海運(yùn)提單風(fēng)險(xiǎn)研究外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

海運(yùn)提單風(fēng)險(xiǎn)研究外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)海運(yùn)提單風(fēng)險(xiǎn)研究外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)譯文：海運(yùn)提單風(fēng)險(xiǎn)研究提單作為國(guó)際貿(mào)易和航運(yùn)的文件，并從物物交換，以文件交易形式.因而在國(guó)際貿(mào)易過(guò)程中起著重要作用，然而許多問(wèn)題源于在實(shí)踐采用中提單時(shí)，包括交換保函和清潔提單、倒簽和先付提單以及運(yùn)送貨物在原來(lái)的提單沒(méi)有提到的情況下，在本文探討到的問(wèn)題和認(rèn)識(shí)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，并確認(rèn)哪些是有關(guān)各方應(yīng)負(fù)擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。與此相對(duì)應(yīng)，它提出了一些改善對(duì)策。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和頻繁使用的信用證（L/C的）遍布世界的，系統(tǒng)的提單，而受到威脅的現(xiàn)象，如清潔已交換保函（L/G）時(shí)，倒簽提單和先付提單，以及交付貨物，原來(lái)沒(méi)有的提單.盡管這些現(xiàn)象在海上貨物運(yùn)輸中有詳細(xì)而具體的介紹，但如果未能認(rèn)識(shí)到這些現(xiàn)象，有關(guān)各方可能會(huì)負(fù)擔(dān)那些不必要的損失。一、產(chǎn)生清潔提單和保函交換的原因在國(guó)際貨物買賣中，根據(jù)誠(chéng)實(shí)信用原則，如果承運(yùn)人送達(dá)的貨物有缺陷，承運(yùn)人應(yīng)在提單上標(biāo)明，以保證和保護(hù)收貨人的合法權(quán)益，著就是程序要求的關(guān)于在制單時(shí)應(yīng)注明的信息。至于付款方法，許多海上貿(mào)易是通過(guò)信用證解決的，它主要是基于獨(dú)立的交易買賣或其他交易合同形式。因此，信用證僅僅是一種商業(yè)文件，銀行僅基于單據(jù)審查報(bào)告確定，而不論文件表面上看其來(lái)是否構(gòu)成完整的單據(jù)，但如果有任何差異，銀行將拒絕付款。如果承運(yùn)人發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)的描述，標(biāo)記，包數(shù)或件數(shù)，重量或數(shù)量的貨物，與實(shí)際收到的貨物不相符，它會(huì)記下。這樣的話，提單將不再是清潔提單，根據(jù)UCP600規(guī)定，在收到不清潔的提單時(shí)銀行有權(quán)拒絕交付，因?yàn)樗环锨鍧嵦釂魏托庞米C的要求。為了獲得清潔提單承運(yùn)人向托運(yùn)人保證，對(duì)承運(yùn)人造成的損失進(jìn)行賠償。顯然，放棄保函是一種典型的欺詐行為。然而，保函在某種程度上可以促進(jìn)有缺陷的貨物的轉(zhuǎn)讓。于是，用提單交換保函在全球范圍內(nèi)得到了普遍使用。事實(shí)上，這種做法在某種程度上具有促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)和航運(yùn)發(fā)展的積極作用。二、保函有效性的法律基礎(chǔ)使用保函交換清潔提單者一做法在國(guó)際貨物買賣中已得到廣泛的使用，當(dāng)交付的貨物出現(xiàn)缺陷是，它可以緩解承運(yùn)人與托運(yùn)人之間的矛盾。例如，在美國(guó)和法國(guó)他們就拒絕承認(rèn)保函的有效性，然而，在漢堡規(guī)則國(guó)際公約中，對(duì)保函在一些地區(qū)的法律效力作了系統(tǒng)的規(guī)定，所以承運(yùn)人有權(quán)要求賠償向托運(yùn)人簽發(fā)后，向受第三方造成的損失，但如果保函導(dǎo)致的第三方欺詐，包括收貨人，這樣保函就可以避免承運(yùn)人和托運(yùn)人之間不一致，而導(dǎo)致的索賠。（1）包含交換清潔提單的具體對(duì)策我們可以看到，交換保函既具有其積極的一面又有其不利的一面，在某種程度上，保函又是貨物能夠順利流動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ)，如果沒(méi)有保函國(guó)際間的貨物貿(mào)易將無(wú)法順利進(jìn)行。就承運(yùn)人而言，他們?cè)诮邮鼙：臅r(shí)候需要非常的小心，他們要非常細(xì)致的檢查貨物，當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物有問(wèn)題時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)立即提出賠償?shù)囊?。?duì)發(fā)貨人而言，在準(zhǔn)備裝船期間他應(yīng)該仔細(xì)檢查貨物是否符合銷售合同條款的具體的規(guī)定。（2）收貨人采取的對(duì)策最高法院在正式的書面回答關(guān)于保函問(wèn)題的有效性時(shí)做出了如下規(guī)定：“在海上運(yùn)輸貨物，收貨人不是必須要按照承運(yùn)人提出的用保函交換清潔提單。無(wú)論保函作何規(guī)定，這都不會(huì)影響收貨人要求承運(yùn)人賠償損失?！币?guī)定表明，保函對(duì)收貨人的約束力是有限的，著可能增加對(duì)承運(yùn)人提出賠償要求的可能性。然而，規(guī)定收貨人可以要求賠償并不意味著它就一定能成功獲得補(bǔ)償，因此，如果收貨人不熟悉托運(yùn)人并沒(méi)有業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系前，收貨人應(yīng)當(dāng)積極調(diào)查信用資質(zhì)和托運(yùn)人與承運(yùn)人通過(guò)這樣的機(jī)構(gòu)為中國(guó)國(guó)際銀行海事局。當(dāng)事情出錯(cuò)，收貨人應(yīng)在詐騙方收到貨物之前提起訴訟。（3）倒簽提單與先付提單的相同與區(qū)別不論是倒簽提單還是先付提單他們都記錄欺詐裝運(yùn)日期。如果貨物是裝上船舶的，則具體日期記錄在貨物裝運(yùn)日之前。具體而言，具有下述相似點(diǎn)：①兩種提單都是采用信用證付款形式。②兩種提單都涉及有關(guān)承運(yùn)人和托運(yùn)人陰謀欺詐的行為，尤其是在CIF術(shù)語(yǔ)下當(dāng)托運(yùn)人負(fù)責(zé)租船或訂艙時(shí)。③由于這兩種選擇模糊了收貨人事實(shí)上裝運(yùn)延遲的問(wèn)題，當(dāng)收貨人了解了真相之后它可以選擇接收貨物的條件，或拒絕接受貨物或要求賠償根據(jù)條件損壞的貨物。④如果開(kāi)證行在確定倒簽提單和先付提單后，它有權(quán)拒絕有關(guān)提單的談判。根據(jù)UCP600，銀行不承擔(dān)責(zé)任或責(zé)任的形式，充分性，準(zhǔn)確性，真實(shí)性，偽造或法律效力的文件，這是對(duì)銀行的責(zé)任免除。然而，如果文檔審查銀行是假的，銀行仍有權(quán)拒絕接受提單。（4）倒簽提單和先付提單的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及原因大部分倒簽提單是由承運(yùn)人在托運(yùn)人的要求下制定的。倒簽提單的目的是托運(yùn)人保證出貨日期與銷售合同和信用證的要求相一致，因而他能履行交付義務(wù)和外匯結(jié)算的成功和順利。聯(lián)合聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約貨物與合同法考慮交付義務(wù)的一個(gè)重要的。如果托運(yùn)人不能交貨或不能按時(shí)交貨，視為違反合同的根本和收貨人可以取消合同。即使貨物已到港目的地，收貨人拒絕提貨，如果他能證明托運(yùn)人沒(méi)有完成的時(shí)間內(nèi)裝船發(fā)貨。此外，在信用證付款下，根據(jù)UCP600的規(guī)定，交單到期日，必須與信用證相符合，如果不符，銀行有權(quán)拒絕接受提單并且拒絕根據(jù)信用證條款付款，而且提供信貸的銀行將改為信貸業(yè)務(wù)。因此，托運(yùn)人將面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沒(méi)有收到貨款。因此，托運(yùn)人有權(quán)要求當(dāng)實(shí)際裝運(yùn)日期晚于規(guī)定的日期時(shí)采取倒簽提單形式。（5）針對(duì)兩種提單提出的建議為了減少由于倒簽提單和先付提單帶來(lái)的不必要的損失，在采取對(duì)策應(yīng)考慮兩點(diǎn)：建立完善的制度與實(shí)踐。有人建議，銀行可以提供延伸服務(wù)。這是，銀行與指定的機(jī)構(gòu)，負(fù)責(zé)檢查是否裝運(yùn)條件符合雙方的文件和信用證.然而，銀行也不能保證沒(méi)有任何欺詐行為，也不能保證是否銷售合同是成功的。根據(jù)規(guī)定的，銀行不承擔(dān)責(zé)任或責(zé)任的形式，充分性，準(zhǔn)確性，真實(shí)性.所以為避免倒簽提單和先付提單的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，必須要求托運(yùn)人委托真正的檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)簽發(fā)有效證件，可以證明的準(zhǔn)確性和真實(shí)性的裝運(yùn)日期，而非提單和保險(xiǎn)政策。否則，托運(yùn)人不能結(jié)匯。三、對(duì)承運(yùn)人的要求隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展，航運(yùn)業(yè)中運(yùn)輸時(shí)間減少，特別是在短途運(yùn)輸。然而，提單的操作程序仍然是傳統(tǒng)方式的操作，這是嚴(yán)重滯后。因此，我們經(jīng)常見(jiàn)到在貨物到達(dá)目的港口之后而提單卻還么送到。因而，大多數(shù)的運(yùn)輸企業(yè)意思到他們需要遵守交付正本提單的義務(wù)，否則他們將對(duì)由此造成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或貨物的損壞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償。所以貨物的正本提單可以避免額外的費(fèi)用支出。然而，如果收貨人如果未能在規(guī)定你給的時(shí)間內(nèi)向海關(guān)部門申報(bào)，它將承擔(dān)其他費(fèi)用如滯期費(fèi)，集裝箱滯留費(fèi)和附加費(fèi)，報(bào)關(guān)進(jìn)口貨物。其次，如果貨物是緊急或易腐等，收貨人將試圖說(shuō)服承運(yùn)人交付貨物的提單副本和保函。此外，在現(xiàn)代物流的發(fā)展下，執(zhí)法部門或其代理或經(jīng)銷商希望縮短了從生產(chǎn)到營(yíng)銷著眼于節(jié)約成本和提高效率。所以收貨人要求貨物只是時(shí)間和不會(huì)留下太多額外的時(shí)間在卸貨港。（1）提單的延遲信用證是一種在國(guó)際貿(mào)易貨物轉(zhuǎn)售中普遍的付款方式的，貨物可能被轉(zhuǎn)售很多次而提單卻沒(méi)有得到電子銀行很好的檢查，著導(dǎo)致了提到到達(dá)時(shí)間的遲延。此外，在信用證下，銀行有義務(wù)審查報(bào)告的準(zhǔn)確性，準(zhǔn)確性的判斷僅僅基于提單，而不考慮其他單獨(dú)的文件。在他們看來(lái)，遵守貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)規(guī)定和信用證條款和其他是一致的。銀行在檢查文件的時(shí)候需要特別的小心，如果銀行認(rèn)為提單和提貨單存在一些嚴(yán)重的差異，它將拒絕全部文件和要求托運(yùn)人改造一新的全套單據(jù)，根據(jù)規(guī)定，在信用證期滿前提交正確單據(jù)。以上這些都是造成提單延遲的原因。（2）沒(méi)有正本提單情況下運(yùn)輸貨物的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)盡管在運(yùn)輸貨物中沒(méi)有正本提單的而這時(shí)必要的，它任然是違反貨物運(yùn)輸原則的。首先，它損害提單持有人的合法權(quán)利。其次，托運(yùn)人可能不會(huì)收到付款的貨物和承運(yùn)人可能面對(duì)船舶扣押的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。一方當(dāng)事人對(duì)策可能只是對(duì)自身效益本身有利，并不能保證別人的權(quán)益作為一個(gè)整體。因此，有必要做一些立法方法，這可能創(chuàng)造一個(gè)三贏的局面。建立統(tǒng)一的信用證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和提單條例，作者相信提單法案是保證貨物正常運(yùn)輸?shù)幕竟ぞ?，在沒(méi)有正本提單、倒簽提單或先付提單下保證能夠順利的實(shí)現(xiàn)保函和清潔提單的交換。然而，在我們國(guó)家卻沒(méi)有相關(guān)方面的法律，這一法律真空對(duì)與一個(gè)海運(yùn)打過(guò)而言和WTO的成員之一是不相符的，為此我們需要加強(qiáng)這方面的立法工作。自從提單開(kāi)始作為海上貨物運(yùn)輸?shù)年P(guān)鍵性文件開(kāi)始，到目前為止還沒(méi)有一份其他類型的文件能夠完全替代它。我們國(guó)家需要繼續(xù)以提單法例作為我國(guó)海運(yùn)準(zhǔn)則。有關(guān)沒(méi)有正本提單的運(yùn)輸在制定提單條例時(shí)需要特別指出。四、電子提單的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)電子提單不但可以避免的倒簽提單和先付提單的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而且還可以避免沒(méi)有正本提單下貨物運(yùn)輸?shù)娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn)。保函交換清潔提單是在現(xiàn)代系統(tǒng)下制單和商業(yè)效率下的一個(gè)折中措施，倒簽提單和先付提單需遵守合同或信用證的裝運(yùn)日期，在電子提單下，各交易方在系統(tǒng)內(nèi)通過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式交換信息。由于沒(méi)有書面文件，當(dāng)托運(yùn)人交付貨物的裝運(yùn)港，當(dāng)承運(yùn)人接收貨物存儲(chǔ)在電子數(shù)據(jù)交換系統(tǒng)，收貨人可以檢查裝運(yùn)日期的計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)避免倒簽提單和先付提單的延遲。電子提單是基于電子數(shù)據(jù)交換系統(tǒng)，也就是說(shuō)，交易數(shù)據(jù)的相互交換是通過(guò)電信網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。那就是說(shuō)，貨主的效率取決于電子數(shù)據(jù)交換系統(tǒng)。五、電子提單的發(fā)展背景由于傳統(tǒng)的提單存在有不可避免的缺陷，人們正尋求采取一系列新文件例如交通海運(yùn)單和電子提單替代傳統(tǒng)的海運(yùn)提單，但仍存在以下問(wèn)題：首先，托運(yùn)人失去控制貨物裝船后承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，沒(méi)有收到貨款；其次，可談判海運(yùn)單不符合實(shí)際貨物重新出售的情況。隨著科技的發(fā)展，人們開(kāi)始探討電子提單。一個(gè)典型案例是洛杉磯的電子商務(wù)示范法。電子提單面臨的兩個(gè)主要問(wèn)題是：規(guī)則采取的是基于目標(biāo)功能對(duì)等的原則，通過(guò)傳統(tǒng)提單分析如何實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)和功能的電子技術(shù)。其目的是模擬傳統(tǒng)提單以達(dá)到到最大程度的在電子技術(shù)和程序法下轉(zhuǎn)移貨物所有權(quán)。根據(jù)規(guī)則，承運(yùn)人是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的電子提單是承運(yùn)人簽發(fā)人，使非官方注冊(cè)的電子提單轉(zhuǎn)移到官方控制的秘密注冊(cè)系統(tǒng)上操作的電子提單。規(guī)則第四條規(guī)定，信息收到的信息具有相同的效力和效果，如果他們被包含在一個(gè)紙質(zhì)提單中。規(guī)則第七條規(guī)定，在紙質(zhì)提單中控制權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)讓和轉(zhuǎn)讓應(yīng)具有相同的效果作為轉(zhuǎn)讓等權(quán)利。規(guī)則第十一條規(guī)定承運(yùn)人和托運(yùn)人和隨后的所有各方利用這些程序同意，任何國(guó)家或地方的法律，習(xí)俗或習(xí)慣要求運(yùn)輸合同，須以書面證明并簽署了滿意的傳達(dá)和電子數(shù)據(jù)保留在計(jì)算機(jī)上的存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)得到證實(shí)。在同意通過(guò)這些規(guī)則，當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)采取同意不提高防御本合同中為寫明的。因此，電子數(shù)據(jù)與書面提單具有相同的效力。原文：StudyonTheriskofbillofladingBillofloadingisadocumentforinternationaltradeandshippingandplaysallimportantroleintheprocessofinternationaltradefrombartertodocumentarytransaction．However,manyproblemsarisesfromthepracticeofusingB／L，includingexchangingL／GcleanB／L.antidatedandadvancedB／LaswellasdeliveryofgoodswithoutpresentationoftheoriginalB／LInlightofthesituationmentionedabove，thisdissertationprobesintotheproblemsandrecognizestheriskswhichrelevantpartiesshallburden.Correspondingly,itproposesseveralcountermeasureforimprovement.WiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandthefrequentuseofLetterofCredit(L／C)alloverworld，thesystemofB／ListhreatenedbythephenomenasuchasexchangingLetterofGuarantee(L／G)forcleanB/L，antidatedB/LandadvancedB／LaswellasdeliveryofgoodswithoutpresentationoftheoriginalB／L．Althoughthesephenomenaarequotidianinthecarriageofgoodsbysea,therelevantpartieswhofailtorecognizethesephenomenashallburdenunnecessaryloss．1.CausesforExchangingL／GforCleanB／LIntheinternationalsaleofgoods，Iftheshipperdeliverstheflawedgoods，thecarriershouldmakeanoteinB／L、withaviewtosecuringandprotectingthelegitimaterightsandinterestsoftheconsigneeortheholderofB／L，accordingtotheprincipleofhonestyandcredibility．TheaboveisaboutthesystemofmakinganoteinB/L．Astothepaymentmethod．mostpaymentsaresettledbyL／C.L／CbyitselfisaseparatetransactionfromthesaleOrothercontractsonwhichitmaybebased．Consequently,L／Cisonlydocumentsbusiness．Banksonlyexamineapresentationtodetermine，onthebasisofthedocumentsalone，whetherornotthedocumentsappearOntheirfacetoconstituteacomplyingpresentation。Ifthereisanydiscrepancy，bankswillrefusenegotiation．Ifthecarrierfindsparticularsconcerningthedescription，mark，numberofpackagesorpieces，weightorquantityofthegoodswhichdonotaccuratelyrepresentthegoodsactuallyreceived，itwillmakeanoteinB／L．Inthatcase，B／Lisunclean．AccordingtoUCP600。theuncleanB/Lcan'tbenegotiatedinbanksbecauseitisnotcomplyingwiththecleanandshippedB／LstipulatedinL／C．InordertoobtainthecleanB／L．theshippersurrendersL／GtothecarrierindicatingthattheshipperundertakestoindemnifythecarrieragainstlossresultingfromthecleanB／Lissuedbythecarrierwhodidn’ttransferthenotationfrommale’sreceipttoB/L．Apparently,surrenderingL/Gisacertainkindoffraud．However．L/Gcanfacilitatethetransferoftheflawedgoodsfromtheshippertothecarrier．SoexchangingL／GforcleanB／Lisuseduniversally．Asamatteroffact,thispracticehaspositiveeffectinpromotingeconomyandshippingtoSomedegree．2.TheLegalBasisforL／GValidityExchangingL／GforcleanB／Lhasbeenanaccustomedpracticeintheinternationalsaleofgoodsandtheshippingindustry，whichcanabatethecontradictionbetweenthecarrierandtheshipperwhendisputesovertheflawedgoodsarise．Forinstance，AmericaandFrancedenyL／GValidity，However,internationalconvention，HamburgRulesfirstformulatesthelegalstatusandValidityofL／Ginsomeareas.Sothecarrierhasafighttoclaimcompensationfromtheshipper,whoissuedUQafterindemnifiedagainstthethirdpartythelossresultingfromL／GButifL／Gresultingindefraudingathirdparty,includingaconsignee，suchL／Gisvoidevenbetweenthecarrierandtheshipper,andthecarrierhasnofighttoclaimcompensationfromtheshipperevenifithasindemnifiedtheconsignee．(1)CountermeasuresofExchangingL／GforCleanB／LWecanseethatdeliveryL／Ghasbothpositiveandnegativeeffects．Tosomeextent，issuanceofL／Gisinevitableforsmoothdeliveryofgoods．Astothecarrier,itshouldbecarefulattheacceptanceofL/Gtotheconsignee.itshouldbeactivetoexaminethegoodsandclaimscompensationimmediatelywhentheproblemarises.Astotheshipper,itshouldpreparethegoodsforloadingontimeandstipulatetoacceptsomenotationinsalecontract．(2)CountermeasuresAdoptedbytheConsigneeInanofficialandwrittenreplytotheproblemaboutL／GValidity,SupremePeople’sCourtstipulatedasfollow：“Inthecarriageofgoodsbysea，theconsigneeisnotboundbyL／GwhichtheshipperissuedinexchangeforthecleanB／L．NomatterhowL／Gisstipulated,itcall’taffecttheconsigneetoclaimforcompensationagainstthecarrierortheshipper．”thestipulationexpressesthattheconsigneeisnotboundbyL／Ganditcanincreasethepossibilityofreceivingthecompensationfromthecarrier.However,thestipulationthattheconsigneecanclaimforcompensationdoesn’tmeanthatitcallsuccessfullyreceivethecompensationTherefore，iftheconsigneeisnotfamiliarwiththeshipperandthereisnobusinessrelationshipbefore,theconsigneeshallinvestigatepositivelythecreditandqualificationoftheshipperandthecarrierthroughsuchorganizationasBankofChinaofInternationalMaritimeBureau．Whenthingsgowrong,theconsigneeshouldbringanactionontimebeforethedefrauderreceivespaymentforgoods(3)SimilaritiesandDifferencesofAntidatedB／LandAdvancedB／LAntidatedB／LmeansthatashippedB／L，whoseissuedateispriortotheactualshipmentdate．WhileAdvancedB／LmeansthatashippedB／Lissuedwhenthecarrierhasnotbegunloadingorcompletedshipment.BothantidatedB／LandadvancedB／Lfraudulentlyrecordtheshipmentdate．TheshipmentdaterecordedinB／Lispriortotheactualshipmentdateifthegoodsindeedareloadedontoshipintheend．Tobespecific，similaritiesareasfollows：①BothkindsofB／LalwaysoccurunderpaymentofL／C．2.BothkindsofB／Linvolvetheconspiredfraudbetweentheshipperandthecarrier,especiallywhentheshipperisliableforcharteringshiporbookingspaceunderCIFandCFRtradeterms.②BecausebothkindsofB／Lobscuretheconsigneefromthefactofdelayinshipment,whentheconsigneelearnthetruth,itcanchoosetoreceivethegoodswithcondition，ortorefusetoreceivethegoodsortoclaimcompensationaccordingtotheconditionofdamagetogoods．③IftheissuingbankidentifiesantidatedB／LandadvancedB／L．ithastherighttorefusenegotiation．AccordingtoUCP600，abankassumesnoliabilityorresponsibilityfortheform，sufficiency,accuracy,genuineness，falsificationorlegaleffectofanydocument,whichisaboutbank’Sexonerationfromliability．However,ifthedocumentexaminedbythebankisfalse，thebankstillhastherighttorefusetoreceiveB／L.(4)CausesandRisksofAntidatedB／LandAdvancedB／LMostantidatedB／Lareissuedbythecarderattherequestoftheshipper．TheaimofantidatedB／ListhattheshippermakessurethattheshipmentdateisconsistentwithrequirementofthesalecontractandL／C，soitCanfulfilltheobligationofdeliveryandsettleforeignexchangesuccessfullyandsmoothly．UnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoodsandContractLawconsidertheobligationofdeliveryasanimportantone.Iftheshippercan’tdeliverthegoodsorcan’tdeliverthegoodsontime，itisdeemedbreachescontractfundamentallyandtheconsigneecancancelthecontract。Evenifthegoodshavealreadyarrivedattheportofdestination,theconsigneeCallrefusetotakedeliveryofgoodsifitcanprovethattheshipperdidn’tfinishshipmentwithinthetimeofshipment．Moreover,underpaymentofL／C，accordingtoUCP600，theexpirydateforpresentationmustbeconsistentwithstipulationinL／CwhentheshippernegotiatesB／L.Ifnot，thebankwillrefusetoreceivesuchB／L．thepaymentofL／Cwillbevoid．a(chǎn)ndthecreditofbankwillbechangedintothecreditofbusiness．Consequently,theshipperwillconfronttheriskofnotreceivingthepaymentforgoods．Therefore，theshipperrequires．thecarriertoissueanantidatedB／Lwhentheactualshipmentdateislaterthanthestipulatedtimeofshipment．(5)CountermeasuresofAntidatedB／LandAdvancedB／LInordertodecreaseunnecessarylossoftherelevantpartiesresultingfromantidatedB／LandadvancedB／L，thecountermeasuresshouldbeconsideredintwoways：insystemestablishmentandinpractice．SomeonesuggeststhatthebankCanofferaextendedservice．Thatis，thebankcontactswiththedesignatedorganizationsandisliableforcheckingwhethertheshipmentconditionisconsistentwithbothdocumentandL／C．However，banksneitherguaranteethatthereisn’tanyfraud，norguaranteewhetherthesalecontractissuccessful.AccordingtostipulationofUCP600，abankassumesnoliabilityorresponsibilityfortheform，sufficiency,accuracy,genuineness．falsificationorlegaleffectofanydocument，norforthecreditandqualificationofthecarrier：butabankonlyisliableforexaminingapresentationtodetermine，onthebasisofthedocumentsalone，whetherornotthedocumentsappearontheirfacetoconstituteacomplyingpresentation．SoinordertoavoidtheantidatedB／LandadvanedB／LtheconsigneemustrequiretheshippertobringtherelevantdocumentsissuedbyauthenticinspectionorganizationwhichCanprovetheaccuracyandauthenticityoftheshipmentdate,otherthanB／Landinsurancepolicy．Otherwise,theshipperCan’tsettleforeignexchange．3.TheCarrier’sRequirementWiththedevelopmentoftheshipmentindustry,thetimeoftransportationisdecreasing,especiallyinshort-distancetransportation．However,theoperationprocedureofB／Lisstilloperatedinthetraditionalway,whichisbadlylaggedbehind．Therefore，itiscommonthatB／Lhavenotreachedtheconsigneewhilethegoodshavearrivedatportofdestination．MostcarriersaleawareofabidingbytheobligationofdeliverywiththeoriginalB／L，otherwisetheywilltakerisksofindemnifyinglossofordamagetogoods．Thereasonwhytheconsigneeisanxioustotakedeliver),ofgoodswithouttheoriginalB／Listoavoidtheextracharge.Normally,theconsigneecanstorethegoodswithinsomedaysforfree．However,iftheconsigneedoesn’tapplytothecustomswithinsuchtime，itwillbearotherchargessuchasdemurragecharge，containerdetentionchargeandsurchargeondelayeddeclarationofimportgoods．Secondly,ifthegoodsareforemergencyorperishableetc。，theconsigneewilltrytopersuadethecarriertodelivergoodswithcopyB/LandL／GAdditionally,underthedevelopmentofmodernlogistics．theimposeroritsagentoritsdistributorswishtoshortentheperiodfromproductiontomarketingwithaviewtoeconomizingcostandenhancingefficiency．Sotheconsigneerequiresthegoodsinjusttimeandwillnotleavetoomuchextratimeinunloadingport．(1)DelayedArrivaloftheDocumentandB／LL／Cisauniversalmethodofpaymentintheinternationaltrade．ThegoodsmayberesoldmanytimeswhenthedocumentsandB／Lhavenotbeenexaminedbyebanks,whichcausesB／Ldelayinarrivingatunloadingport，MoreoverunderL／C.theissuingbankhasaobligationofexaminingapresentationtodetermine，onthebasisofthedocumentsalone，whetherornotthedocumentsare，ontheirface，incompliancewiththetermsandconditionsofL／Candconsistentwithoneanother．Thebankisverycautionstoexaminedocuments．IfthebankconsiderstherearesomeseriousdiscrepanciesamongB／L,packinglist,invoiceandspecificstipulationofL/C.itwillrejectfullsetofdocumentsandrequiretheshippertoremakeanewfullsetofdocumentsaccordingtothestipulation．withintheexpirydateofL/C．ThesituationmentionedabovecausesB／Ldelayinarrivingatunloadingport．(2)RisksofDeliveryofGoodswithoutPresentationoftheOriginalB／LAlthoughitisnecessaryforexistenceofdeliveryofgoodswithouttheoriginalB／L，itstillviolatestheprincipleofdeliveryofgoodswiththeoriginalB／L.First,itharmsrightsofthelegalholderofB／L；second，theshippermaynotreceivethepaymentforgoodsandthecarriermayfacetheriskofthearrestofships．CountermeasuresofonepartymayonlybenefititselfandCannotguaranteeothers’rightsandinterestsasawhole．Therefore，itisnecessarytodosomelegislativeapproaches，whichmaycreateawin-win-winsituation．EstablishmentofUniformStandardforL/GB／LAct,ThewriterbelievesB／LActisafundamentaltooltoformulatethedeliveryofgoodswithoutpresentationoftheoriginalB／L，antidatedB／LoradvancedB／LandexchangingL／GforcleanB／L．However,thereisnoB／LActinOurcountry,whichisalegislativevacancyinsuchabigshippingcountryandWTOmember．SinceB／Liscrucialincarriageofgoodsbysea,thereisstillnowayforseawaybillandtheelectronictoreplaceB／L．U．S．A．a(chǎn)ndsomeEuropeancountrieshavealreadypromulgatedB／LAct．OurcountryshouldconstituteB／LActasaspeciallawunderMaritimeCode．TherelevantproblemofdeliverywithouttheoriginalB／L，L／GandsooilshouldbestipulatedinB／LAct.4.RisksoftheElectronicB／LTheelectronicB／LcannotonlypreventtherisksofantidatedB／LandadvancedB／LbutalsoavoiddeliverywithouttheoriginalB／L．ExchangingL／GforcleanB／LisacompromisebetweenthesystemofmakinganoteinB／Landtheefficiencyofcommerce．AntidatedB／LandadvancedB／LiSforthecomplianceintheshipmentdatewithL／Corthecontract．UndertheelectronicB／L，thepartiesconcernedsendandreceivemessagethroughastandardformat．Sincethereisnowrittendocument,whentheshipperdeliversgoodstotheportofshipmentandwhenthecarrierreceivesgoodsarestoredinEDIsystem，theconsigneeCanchecktheshipmentdatebycomputernetworktoavoidantidatadB／LandadvancedB／L．TheelectronicB／LbasesonElectronicDataInterchange，i．e．theinterchangeoftradedataiseffectedbyteletransmission．Thatis，thegoodsownershipoftransferiseffectbyEDIsystem．5.BackgroundoftheElectronicB／LPeopleseektoadoptaseriesofn