英美文學簡史及名篇選讀 英國文學 課件 01 lecture on Old and Medieval English Literature、02 Lecture on English Renaissance

英國文學OldEnglishLiteratureLecture1:OldEnglishLiterature(449-1066)I.HistoricalBackgroundII.OldEnglishPoetryIII.Beowulf1.HistoricalBackgroundI.1OldEnglishperiod(449-1066)I.1.1Theearlyinhabitants:CeltsI.1.2EnglandwasconqueredbytheJutes,Angles,andSaxons(differenttribesofTeutons)I.1.3Angle-land:shortenedintoEnglandI.1.4TheOldEnglishlanguage:alsocalledAnglo-SaxonorSaxonwhichwasspokenfromA.D.600toabout1100.2.EpicEpic:

Alongnarrativepoemthatrecordstheadventuresofahero,whoseexploitsareimportanttothehistoryofanation.Characteristicsoftheepicpoem(1)

Greathero(2)

Vastsetting(3)

Actionofgreatdeeds(4)

Supernaturalforces(5)

Grandstyle(6)

Objectivity3.Beowulf3.1BriefintroductionForm：poetryAuthor:anonymousType:EnglishepicTime:about6th-7thcenturyPlace:inDenmarkSetting:Scandinavia斯堪的納維亞（半島）MainCharacters:Beowulf:thehero;Hrothgar:KingoftheDanesStoryorPlot:3182lines,3parts當代皇宮皇宮衛(wèi)隊換崗Thepoemcanbedividedintothreeparts:-ThefightagainstGrendel-ThefightagainstGrendel'smother-ThefightagainsttheDragonBeowulffightingwithGrendelFire-breathingDragon3.2Artisticfeatures3.2.1Sound:noendrhyme,butalliteration3.2.2Tone:originallyinanoralform,sungbythebards.3.2.3AlliterationandunderstatementAlliteration

Alliteration:

Therepetitionsofthesameconsonantsoundsinline,especiallyatthebeginningofwords.e.g.firstandforemost（首先）saintsandsinners（圣人與罪人）InBeowulf:Ofmenhewasthemildestandmostbeloved,Tohiskinthekindest,keenesttopraise.AlliterationinChinese唐代詩人杜甫的《夢李白》冠蓋滿京華，斯人獨憔悴。孰云網恢恢，將老身反累。漢語的很多連綿詞(聯綿詞）也是頭韻:蜘蛛[zhizhu]伶俐[lingli]惆悵[chouchang]躊躇[chouchu]參差[cenci]

倉促[cangcu]琵琶，尷尬，崎嶇,嘍啰，慷慨，吩咐，忐忑，澎湃玲瓏，踴躍，仿佛，彌漫，琉璃，唏噓，踟躕，乒乓獨抱琵琶尋舊曲；UnderstatementUnderstatemente.g.sea:swan'spath,whale'sroad,thewaves,thesea-streams,ortheocean-wayaship:asea-goer,asea-boat,asea-wood,orawave-floaterUnderstatementandMetaphorasailor:asea-traveler,aseaman,asea-soldierOftenseveralofthesewordsareusedatthesametime.Theshipsailedaway:Theship,thesea-goer,thewave-floater,setout,starteditsjourneyandsetforthoverthesea,overtheocean-streams,overthewaves.Helmetbearer:warrior;theworldcandle:thesunIII.3TheTheme,Character,FeaturesItgivesusaninterestingpictureoflifeinthoseolddays.Ittellsusoffiercefightsandbravedeedsoftheleaderandthesufferingsofhismen.Ithaspraisedthebravery,keepingpromise,andloyalty.Inthepoem,Beowulfisstrong,courageous,andselfless,readytoriskhislifeinordertoridhispeopleofevilmonsters.Itisavaluablenarrativepoem,whichrecordsthevaluablecustomofthattime.Itismainlyabouthisthreemajoradventures.ChineseLiterature--TheClassicofPoetry(1020-249BC)《詩經》byConfucious(551-478BC)

QuYuan(340-278BC)--LyricsofChu《楚辭》--NineSongs--LiShaoMusicOffice(YueFu)(120BC)《樂府民歌》CaoCao(155-220)--ShortSong《短歌行》ChineseLiteratureTangDynasty(618-907)LiBai(701-762)MengHaoran(699-761)DuFu(712-770)WangWei(699-761)BaiJuyi(772-846)JiaDao(779-845)SongDynasty(960-1279)SuShi(1037-1101)LiQingzhao(1084-1151)Ou-YangXiu(1007-1072)YuanDynasty(1271-1368)MaZhiyuan(1260-1325)Exercises:TheAnglo-SaxonPeriodI.Fillinthefollowingblanks.1.Angles,Saxonsand____________usuallyknownasAnglo-SaxonsarethefirstEnglishmen.Theyweredifferenttribesof____________.Languagespokenbythemiscalledthe______________English,whichisthefoundationofEnglishlanguageandliterature.2.TheoldestEngland'snationalepicinEnglishlanguageis_________________.3.Themoststrikingfeatureistheuseof__________________.英國文學MiddleEnglishLiteratureLecture2:MiddleEnglishLiterature(1066--1510)

(or:MedievalLiterature)I.HistoricalBackgroundII.EnglishLiteratureIII.GeoffreyChaucer1.HistoricalBackground1.1.TheNormanConquest1.1.1BattleofHastings(1066)1.1.2Co-existedthreelanguagesFrench,Latin,OldEnglish.1.2Thegreatestpoetofthistime:GeoffreyChaucerTheBattleofHastingsin1066.Picture:ThelaststandofKingHaroldandhisHousecarlesNormanarrowbarrage.TheruinsofBattleAbbeyloomoverthehillwhereNormanforcesdefeatedtheEnglisharmy.ThebattleofHastingsfinished2.MedievalEnglishLiterature2.1MedievalRomanceRomance:alongcomposition,sometimesinverse,sometimesinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero.2.1.1ThreesubjectsofEnglishromances:1)the'matter'ofRome2)the'matter'ofFrance3)the'matter'ofBritain2.1.2theGawain-poet

2.1.3Features--tosingknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeedsinverseorprose--Thepoemstellusthemotifsofthequest,challenge,test,andmeetingwiththeevilgiant.--Theheroistheknight,settingoutonajourneytoaccomplishsomegoal.--toprotectthechurchandthepoor,toattackinfidelity,torescueamaiden,tomeetachallenge,ortoobeyaknightlycommand.--mysteriesandfantasies(improbable,supernatural)--romanticlove--standardizedcharacterization--Thelanguageandstylearesimpleandstraightforward.--Theromancereflectsachivalricage.2.1.4Romance:KingArthurandHisKnightsoftheRoundTable:SirGawainandtheGreenKnightForm：poetryAuthor:anonymousType:romanceofknightsTime:

about6thcenturyPlace:inEnglandMainCharacters:

-Gawain,oneoftheknightsoftheroundtable;-theGreenKnightII.1.4Plot1)GreenKnightchallengesandSirGawainacceptsthechallenge.2)GawainlooksfortheGreenChapelandliveinthecastle.3)thelifeinthecastle:threedays,threegifts,andthegreengirdle4)GawainisbroughtintotheGreenChapelandiswoundedbytheGreenKnight.RoundtableKnightsSirGawainGreenKnightII.1.6Artisticfeatures1)thesymbols2)theeffectivepatterning,andwonderfuldetailing3)useofalliterationHedowellezperalpatday,anddressezonpermorn,Askezerlyhysarmez,andallewerepeybro3t.Fyrstatuletapitty3toverpefletAndmichewatspegyldgerepatglentperalofteII.1.6Theme:Itsthemeisaseriesoftestsonfaith,courage,purityandhumanweaknessforself-preservation(自衛(wèi)本能）.-Byplacingself-protectionbeforehonor,anddeceitbeforehistrustintheloveofGod,GawainhassinnedandfallenandbecomeanimageofAdam.Humanexcellenceismarredbyoriginalsinandcourtlyvaluesalonearenoprotection.-Thethemeofloyaltytokingandlordwasrepeatedlyemphasizedinromances,asloyaltywasthecorner-stoneoffeudalmorality,withoutwhichthewholestructureoffeudalismwouldcollapse.II.MedievalEnglishLiterature(4)II.GeoffreyChaucer

-TheCanterburyTalesGeoffreyChaucer(1340—1400）GeoffreyChaucer1Hislife2.Hiscontributionsandhisposition3Hisliterarycareer:threeperiodsandhismajorworks4.Selectedreading:TheCanterburyTales5.SeveralpointsofviewI.HisLife1.1:1340-1400,inLondon,thesonofawinemerchantwhohadconnectionswiththeCourt1.2:knowledgeofLatin,FrenchandItalian.1.3:at19--France,theHundredYears’War,prisoner.1.4:Onhisreturn,hemarriedPhilippa,amaidofhonortothequeen.1.5:Diplomaticmissions:Continent,Italy.1.6:controllerofcustomsatLondon1.7diedin1400,buriedinWestminsterAbbey,thusfoundingthe“Poets’Corner”.WestminsterAbbey（1）

ThechoirstallfacingwestofWestminsterAbbey（2）TheGateofWestFrontofWestminsterAbbey

DuringtheMiddleAges:asocietyintransition(1)TheChurch:amajorpartofsociety--DedicationtoaChristianvalueoffaith,hope,andcharity(2)Theriseofthemiddleclass--theemphasisofindividualism --apersonaldesireformoneyandthefinethingsmoneycanbuy2.HisContributionsandhis

LiteraryPosition2.1.TheFatherofEnglishPoetry:--HeisthegreatestpoetinthemiddleEnglishliterature.--HeintroducedheroiccouplettoEnglishpoetry:

Poetic

linesofiambicpentameterinrhymingcouplet.

e.g.WhanthatAprillewithhisshoures

swote

ThedroghteofMarchehathpercedtotherote2.2TheFounderofEnglishRealism(TheFirstRealisticWriter)--HepresentedtousacomprehensiverealisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersinTheCanterburyTalesCanterburyTalesisadocumentinthehistoryofthesocialgreatchangesoftheFourteenthCentury.2.3MessengerofHumanism(forerunnerofhumanism;).Chaucerpraiseshumanbeing.Hepraisesman'senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife.Histalesexposeandsatirizetheevilsofhistime.Theyattackthedegenerationofthenoble,theheartlessnessofthejudge,thecorruptionoftheChurchandsoon.2.4TheMasterofEnglishLanguage:--thedialectofLondon.ChauceristhefirstgreatpoetwhowroteinthecurrentEnglish.HisEnglishwastheLondondialectanddidmuchinmakingitthefoundationformodernEnglishspeech.Weakpoints:roughjoke,picturesofsexuallife.3.HisLiteraryCareer:

threeperiodsandhisworks3.1PeriodofFrenchinfluence(1359-1372)

--TranslatedFrenchworksintoEnglish:TheRomanceoftheRose;otherpoems.--Thefirstoriginalwork:TheBookoftheDuchess3.2PeriodofItalianinfluence(1372-1386)

TroilusandCriseyde

(1372-7);

TheLegendofGoodWomen(1385);

TheHouseofFame;TheParliamentofFowls3.3PeriodofSo-calledRealism

(1386-1400)HisRepresentative-TheCanterburyTales.

4.TheCanterburyTales

Form：poetryAuthor:GeoffreyChaucerType:romanceofknights,Saint'slegend,folkstoryTime:to14centuryPlace:inEnglandMainCharacters:--Thepoetandother29pilgrimsPlot:TheytellstoriesontheirjourneyfromLondontoCanterbury.Eachistotelltwostorieswhilegoingandtworeturning.ThePrioress(TheNun)TheWifeofBathATalefromtheDecameronbyJohn(1)CanterburyCathedral(left,,middle,right)(2)CanterburyStreettoday(middlebelow)

CurrentEnglishOriginalpoemWhanthatAprillewithhisshouressoteThedroghteofMarchehathpercedtotheroteAndbathedeveryveyneinswichlicour,ofwhichvertuengendredistheflour;TranslatedbyTheodoreMorrisonAssoonasAprilpiercestotherootThedroughtofMarch,andbatheseachbudandshootThrougheveryveinofsapwithgentleshowersFromwhoseengenderingliquorspringtheflowers;

TranslatedbyNevillCoghillWhenthesweetshowersofAprilfallandshootDownthroughthedroughtofMarchtopiercetheroot,BathingeveryveininliquidpowerFromwhichtherespringstheengenderingoftheflower,--17,000linesPlan:over120Result:24tales(ofwhichtwoareleftunfinished)Whatdothelinesdescribe?Prologue1.Thefunction-framework-todescribethenature-tointroduce29pilgrims

Questions:1.Whatdoesliquorrefertohere?2.Whatmakeswoodandfieldtosprout?3.Intheseventhline,whydoestheauthoruse“youthful”todescribethesun?4.Whydothelittlebirdssleepwithopeneyesduringthewholenight?5.Whydothepilgrimslongtosetout?6.Whatisthesignificanceofthesettingofthepilgrimage?Paraphrase:Line1-4:WhenAprilwithitssweetshowershaspiercedthedroughtofMarchtotheroot,andbathedeveryveinofearthwiththatliquidbywhosepowertheflowersareengendered;Translate:當四月的甘露滲透了三月枯竭的跟須，沐浴了絲絲莖絡，勃發(fā)生機，鮮花開放；Paraphrase:Line5-6:Whenthewestwindshavegentlybreathedeverywhere,causingeverywoodandfieldtoputoutleaves,shoots,etc.,Translate:當西風吹香，使得山林莽原遍吐著嫩條新芽，Paraphrase:Line7-8:Inthezodiac,theyoungsunhasrunhishalfwayinthesignoftheRam;

Translate:青春的太陽轉過半邊白羊宮座，Paraphrase:Lines9-11:Littlebirdsaresostirred(excited)thattheysleepwiththeireyesopenandarebusyinsingingallnight,becausenaturestimulatesthemandattractstheirhearts,Translate:小鳥唱曲，通宵不眠，是大自然撥動它們的心弦，Paraphrase:Lines12-14:Thenthepeoplelongtogooffonpilgrimagesandthepalmerssetoutfordistantshoresandfamousforeignshrinesinmanycounties.Translate:這時，人們渴望著朝拜四方名壇，游僧們也立愿跋涉異鄉(xiāng)。Paraphrase:Lines15-18:AndpeopleinEnglandspeciallyridetoCanterburyfromeverycountrysideinordertovisittheblessedmartyredsainttherewhogavethemstrength(help)whentheyweresickandfaint.Translate:尤其是從英格蘭的天涯海角，向坎特伯雷出發(fā)，去朝謝他們的救病恩主、福澤無邊的殉難圣徒。2.AppreciationStanza1:describenature:rain,wind,thesun,birds,humanbeing---reasontoCanterbury.ProloguebyDavidLodgeinhisTheSmallWorldWhenAprilwithitssweetshowershaspiercedthedroughtofMarchtotheroot,andbathedeveryveinofearthwiththatliquidbywhosepowertheflowersareengendered;whenthezephyr,too,withitsdulcetbreath,hasbreathedlifeintothetendernewshootsineverycopseandoneveryheath,andtheyoungsunhasrunhalfhiscourseinthesignoftheRam,andthelittlebirdsthatsleepallnightwiththeireyesopengivesong(soNaturepromptsthemintheirhearts),then,asthepoetGeoffreyChaucerobservedmanyyearsago,folklongtogoonpilgrimages.Only,thesedays,professionalpeoplecallthemconferences.ThemodernconferenceresemblesthepilgrimageofmedievalChristendominthatitallowstheparticipantstoindulgethemselvesinallthepleasuresanddiversionsoftravelwhileappearingtobeausterelybentonself-improvement….thepresentationofapaper,perhaps,andcertainlylisteningtothepapersofothers.Butwithexcuseyoujourneytonewandinterestingplaces,meetnewandinterestingpeople….Today’sconferenceshaveanadditionaladvantageoverthepilgrimsofoldinthattheirexpensesareusuallypaid,oratleastsubsidized,bytheinstitutiontowhichtheybelong,beitagovernmentdepartment,acommercialfirm,or,mostcommonlyperhaps,auniversity.Stanza2:setting:29pilgrimsmetattheTabardandplanedtogotogethertowardCanterbury.Stanza3:innerlinkStanza4:Knight:socialstatus:themosthigh-rankingandhewasprobablyonthepilgrimagetothankGodforhissafereturnfromthewar.Stanza5:SquireStanza6:YeomanYeomanreferschieflytoafreemanowninghisownfarm.Stanza7:Prioress:Amorvincitomnia--Allthingsaresubjectuntolove--Loveconquersall.TheGeneralProloguenamestheprioressasMadameEglantine,anddescribesherimpeccabletablemannersandsoft-heartedways.aristocraticmannersandmispronouncedFrenchShemaintainsasecularlifestyle,includingkeepinglapdogsthatsheprivilegesoverotherpeople,afancyrosaryandbroochinscribedwith"Amorvincitomnia“.LeedsCastlenearCanterbury

TownofBath評述摘錄：--作者置身與香客之中，象一個天真質樸、大大咧咧的旅伴，他利用這一討人喜歡的角色增添了描寫中的確明譏暗諷的效果。--全書少有說教氣味。作者并不譴責任何人，讓他們自己充分暴露各自的缺點。--他擅長用不同的語言，高雅的談吐，粗俗的措辭，優(yōu)美的禱告——教堂語言和街談巷議應有盡有。--故事多樣化是其著名的另一原因。--本書沒有一個可以涵蓋所有故事的主題。是一部一切時代的人間喜劇。它給讀者提供了許許多多思考的余地。他筆下的香客所講的故事道出了人生的希望和彷徨。也許是這一切使《坎特伯雷故事集》成不朽之作。Questions1)Howsuccessfulisthe"framing"deviceusedintheCanterburyTales?2)HowuniqueandimportantistheCanterburyTalesasadocumentinthehistoryofthesocialgreatchangesoftheFourteenthCentury?III.MedievalEnglishBalladsIII.TheEnglishBallads(textbook)

TheGesteofRobinHood-theCharactersofRobinHood-RobinHoodandAllin-a-DaleRobinHoodandSherwoodForestRobinHoodandSherwoodForest1.MajorOak2.SherwoodForest3.RobinHoodGraveThecharacterofRobinHoodismany-sided.Strong,braveandclever,heisatthesametimetender-heartedandaffectionate.Whatisballad?Ballad:Anarrativepoemwritteninfour-linestanzas,characterizedbyswiftactionandnarratedinadirectstyle.Usuallyonlythesecondandfourthlinesrhyme.Balladsareanonymousnarrativesongsthathavebeenpreservedbyoraltransmission.Englishballadincludesalsoagreatnumberofhumorousballads.Balladmeterorballadstanza:theusualformofthefolkballadanditsliteraryimitations,consistingofaquatraininwhichthefirstandthirdlineshavefourstresseswhilethesecondandfourthhavethreestresses.Usuallyonlythesecondandfourthlinesrhyme.Therhythmisbasicallyiambic,butthenumberofunstressedsyllablesinalinemayvary.ToreadGetupandBartheDoor

(P9)Questions:1.Whatistheagreementmadebetweenthehusbandandwife?2.Whycouldthetwogentlemenneitherseethehouse,norhall,norcandlelight?3.Whatdidtheydoaftertheyatethepuddings?4.Whywasthegoodmansoangryatlast?5.Whatistherhymeschemeofthepoem?6.Whatkindoflifedoesthisballadreflect?7.Whatisthetoneoftheballad?ExercisesPartII.TheAnglo-NormanPeriod(1066-1350)I.Fillinthefollowingblanks(Choose10blankstodo)20%1.Intheyear____,theNormans,headedby____,DukeofNormandy,defeatedtheAnglo-Saxonsatthebattleof_______.2.Chaucerisknownnotonlyas"thefatherofEnglishpoetry"butalsoas"thefatherofEnglishfiction".Hismasterpieceis_______.3.Aftertheconquest,threelanguagesco-existedinEngland._______becametheofficiallanguageusedbythekingandtheNormanlords;________becametheprincipaltongueofchurchaffairsandinuniversities,and__________wasspokenonlybythecommonEnglishpeople.

4.“TheCanterburyTales"containsinfactageneralPrologueandonly______tales,ofwhichtwoareleftunfinished.5."TheCanterburyTales"iswrittenforthegreaterpartin_______couplets.II.Choosethebestanswerforeachstatement(Choose10ofthem).20%1.In1066,_____ledtheNormanarmytoinvadeanddefeatEngland.a.WilliamtheConquerorb.JuliusCaesarc.AlfredtheGreatd.RobinHood2.Inthe14thcentury,themostimportantwriteris_____a.Langlandb.Wyclifc.Gowerd.Chaucer3.Thestoryof"__________"isthebestoftheArthurianromancesa.SirGawainandtheGreenKnightb.ThestoryofBeowulfc.Pierstheplowmand.TheCanterburyTales4.__________,the"fatherofEnglishpoetry"andoneofthegreatestnarrativepoetsofEngland,wasborninLondonabout1340.a.Gawainpoetb.GeoffreyChaucerc.Langlandd.FrancisBacon5.Chaucerdiedonthe25thofOctober1400,andwasburiedin__________.a.Italyb.Francec.Oxfordd.WestminsterAbbey6.GeoffreyChauceristhefounderoftheEnglish__________.a.romanticpoetryb.realisticliteraturec.classicalnovelsd.heroicepicAnswerthefollowingquestions1.WhataretheessentialfeaturesofromanceinthemedievalEnglishliterature?2.WhatarethreemajorsubjectsthattheEnglishromancemainlydealswith?3.WhatisChaucer'scontributiontoEnglishlanguage?4.Whatisheroiccouplet?英國文學EnglishLiteratureoftheRenaissanceLectureIVTheRenaissance

(1510-1620)I.HistoricalBackgroundII.EnglishLiterature1.ThomasMore(1478-1535)2.EdmundSpenser(1552-1599)3.FrancisBacon(1561-1626)4.ChristopherMarlowe(1564-1595)5.WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)Questions1.WhatwerethegreateventsduringtheRenaissanceperiodinUK?2.Whowasthequeenduringthisperiod?3.WhatistheRenaisance?4.WhoarecalledthegiantsinliteratureduringtheRenasissance?5.WhatdoesUtopiamean?6.Whoisknownas“poet'spoet”?7.WhoisthefatherofEnglishliterarycriticism?8.WhoisthemostgiftedoftheUniversityWits?I.1History(1400-1550)ThecenturyandahalffollowingthedeathofChaucer(1400-1550)wasfullofsignificantchanges.I.1.1TheHundredYear’sWarwithFrance(1336-1453)I.1.2TheWaroftheRoses(1455-1483)I.1.3TheNewMonarchywasformedinEngland(HenryVII,1485-1509)I.HistoricalBackgroundI.1.4ThediscoveryofAmericaandthenewsearoutes(1497-98)I.216thcenturyI.2.1TheEnclosureMovement(16thcentury)I.2.2TheReligiousReformation(1509-1547)HenryVIII(reignedfrom1509to1547)brokeoffwiththePopeandproclaimedhimselfheadoftheChurchofEngland.

1.2.3QueenElizabethI(reigned1558-1603):thesummitoftheabsolutemonarchyinEnglandI.2.3TheRenaissance

TheRenaissanceisanintellectualmovement，ortherebirthofletters.ItsprangfirstinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope.Thefirststrikingfeatureofthismovementisthethirstingcuriositytotheclassicalliterature.Oldmanuscriptsweredugout.TherearoseageneralrevivalofthestudyofGreekandLatinauthors.Anotherfeatureisthekeeninterestinlifeandhumanactivities.PeopleceasedtolookuponthemselvesaslivingonlyforGodandafutureworld.Thinkers,artistsandpoetsarosetothenewfeelingofadmirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievement.HencearosethethoughtofHumanism.HumanismisthekeynoteoftheRenaissance.Itisabeliefsystembasedontheprinciplethatpeople’sspiritualandemotionalneedscanbefulfilledwithoutfollowingareligion.Humanismreflectedthenewoutlookoftherisingbourgeoisclass.ThegreatestoftheEnglishhumanistswasThomasMore,theauthorofUtopia.Otherdefinition:Duringthe14thand16thcenturiesanintellectualmovementknownastheRenaissancesweptEurope.ItwascharacterizedbyadmirationoftheGreekandLatinclassicworks.ThesonnetandotherItalianliteraryinfluencesbegantoappearinEnglishliterature.(謝福之，2013:67）II.EnglishLiteratureduringtheRenaissanceI.ThomasMore(1478-1535)ThomasMore(1478-1535)--Hisposition:ThegreatestoftheEnglishhumanists;“giants”oftheRenaissance;afarsightedthinker;oneoftheforerunnersofmodernsocialistthought--Hismasterpiece:UtopiaII.EdmundSpenser(1552-1599)

EdmundSpenser(1552-1599)

1.Hismajorworks:

TheShepherd’sCalendar(1597).Thepoemestablishedhisreputationasanimportantpoet.Masterpiece:TheFaerieQueene(1589,1596)2.PlotandthemeofTheFaerieQueene

:--12booksweretodescribethe12adventures(onlyfinished6).Eachknightrepresentsavirtue,asHoliness,Chastity,Friendship,JusticeandCourtesy.Itiswrittenina9-linestanzaform,namedSpenserianStanza.SpenserianStanza

(斯賓塞詩體)：Anine-linestanzaconsistingofeightlinesofiambicpentameterandaconcludinglineofiambichexameter,rhymingABABBCBCC,namedafterEnglishpoetEdmundSpenser.SpenserianStanzaA'gentle'Knightwas'pricking'onthe'plaine,Ycladdinmightiearmesandsilvershielde,Where'inold'dintsof'deepewounds'didre'maine,Thecrellmarkesofmanyabloudyfielde;Yetarmestillthattimedidheneverwield;Hisangrysteededidchidehisfomingbitt,Asmuchdisdayningtothecurbetoyield;Fulljollyknightheseemed,andfairedidsitt,As'onefor'knightly'giustsand'fierceen'counters'fitt.3.Hisposition:Heisknownas“thepoet’spoet”becauseofhisidealism,hisloveofbeautyandhisexquisitemelody.Hehasheldhispositionasamodelofpoeticalart,amongtheRenaissanceEnglishpoets.SpenserianStanzainfluencedShelley,Byron,Keats,Tennyson.III.ChristopherMarlowe(1564-1593)

1.LifeandcareerThecornerofOldCourtofCorpusChristiCollege,Cambridge,whereMarlowestayedduringhisstudies.

2.Hisposition(1)Heisthemostgiftedofthe"UniversityWits",dramatist.(2)HewasthegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdrama.ItisMarlowewhofirstmadeblankversetheprincipalvehicleofexpressioninEnglishdrama.Hisdramaticachievementlieschieflyinhisepicalandlyricalverse.(3)HisworkspavedthewayfortheplaysofthegreatestEnglishdramatist，Shakespeare.3.Hismasterpieces:

TamburlainetheGreat《帖木兒》1587

TheJawofMalta《馬爾他島的猶太人》1592

DoctorFaustus《浮士德博士的悲劇》

(or:TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus,1588)UniversityWits:ThenameisgiventoagroupofEnglishpoetsandplaywrightswhoestablishedthemselvesinLondoninthe1580sand1590safterattendinguniversityateitherOxfordorCambridge.ThemostimportantmemberofthegroupwasChristopherMarlowe,whosepowerfulblank-verseplayspavedthewayforShakespeare.OthersincludedGeorgePeele,RobertGreene,ThomasNashe,JohnLyly,andThomasLodge.Theywereallofhumblebirthandstruggleforalivelihoodbywriting.(平民出身，為生計而寫作）IV.WilliamShakespeare

(1564-1616)

WilliamShakespeare

(1564-1616)

1.

Hislifeandcareer

ShakespearewasborninStratford-Upon-Avon,incentralEngland.Hisfather,JohnShakespeare,wasamerchant.Hismother,wasthedaughterofawell-to-dofarmer.Attheageof7,heattendedthelocalgrammarschoolandforsixyearsandlearnedLatinandalittleGreek.

At18hemarriedAnneHathaway,whowaseightyearsseniorandtheyhadthreechildren.ShakespeareanHouse

MarriagethreemonthspregnantwhenmarriedThe

consistorycourtissuedamarriagelicenceon27

November1582.TheygotmarriedthenextdayandsixmonthsafterthemarriageAnnegavebirthtoadaughter,Susanna,baptised26May1583.AnneHathaway’scottageClassroom2.Hisposition:

(1)Shakespeareisoneofthefoundersofrealisminworldliterature.(2)"Heisthegreatestplaywrightallovertheworld,notofanage,butforallthetime“(BenJonson).(3)Heisalsoagreatpoet.(3)Shakespeare'shumanism:hereflectsthespiritofhisage.(4)Shakespeare'scharacterization:Hedescribedagreatnumberofcharacters,rangingfromkingtoclowns,fromperfectcharacterstoghosts.(5)ShakespeareisthemasteroftheEnglishlanguage.3.Hisachievements-37plays,2longnarrativepoems,and154sonnets.-FourGreatTragediesHamlet,Othello,Macbeth,King