2023年1月考研英語(yǔ)一真題及答案

2023年1月考研英語(yǔ)真題及答案(一)

SectionIUseofEnglish

Dnecclious:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebcslword(s)for

eachnumberedblank,andmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWER

SHEET1.(10points)

In1924American'NationalResearchCouncilsentto

engineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsata

telephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawhtorePlantnear

ChicagoIthopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorEgnting

_1_workorsproductivityInstead,thestudiesended_2—

givingtheirnametothe“Hawhthomeeffect“theextremely

inflenticelIdeatheveey_3_tobemgexperimentedupon

changedsubjects,behavior

Theideaarosebecauseofthe_4_behaviorofthewomen

intheplato.Accordmgto_5_ofthe

expetmems.their,houriyoutputrosewhenhghtmgwas

increased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot_6_what

wasdoneintheexpenment.—7—sometmgwas

changed,produchntyroseA(n)—8—thattheywerebemg

experimenteduponseemedtobe9_t0alterworkers,

bchamor10uself

Afterseveraldecades,thesaliledatawere_11_to

econometrictheanalysisHawthorneexperimentshasanother

surprisestorej2一thedescnpuonsonrecord,nosystematic

13_wasfoundthatlevelsofproduchxntywererelatedto

changesinlighting

Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingthe

c?enmentsmaybehaveletto_14_interpretationofwhat

happed.—15—,tighringwasalwayschangedonaSundayWhen

workstartedagainonMonday,output16—rosecompared

withthepreviousSaturdayand_17—toriseforthenext

coupleofdays_18—,acomparisonwithdataforweeks

whentherewasnoexpenmentationshowedthatoutputalways

wentupOnMonday,workers_19—tobeduigentforthefirst

fewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before_21_aplateau

andthenslackeningoffThissuggeststhatthealleged”

Hawthorneeffect“ishardtoptndown

1.[A]affected[B]achieved

[C]exlracted[D]restored

2[A]at[B]up[C]with

[D]Off

3[A]Wuth[B]sight[C]act

[D]proof

4.[A]convoversial[B]perplexing

[c]mischieous[D]ambiguous

5.[A]reqtttrents[B]cxplanalions

[C]accounts[D]assements

6[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate

[I)]work

7[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]in

casethat[D]solongas

8.[Alawarerress[B]expectation[C]sentiment

[D]illusion

9.[A]suitale[B]excessive[C]enough

[D]abundant

10.[A]about[B]for[C]on

[D]by

11[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected

[D]conveyed

12.[A]contraryto[B]consistentwith

[Ciparallelwith[D]pealliarto

13.[A]evidence[B]guidance

[C]implication[D]source

14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening

[C]retiable[D]wasleadmg

15.[A]Incontast[B]Forexample[C]In

consequenceusual

16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably

[D]suddenly

17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started

[D]continued

20.[A]breaking[B]chrnbing[C]surpassmg

[D]hiting

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions：

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Markyour

answersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text2

Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseen

granledforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazoncom

receivedoneforits“one-click“onlinepaymentsystem

MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocation

strategy.Oneinvenlorpatentedatochniqueforlyingabox

Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletely

readytoscalehackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhave

beencontroversiale,versincetheywerefirst

authorized10yearsagoInamovethathas

intellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.Scourtof

Appealsforthefederalctrcuitsaiditwouldusea

particularcasetoconductabroadreviewof

business-methodpatents.InreBijskl,asthecaseisknown,

is“averybigdeal”,saysDermis，DCrouchofthe

UniversityofMissouri

Schooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoelinatean

entireclassofpatmts”

Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramatic

about-facebecauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthat

introducedsuchpatentswithis2023decisioninthe

so-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentona

wayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedan

explosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallyby

emerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusive

pinhtstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,

moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentsto

theirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthat

mightbentthemtothepunch.In2023,IBMnotedinacourt

filingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300

business-methodpatentsdespitethafactthatit

questionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,

someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswith

patentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositions

incourtcasesopposingthepractice。

TheBiIskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethod

forhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuit

issuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheard

byall12ofthecourt?sjudges,ratherthanatypical

panelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevalusteis

wetheritshould“reconsider“itsstatestreetBank

rulingo

TheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeofa

seriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme.Countthathas

nurrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.Last

April,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomany

patentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions“thatare

obvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reaction

totheanti_patenttrendatthesupremecourt“saysHarole

Cwegner,apartendattorneyandprofessorataeorge

WashingtonUniversityLawSchoolo

26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcern

becauseof

[A]their1imitedvaluetobusiness

[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation

[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting

[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization

27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?

[A]Itsrullingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions

[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction

[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit

[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S。

28.Theword“about-face”(Line1,Paro3)mostprobably

means

[A]lossofgoodwill

[B]increaseofhostility

[C]changeofattitude

[D]changeofauiuled

29.Welearnfromthelasttwopamgraphsthat

business-meihodPateats

[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges

[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued

[C]lowertheesteemforpateatholders

[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks

30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?

[A]Aloomingthreattobvamess-melhcdpatents

[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders

[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents

[D]Aprevailingtreadagainstbusiness-methodpatents

Text3

InhisbookTheTippingPoinlMalcohnaladuel1aloues

thatsocialepidemicsaredliveninlargepartbytheacting

ofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledin

fluentialswhoareunusual1informed,persuasive,orwe

connectTheideaisintuitivelycompellingbutitdoesn't

explainhowideasactuallyspreado

Thesupposedimportanceofinftuentialsderivesfrom

aplansiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheoryuntested

thelrycalledthe"tow-stepflowofcommunication，/

InformationHowsfromthemediatotheinftuentialsand

fromthentoereryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthe

two-stepflowbecameitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfind

andinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectpeoplewill

domostoftheorkforthemThetheoryalsoseemstoexplain

thesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofpeoplewaswearing

promotingordevelopingwhaterveritisbeforeanyoneelse

paidattentionAnecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicely

withtheideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecall

drivetrends

Intheirrecentworkhoweyersomeresearchershavecome

upwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpact

onsocialepidemicsthanisgenetallysupposedInfactthey

don'tseemtoberequiredofall

Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimple

obserratingaboutsocialinfluencewiththeexceptionof

afewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey-whoseoutsize

presenceisprimanrillyafunctionofmedianot

interpersonalinfluence-enenthemostinfluentialmembers

ofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers

Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebringinfluentialswho

accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheoryaresupposedtodrive

socialenidemicsbyinflucencinytheirfriendsand

colleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccurhowever

eachpersonsosffectedmusttheninflucencehisorherown

acquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirsandsoon

andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthese

peoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.If

peopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromthe

initialinfluentialproveresistantforexamplefromthe

initialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethe

casecadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmany

peopleo

Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonal

influencetheresearchersstudiedthedynamicsof

populationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingof

populationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingto

people'sabilifytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendence

tobe

31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPointtheauthorintends

to

[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics

[B]discussinfluentials,funcitioninspreading

ideas

[C]exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocial

epidemics

[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsof

influentials

32.Theauthorsuggeststhattheutwo-step-flowtheory”

[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems

[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends

[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials

[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity

33.whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentyshowsthat

[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocial

interactions

[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthe

media

[C]influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic

{D}mostcelebritieaenjoywidemediaattention

34.theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople“inparagraph4

referstotheoneswho

{A}stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence

{B}havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence

{C}areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers

{D}areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential

34.whatistheessentialslementinthedynamicsofsocial

influence?

{A}Theeageinesstobeaccepted

{B}Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers

{C}Theresdinesstobeinfluenced

{D}Theinclinationtorelyonothers

Text4

Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheir

troublesinpublic.Behindehtscenes,theyhavebeentaking

aimatsomeoneelsetheaccountingstandard-setters.Their

rules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormous

losses,andit'sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymust

valuesomeassetsatthepriceatheirdpartywouldpay,not

thepricemanagersandregulatorswould1ikethemtofetcho

Unfortunately,banksJlobbyingnowseemstobe

working.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependence

ofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningof

capitalmarksts,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbanks

carrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,reviving

thebankingsystemwillbedifficult.Afterabruising

encounterwithXongress.America;sFinancialAccounting

StandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechangse.These

gavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquid

assetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglosseson

longOtermassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerz,the

FASB'schairman,criedoutagainstehosewho“question

ourmotiveso“Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhance

whatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgment

bymanagemento”

Europeanministersinstantlydemandedthatthe

InternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)do

likewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithout

overallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcomletes

itreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong

CharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASB

thatisdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum"but"inthe

realword“andtheEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferent

ruleso

Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccouts

htatwastlyovervaluedassets,todaytheyarguehtatmarket

pricesoverstateloeees,becausehtey

Largerlyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityof

markets,notthelikelyententofbaddebts.Thetruthwill

notbeknownforyears.Butbank,ssharestradebelowtheir

bookvalue,suggetingthatinvestorsareakeptical.Anddead

marketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwill

notsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetare

relucaanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains<>

Togetthesysytemworkingagain,lossesmustbe

recognizedanddealtwith.America,snewplantobuyup

toxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetsto

levelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarkets

requireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.

TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprules

onstockoptionsangpensions,forexample,against

hostilityinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowthey

areinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessionso

36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto

[A]followanfavorableassetevaluationrules

[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties

[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers

[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets

37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmay

resultin

[A]thedimingishingroleofmanagement

[B]therevivalofthebankingsyestem

[C]thebank'slong-termassetlossers

[D]theweakeningogitsindepentdence

38.AccordingtoParagarph4,McCreevyobjectstothe

IASB'sattemptto

[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences

[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers

[C]actontheirowninruli-setting

[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform

39、Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrong

planetvinthatthey

[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators

[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets

[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts

[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets

40>Theauthor*sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisone

of

[A]satisfaction

[B]skepticism

?objectiveness

[D]sympathy

PartB

Directions:

ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitable

paragraphsfromthefirstA-Gandfillthemintothe

numberedboxestofromacoherenttextParagraphEhasbeen

correctlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdosenotfit

inwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10

points)

[A]ThefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumerJs

growingpreferenceforeatingout;theconsumptionoffood

anddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout

32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin

2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2023.This

developmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefood

servicesegmentby4to5percentayearEuropecompared

withgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile

astherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegetting

anxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurse

andconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative。

[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope'slargest

marketsareatastandstill,lesvingEuropeangrocery-

retailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleading

retailershavealteadytriede-commerce,withlimit

success,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignored

thebig.profitableopportunityintheirownbackyardthe

wholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whochappearstobejustthe

kindofmarketretailersneed。

[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeinthe

overallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definitely

not.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasrdonflexible

Trendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwordsitis

uptothebuyertatherthanthesellertodecidewhatto

buy.Atanyratethischangewillultimatelybeacclaimed

byanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticand

internationalconsumersregardlessofhowlongthecurrent

consumerpatternwilltakeholdo

[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketin

whichbigretailersthatmastertheintricaciesof

wholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakein

substantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooks

asawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportdifferences

amongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheir

customersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthe

competitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrink

categories.Bigretailersmustunderstandthese

differencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsof

Europeanwholesalinginwhichparticularabilitiesmight

unseatsmallerbutenerenchedcompetitors.Newskillsand

unfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo。

[E]Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsin

thecountriesthathavebeenclosely

examined一France,Germany,Italy,andSpain一aremadeoutof

samebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwo

sources:independentmorn-and-popgrocerystores

which,unlikelargeretailchains,aretwosmalltobuy-

straightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsrange

fromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcatering

ventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthe

tradeas“horeca"：hotels,restaurants,andcafes.Overall,

Europe'sretai1wholesalemarket,butthefigures,when

addedtogether,masktwoopposingtrendso

[F]Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescome

to$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,Spainandthe

UnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percentofretailsales.

Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesale

thaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservice

sectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmore

often;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthis

fragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasiblefor

wholesalerstoconsiderate。

[G]However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeter

largeretailsandevensomelargegoodproducersand

existingwholesalersfromtryingtheirhand,forthosethat

mastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandto

reapconsiderablegainso

41-42-43-44-Ef45

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate

theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslation

shouldbewrittencarfullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10

Points)

Onebasicweaknessinacomservationsystembased

whollyoneeconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersoftheland

communityhavenoeconomicvalueYettheseereaturesare

membersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstability

dependsonitsinteynity,theyareentitledtocontinuance

Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatened

andifwehappentoloveit.Weincertexcusestogiveit

economicimportanceAtthebeginningpfcenturysongbiras

weresupppsedtobedisappearingo(46)Scinentistsjumped

totheresurewithsomedistimctlyshakyevidencetothe

effecttheinsecetswouldestusupofbridsfailedto

controlthemtheecideucehadtobeconbmicinordertobe

walido

Itispamfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccounts

today.Wehavenolandehticyet。(47)butwehaveatleast

drawnnearthepointpfadmittingthatbirdsshould

continueasamatterofintrinisicrightreardlessofthe

presencepfabsenceofeconomicadcantagetous。

Apanallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatory

mamaIsandfish-eatingbirds(48)Timewaswhenbiologosts

somewhatoverwordedevidencethatthesecreatures

preservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak

orthattheypreyonlyonworthlessspecies”。

Somespeciespftreehavebeenreadoutoftheparty

byeconomici-mindedfpresterstheygrowtooslowtyor

haveasalevatetopayasimebercrops(49)Ineurope,where

forestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thencommercial

treespeciesarerecognizedadmembersofnativeforest

community,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason。

Tosumup;asystemofconservationbasedsolelyon

economincself-interestishopelesstlylopsided(50)It

tendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,many

elementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercial

value,butthatareessentialtoitshealthy

functioning.Withouttheuneconomicpats。

SectionIIIWriting

PartA

51.Directions:

Youaresupposedtowriteforthepostgraduate

associationanoticetorecruitvolunteersforan

internationalconferenceonglobalization,

youshouldconcludethebasicqualificationof

applicantandtheotherinformationyouthinkrelative。

Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourown

nameattheendoftheletter.Use^postgraduateassociation，/

insteado

PartB

52.Directions:

Writeanessayof160200wordsbasedonthefollowing

deawing.Inyouressay,youshould

1)describethedrawingbriefly,

2)ecplainitsintendedmeaning,andthen

3)giveyourcommentSo

YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points)

2023年考研英語(yǔ)完整版詳解

SectionIUseofEnglish

1.A

解析：A項(xiàng)affect意思是“影響，感動(dòng)”；B項(xiàng)achieve

意思是“達(dá)成，完成"；C項(xiàng)extract意思是“提取，榨出”；D

項(xiàng)restore是“復(fù)原，重建”.這句話的意思是：他們想通過(guò)試

驗(yàn)探究車間照明是如何影響工人的生產(chǎn)率的，所以答案是Ao

2.B

解析：本題考查了固定短語(yǔ)endup的用法，endup意思

是“最終成為……”，end和其它三個(gè)介詞的搭配都無(wú)此意，故

選Bo

3.C

解析：本句的大意為：探討最終總結(jié)為一個(gè)極具影響力的概

念一“霍桑效應(yīng)”，也正是試驗(yàn)所探討的行為變更了工人們的表

現(xiàn)。所以這里應(yīng)選擇C。

4.B

解析：作者這里表達(dá)的意思是這個(gè)問(wèn)題之所以引起大家的留

意是因?yàn)楣S女工的行為令人費(fèi)解。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中perplexing意

為“令人費(fèi)解的”，所以正確答案為B。

5.C

解析：本句的含義是：依據(jù)探討描述，當(dāng)照明燈變亮或變暗

時(shí)，工人的時(shí)產(chǎn)量就會(huì)提高。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有描述含義的是C項(xiàng)

accountso

6.B

解析：這句話的意思是：試驗(yàn)中做什么并不重要。Donot

matter固定表達(dá)，故選B。

7.D

解析：考查solongas短語(yǔ)，意思是“只有”，句子意思

是：只要有變更，生產(chǎn)率就會(huì)上升。

8.A

解析：A項(xiàng)awareness意思是“意識(shí)”，B項(xiàng)expectation

意為“期望”，C項(xiàng)sentiment意為"”觀點(diǎn),看法，D項(xiàng)illusion

為“幻覺(jué)”，本句的大意是說(shuō)：工人知到自己本身是被探討對(duì)象-

這一意識(shí)就足以變更他們的行為。所以選A°

9.C

解析：見(jiàn)第8題解析。

10.D

解析：見(jiàn)