitslargestoverseascompany,HITACHYElevator(China)Co.;Ltd.Throughcontinuousdevelopment,HITACHIElevatornowhasenteredastrategicstageof“Oneheadquarter,5+1globalresearchanddevelopmentsystemsand5largenetworkbuildingbases,”pushingforwardtheurbandevelopmentinChina.Inthe8years,HITACHIElevatorhasbeendevotedinresearchanddevelopment,manufacturing,marketing,years,HITACHIElevatorhasbeendevotedinresearchanddevelopment,manufacturing,marketing,installing,maintainingandimportingandexportingofvariouselevators,escalatorsandmovingsidewalks.Ithas58sub-companiesoperatinginprincipalcitiesinChina,andlargemanufacturingbasesinGuangzhou,Tianjin,ShanghaiandChengdu.Withcurrentlyannualproductioncapacityupto42000elevators,itisoneofthelargestelevatorproducersandserviceprovidersinChina.TOSHIBAElevator---WeAlwaysKeepinPursuitofHavingTOSHIBAElevatorCo.,Ltd,Japan(TELC)wasfoundedin2001byLiftingMachineSystemCo.,(acompanyunderTOSHIBA)withformerToshibaElevatorCo.,.Aleadingelevatorenterpriseintheworld,TELC’sproductshavingToshiba’ssophisticatedtechniqueincludethefastestelevatorswithmagnetsuspensionguidingshoes,whichhavesetaGuinnessWorldRecord,doubledeckcarswithself-regulatabledeckspaces.Withitsrevolutionaryenvironmentalprotectiontechnique,itreducestotheutmostextenttheloadonenvironment,createsnewandhighervalues,completesitsmissionas“oneoftheenterprisesontheearth”andmakescontributionsinavoidingtheglobalgreenhouseeffectandbuildingbetter-offsociety.ThyssenKruppElevator---theWorld’sElevator,theWorldThyssenKruppelevatorgroup’sannualsaleisaround5.3billionEuro.Thecompanyhas45,000employeesinover800officesintheworld,morethan20languagesbeingspoken.Inskyscrapers,residentialbuildings,officebuildings,starhotels,airportsorshoppingcentres,whetheryoutakemovingsidewalksorverticalelevators,theyallwillcarryyoutoyourdestinationinafast,safeandcomfortableway.ThyssenKruppElevatorcomprises6mainworkingunits,4ofwhicharemainlydirectedtoregionalelevatorbusinessincludingmiddle/eastern/northernEurope,southernEurope/Africa/MiddleEast,AmericaandAsia/PacificRegion.Theothertwoareglobalindustrialunits,includingescalators,aerobridgesandbarrierfreefacilities(barrierfreeelevators,platformelevatorsandelevatorsfor9Wheninanelevator,weseealotofnumbersandlettersafter“type”.Whatdotheymean?Wheninanelevator,weseealotofnumbersandlettersafter“type”.Whatdotheymean?Sincetherearenoworldwidestandardsforthemethodsofelevatorcoding,andtherearenouniformindustrialstandardsrelatedineachcountry,thecodingmethodsfortheproductsofeachcompanyarenotunified.Onthewhole,therearesomemethodsasfollows:Eachcountryhasitsownmethodsofelevatortypecoding.Ajointventureusuallycontinuestousetheimportingcountry’smethodoftypecoding,isdividedinto3classesasshowninTable3-Table3-11ElevatortypecodingMethodsinother2)TypesoftheelevatorsmadeinAnelevator’stypeconsistsof3parts:category,grouportype,mainparametersandmodeofcontrol,thereisashortlinebetweenthe2ndandthe3rdparts;thefirstpartshowscategory,group,typeandmodification;category,typeandgrouprepresentedbythemeaningfulChinesephoneticalphabets(capitalinitialletters),modificationrepresentedbysmallChinesephoneticalphabetsinorder,placeddownrightofthecategory,groupandtypecodes.The2ndpartshowsmainparameters,thetopleftofwhichisforratedloadofMethodsofBynameofelevatormanufacturerandproductserialNo.TOEC-ThefirstlettersareinitiallettersofmeanstheproducttypeThelettersofEnglishrepresentelevatorGPS-ThefirstlettersmeanproductInitiallettersrepresentelevatortypesandnumbersindicateparametersYP-15-YPrepresentsACspeedadjustingelevator,liftingcapacity15persons,center-partingdoor,ratedspeed90m/minelevator,thedownrightofwhichforratedspeed,withanobliquelineinbetween,allindicatedinArabicnumbers;thethirdpartshowsthecodeofthemodeofcontrol,representedbythemeaningfulcapitalChinesephoneticydraulic梯TCodeelevator,thedownrightofwhichforratedspeed,withanobliquelineinbetween,allindicatedinArabicnumbers;thethirdpartshowsthecodeofthemodeofcontrol,representedbythemeaningfulcapitalChinesephoneticydraulic梯TCodeProducttype(category:capitalTable3-13ProductVarietyRatedProductPassenger客K貨HPassenger/goods兩L病BResidential住Z物WElevatorfor船CSightseeing觀GElevatorfor汽QTable3-14CodeofModeofDraggingTable3-15CodeofModeofExample:TKJ1000/2.5-JXW:ACspeedregulationpassengerelevator,capacity:1000Kg,speed:2.5/m,centralizedselectioncontrolbymicrocomputer.TKY1000/0.63-AZ:hydraulicgoodselevator,capacity:1000Kg,SummaryofKnowledgeTable3-14CodeofModeofDraggingTable3-15CodeofModeofExample:TKJ1000/2.5-JXW:ACspeedregulationpassengerelevator,capacity:1000Kg,speed:2.5/m,centralizedselectioncontrolbymicrocomputer.TKY1000/0.63-AZ:hydraulicgoodselevator,capacity:1000Kg,SummaryofKnowledgeandIntelligentelevatorsareimportanttransportationtoolsforpeopleinmodernsociety.Anelevatorisakindofverticalliftingmachinewithboxlikecar,mainlyusedforcarryingpeopleandgoodsinmulti-storeybuildings.Therearealsothoseofsteptype,withstepboardfixedonarunningcaterpillar,knownasescalators,usedasfixtypeliftingequipmentinspecifiedfloors.Sincetheelevatorswereinventedover100yearsago,theyhavewidelyusedinmoreandmorefieldswithmoreandmoreformsthroughdevelopmentgenerationaftergeneration.EngineeringInnovationCompetenceModeofHandleswitch,auto手、手、Push-buttoncontrol,auto按、Push-buttoncontrol,hand按、信Centralizedselection集并群Modeof交J直Z液YGoonlineandsearchforinterestingintelligentelevators!ShanghaiEconomyandTradeBuildingisGoonlineandsearchforinterestingintelligentelevators!ShanghaiEconomyandTradeBuildingisequippedwiththeworld’sadvancedelevatorsystem.Searchonlineforthecategoriesofelevatorsandmakeclearwhatcategoriestheybelongtoaccordingtodifferentstandardsforofelevatorsareclearnow.ButwhatabouttheirstructuresandTaskListelevator’s4mainspacecompositionpartsand8mainstructuralcomponentUnderstandwellthefunctionsofeachpartofanintelligentAnelevatorisakindofelectromechanicalintegratedproduct.Itsmechanicalpartisjustlikeman’sbody;itselectricpartlikeman’snerve;itscontrolpartlikeman’sbrain.Themechanicalpartandtheelectricalpartcanbeoperatedandcloselycoordinatedthroughcontrolsystems,tomakesuretheelevator’snormalrunning.Althoughtherearemanykindsofintelligentelevators,mostoftheintelligentelevatorscurrentlyinuseareelectricdriventypesandareofsteelropedraggingTask2StructureandComponentPartsofanSpeedMainDoormachineCarguidingFollowingCounterweightguidingCompensationHallTtension.Fig.3-35StructureofInoftheelevators’spacepositions,thereare4parts:attachedmachinehouse,shaft,SpeedMainDoormachineCarguidingFollowingCounterweightguidingCompensationHallTtension.Fig.3-35StructureofInoftheelevators’spacepositions,thereare4parts:attachedmachinehouse,shaft,spaceforcarryingpassengersandgoods(cars),placesforpassengersorgoodsgettinginoroutofthecar(floorstops),i.e.machinehouse,shaft,carandfloorIntermsofthefunctionofeachpartoftheelevator(seefigure3-36),theelevatorcanbedividedinto8parts:draggingsystem,guidingsystem,carsystem,electriccontrolsystemandsafetyprotectionCarDoWeightalFig.3-368systemsofan曳Drag電teTable3-FunctionsofEachPartofItsoundsgreat,doesn’tit?Now,wouldyoujoinmeinlearningaboutthecoretechnologyforintelligentelevators?SummaryofKnowledgeandAnTable3-FunctionsofEachPartofItsoundsgreat,doesn’tit?Now,wouldyoujoinmeinlearningaboutthecoretechnologyforintelligentelevators?SummaryofKnowledgeandAnintelligentelevatorconsistsof8mainsubsystems,i.e.MainpartsandDragDraggingmachine,steeldraggingrope,guidingwheelanddiversionGuideLimitfreedomofcarandGuidingrailanditsCaranditsDoorEntriesandexitsforpassengersandgoods;thecarandfloordoorsmustbeclosedwhilemoving,andopenedonlyuponarrivingCardoors,halldoors,doormachinesanddoorlocksHelpinbalancingtheweightofcarandeliminatetheinfluenceofthelengthofdraggingropeinhigherbuilgingsCounterweightandcompensationSupplypowerandcontrolthespeedofElectricmotor,powersupplysystem,speedfeedbackdevicesandspeedControlboards,levelingunit,operationboxes,callingboxesandcontrollersEnsurethesafeoperationofelevatorandpreventanyaccidentendangeringhumanlifeSpeedlimiter,safetyclamp,buffer,endstopsafetyinstallation,overspeedprotection,openandreversedphaseprotector,upperandlowerlimitprotectoranddoorinterlocksguiding,cardoor,weightbalancing,electricdragging,electriccontrolandsafetyprotection,eachhavingaguiding,cardoor,weightbalancing,electricdragging,electriccontrolandsafetyprotection,eachhavingadifferentfunction,andthesetogetherensurenormalrunningoftheintelligentEngineeringInnovationCompetenceWithyourknowledgeofthestructureandcomponentpartsofelevators,itissuggestedthatyoufindaninterestingintelligentelevatorindailyuse.Drawasketchofthestructureofintelligentelevatorbeforewestart.TaskTobeabletoclearlyexplainthecoretechnologyforeachpartofanintelligentelevator;elevatorswithyourThestructureofelevatorconsistsof8mainmodules,eachhavingitsowncoretechnology.Theseareexplainedrespectivelybelow.Subtask1GettingtoKnowtheDraggingSystemofMaincommondrivingmodesofintelligentelevatorsaredraggingdriving,forceddrivingandhydraulicdriving,ofwhichtheforceddrivingwayisthatareelisturnedbyamotor,i.e.steelropesarewoundroundthereel,andthemovementofcarismadethroughpulleys,seeFigure3-37;hydraulicdrivingisperformedusingahydrauliccylinderjackingtomoveelevators,seeFig.3-Task3GettingtoKnowtheCoreTechnologyofIntelligentElevatorOfthe3waysofdriving,thedraggingOfthe3waysofdriving,thedraggingdrivingistheonemostlyusedandmosttechnicallymatured,andisgivenmoredetailsbelow.Thedraggingsystemisthecorepartofanintelligentelevator,whosefunctionistosupplyandtransmitpowertotheelevatorandenableittomove,asshownintheFigureDrivingDraggingGuidingFig.3-39DraggingGearTheprincipleofdraggingdrivingisthatthedraggingsteelropeconnectsthecaratoneendandcounterweightattheother,thegravityofcarandcounterweightkeepstheropefirmlyseatedinthegrooveinthedraggingwheel.Whilethemotorisrunning,thefrictionbetweensteelropesinthedraggingTheprincipleofdraggingdrivingisthatthedraggingsteelropeconnectsthecaratoneendandcounterweightattheother,thegravityofcarandcounterweightkeepstheropefirmlyseatedinthegrooveinthedraggingwheel.Whilethemotorisrunning,thefrictionbetweensteelropesinthedragginggroovedrivestheropes,movingthecarandthecounterweightrelativelytoeachother,inthiswaythemovesupanddowntheshaft.SeeFigure3-Thedraggingsystemconsistsmainlyofdraggingmachine,draggingsteelrope,draggingwheel,guidingwheelanddiversionsheaves.Usually,theelevatordraggingmachineconsistsofmotor,brake,speedreducer,framework,guidingwheelandturninghandwheel.Draggingmachinewithgears:itsmotor’spoweristransmittedtothedraggingmachineonthedraggingwheelsthroughanintermediatespeedreducer,inwhichthereducerisusuallydrivenbywormandwormwheelorbevelgear.WithACorDCmotors,thiskindofdraggingmachineisnormallyusedinlowspeedorhighspeedelevators.Draggingmachinewithoutgears:powerforthedraggingmachinetransmitteddirectlytothedraggingmachineonthedraggingwheel,notthroughanintermediatespeedreducer.SeeFig.3-42.Fig.3-41DraggingwithFig.3-42Dragging對2)DraggingsteelThe2)DraggingsteelThedraggingsteelropeisusuallyofthestructureofroundstrands,mainlyconsistsofsteelwire,strandsandcores.Thestrandismadewithsteelwires,whicharebasicstrengthunitsofthesteelrope.Thereare3differentwaysofwirewinding,canberegardedasdifferentmodesofdriving.wayofwindingmeansdifferentdrivingspeedFig.3-43DraggingWhileanelevatorismoving,theratiooflinearspeedofthedraggingwheelnodalcircletothecarmovingspeedisregardedasdraggingratio.3)Guidingwheels,diversionwheelsanddraggingTheguidingwheels,diversionwheelsordraggingwheelsarebutroundwheelsbearingdraggingsteelropes.Sincetheirlocationsandeffectsaredifferent,theirnamesaredifferentfromeachotherFig.3-45GuidingThedraggingwheelsarethosefittedtodraggingmachines.Ifthemotorofdraggingmachineisaninputwheel,thedraggingwheelisaoutputwheelthroughaspeedreducer.Theguidingwheelisawheelguidingdraggingropes,guidingthesteelropethatconnectsthecarandthecounterweighttoitsdueposition.Thediversinwheelsaredifferentfromdraggingwheelsorguidingwheels.Theyarenotnecessarilyinstalledinalltheelevators.Theywillnotbeinstalledinelevatorswith1:1draggingratio.TheyareusuallyfittedtothetopofcartoreducetheoutputpowerandSubtaskGettingtoKnowtheWeightBalancingSystemofCouterweightforthecarishangingattheotherendofdraggingropetorelativelybalancethecar,causingtheweightofthecarandthecounterweighttoactondraggingwheelsthroughdraggingropes.Sincetheloadonthecarisvaryingandtheweightsatbothendscannotbekeptequalandcompletelybalancedatalltimes,generally,theendofcounterweightandtheendofcarcanonlybecompletelybalancedwhentheloadoncarreaches50%oftheratedloadingcapacity.Theloadatthispointiscalledthebalancingpointfortheelevator.Thecounterweightismadeofcastiron(orof gravity),thesizeofwhichisbasedonthecivilconstruction.OTIS,forexample,ratedloadingcapacity.Theloadatthispointiscalledthebalancingpointfortheelevator.Thecounterweightismadeofcastiron(orof gravity),thesizeofwhichisbasedonthecivilconstruction.OTIS,forexample,specifiesthattheofasinglecounterweightcan couterweighthasbeenputintoitssupport,itshouldbefirmlypressedwithaplate,inordertoavoidnoisetobecausedbytheplayofelevatorwhileitisFig.3-46Elevator’sWeightBalancingSystemTheweightcompensationdevicesrefertothecompensationchainsropeswhicharehangingatthebottomofthecarandcounterweight.Whiletheelevatorisrunning,thechangeinitslengthisjusttheoppositeofthatindraggingrope’slength,i.e.whiletheelevatorcarisatthehighestfloor,mostpartofthedraggingropeisonthecouterweightside,butmostpartofthecompensationropeisonthecarside;whilethecarisatthelowestfloor,thecaseisjusttheInspectionSubtask3GettingtoKnowtheCarSystemofIntelligentElevatorThecarofelevatorisa