全站儀建筑測量外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

全站儀建筑測量外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)全站儀建筑測量外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含中英文對照即英文原文和中文翻譯)譯文：全站儀在房屋建筑測量中的應(yīng)用分析摘要介紹全站儀在房屋建筑測量中的應(yīng)用，提出全站儀使用中應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)。關(guān)鍵詞：全站儀，房屋建筑，施工測量，應(yīng)用隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展，人類勞動不僅在深度和廣度上快速拓展，且更加簡潔高效。光電測距儀的出現(xiàn)使測量范圍和測量速度大大提高，電子經(jīng)緯儀的出現(xiàn)則不僅使測角精度有所提高，其可視化更是給測量工作帶來了極大的便利，電子全站儀就是集測距、測角、測高程及數(shù)據(jù)自動化處理于一體的智能化儀器，在高層、大型房屋建筑工程的施工測量工作中得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。一、全站儀簡介全站儀，即全站型電子速測儀。是一種集光、機(jī)、電為一體的高技術(shù)測量儀器，是集水平角、垂直角、距離（斜距、平距）、高差測量功能于一體的測繪儀器系統(tǒng)。全站儀具有測量精度高，儀器的集成化、自動化和智能化程度高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，已大量應(yīng)用于各類工程的施工測量中。全站儀是由電子測角、電子測距、電子計(jì)算和數(shù)據(jù)存儲單元等組成的三維坐標(biāo)測量系統(tǒng)，測量結(jié)果能自動顯示，并能與外轉(zhuǎn)設(shè)備交換住處的多功能測量儀器。由于全站儀電子速測儀較完善地實(shí)現(xiàn)了測量和處理過程的電子化和一體化，所以人們也通常稱之為全站儀電子速測儀或簡稱全站儀。二、全站儀的特點(diǎn)1、全站儀自身帶有數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)，只要一次照準(zhǔn)反射棱鏡；即可快速地測出水平角、垂直角和斜距，自動計(jì)算出放樣點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)和高程，并可記錄測量與計(jì)算數(shù)據(jù)。2、通過全站儀主機(jī)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)通訊接口，可實(shí)現(xiàn)全站儀與計(jì)算機(jī)或其他外圍設(shè)備的數(shù)據(jù)通訊，從而使測量數(shù)據(jù)的獲取、管理、計(jì)算和繪圖形成一個(gè)完善的自動化測量系統(tǒng)。3、利用全站儀的微機(jī)處理器來控制全站儀的測量與計(jì)算，可實(shí)現(xiàn)氣象改正，導(dǎo)線測量，前、后方交會，碎部測量和施工放樣等計(jì)算任務(wù)。且由于計(jì)算是由全站儀自動完成；即放線過程中完全不會受到人為因素的影響。4、全站儀能自動讀出距離數(shù)值，只要架設(shè)棱鏡對準(zhǔn)全站儀的鏡頭，全站儀就可讀出實(shí)測的距離，且能自動計(jì)算出理論上的數(shù)據(jù)，具有測距自動和快速的特點(diǎn)。5、在采用坐標(biāo)放樣時(shí)，其角差和放樣邊長都會顯示在儀器屏幕上，操作很方便，尤其實(shí)在高程測量時(shí)，全站儀的一站可完成傳統(tǒng)水準(zhǔn)儀10站乃至50站的工作，比“傳統(tǒng)測量儀器”可節(jié)省2/3時(shí)間，人力可節(jié)省1/2.三、全站儀在房屋建筑施工測量中的應(yīng)用1、復(fù)合起始數(shù)據(jù)測量工作的第一步，是對擬建建筑物四周的城市導(dǎo)線點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)及高程等起始數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行復(fù)核。在此階段，可用全站儀對城市導(dǎo)線點(diǎn)進(jìn)行兩測回的測角、測距，聯(lián)測數(shù)據(jù)的精度滿足測量規(guī)范的要求后，即可將其作為該工程布設(shè)建筑平面控制網(wǎng)的基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)和起算數(shù)據(jù)。具體方法如下：（1）選取兩城市控制網(wǎng)點(diǎn)N1、N2。將N1點(diǎn)作為測站點(diǎn)并在此架設(shè)全站儀，將N2點(diǎn)作為目標(biāo)點(diǎn)，在上面架設(shè)棱鏡。（2）對全站儀進(jìn)行對中、整平，并設(shè)置好儀器參數(shù)。（3）將儀器照準(zhǔn)方向的方向值設(shè)置為零度。全站儀可按要求的次數(shù)進(jìn)行多次測距和水平角的復(fù)測并顯示其平均值。一般來說，占地面積寬廣、體量龐大的建筑物提供起始控制數(shù)據(jù)的城市導(dǎo)線之間的距離較遠(yuǎn)，當(dāng)兩導(dǎo)線之間的距離達(dá)200-300米時(shí)，用一般光學(xué)儀器來觀測容易引起誤差，若使用全站儀來觀測不但方便，而且精準(zhǔn)度高。2、通過坐標(biāo)放樣建立平面控制平面控制網(wǎng)是建筑物定位的基本依據(jù)，其原則是整體控制局部，高精度控制低精度。使用全站儀的坐標(biāo)放樣功能可準(zhǔn)確、方便的測設(shè)出整個(gè)建筑的平面控制網(wǎng)，并進(jìn)而加密成建筑方格網(wǎng)。其具體方法如下：（1）根據(jù)施工圖紙，計(jì)算出各控制點(diǎn)及其它待放樣點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)。（2）選取兩城市控制網(wǎng)點(diǎn)N1、N2，其坐標(biāo)已知。把N2點(diǎn)作為測站點(diǎn)，N1作為后視點(diǎn)。把全站儀架在N2點(diǎn)上，把一臺棱鏡架在后視點(diǎn)N1點(diǎn)上，另一臺帶有測桿的棱鏡由另一名測量人員來放置，放置的具體位置應(yīng)聽從儀器操作人員的指揮。（3）對全站儀進(jìn)行對中和整平，設(shè)置好儀器參數(shù)。（4）進(jìn)入坐標(biāo)放樣模式，輸入測站點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)、儀器高、目標(biāo)高。（5）進(jìn)入方位角的設(shè)置狀態(tài)，輸入后視點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)。精確找準(zhǔn)后視點(diǎn)棱鏡中心，儀器根據(jù)測站點(diǎn)和后視點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)，將自動完成后視點(diǎn)方位角的設(shè)備。（6）再次進(jìn)入坐標(biāo)放樣模式，輸入放樣點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)。（7）旋轉(zhuǎn)儀器的照準(zhǔn)部，使所顯示的水平角讀書為零。此時(shí)，照準(zhǔn)部所照準(zhǔn)的方向即為待測點(diǎn)的方向。照準(zhǔn)帶測桿的棱鏡（待放樣點(diǎn)附近），通過對照準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)的測量，儀器顯示出預(yù)先輸入的待放樣值與實(shí)測值之差，即“顯示值=實(shí)測值-放樣值”。（8）根據(jù)顯示值，指揮持棱鏡的測量人員沿照準(zhǔn)方向移動帶測桿的棱鏡，直到觀測屏幕上的顯示值在誤差范圍之內(nèi)。（9）在測桿指示的位置埋上刻有“+”字絲的螺栓，用水泥砂漿將螺栓固定。傳統(tǒng)的放樣工作使用經(jīng)緯儀、鋼尺、線墜等儀器，通過經(jīng)緯儀撥角度、定方向以及鋼尺量具來進(jìn)行。利用全站儀的坐標(biāo)放樣功能可有效地客服傳統(tǒng)放樣工作中的弊端，在測量過程中大大減少設(shè)站次數(shù)，可直接進(jìn)行放樣并省去現(xiàn)場的記錄工作。3、通過三角高程測距進(jìn)行高程控制高程測量在整個(gè)測量工作中所占的工作量很大，也是測量工作的重要組成部分，利用全站儀的距離測量模式可精確地進(jìn)行高程控制。具體方法如下：（1）將全站儀架在水準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)BM1附近。（2）將兩根裝有棱鏡的測桿，一根立在BM1點(diǎn)上，另一根立在需測標(biāo)高的點(diǎn)上。（3）將全站儀對中、整平，進(jìn)入距離測量模式，分別測出儀器至BM1點(diǎn)的平距、斜距和高差h1以及儀器至所求點(diǎn)的平距、斜距和高差h2。（4）若測桿1和測桿2的高度一致，則所求點(diǎn)A的計(jì)算式為：HA=BM1（高程）+h2-h1.若儀器至測桿1測得為負(fù)高差，則h1前變符號為“+”。兩側(cè)桿高度不一致時(shí)，若測桿2大于測桿1一個(gè)差值，則兩桿的高差減去這一差值，否則相加。（5）通過架設(shè)的水準(zhǔn)儀，可把A點(diǎn)的標(biāo)高引測到露面上的其他位置。傳統(tǒng)的高程控制方法的缺點(diǎn)是工作量大，容易引起誤差。通過全站儀三角高程測距法進(jìn)行高程控制，對施工作業(yè)干擾少、工作量小，引測速度快。4、進(jìn)行邊坡及附近建筑物的偏移和沉降觀測大型工程的邊坡支護(hù)難度大，安全系數(shù)要求高。因此，對其進(jìn)行定期檢測也是測量工作的一項(xiàng)重要內(nèi)容。其方法是：首先沿基坑四周的邊線沒變均勻設(shè)置3個(gè)監(jiān)測點(diǎn)；再選取兩個(gè)可以同時(shí)的基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)，其坐標(biāo)和高程已定出（既已知三維坐標(biāo)），把全站儀架設(shè)于其中一點(diǎn)上，另一點(diǎn)作為后視點(diǎn)，可定期測出監(jiān)測點(diǎn)的三維坐標(biāo)，并進(jìn)行分析比較。5、結(jié)束語全站儀在房屋建筑測量中推廣應(yīng)用，大大便利了對建筑物的垂直觀測和平面、高程的測量控制；使得施工放樣的精確度和準(zhǔn)確度得到了很大提升，它的很多優(yōu)點(diǎn)是其它測量儀器所不能替代的。所以，我們應(yīng)強(qiáng)化全站儀的推廣應(yīng)用；用現(xiàn)代科技武裝建筑測量工作，來更好地保障房屋建筑工程質(zhì)量。原文：ApplicationoftotalstationinstrumentinmeasuringinhousingconstructionAbstract:Applicationoftotalstationinstrumentinmeasuringinhousingconstruction,putsforwardsomemattersneedingattentionintheuseoftotalstationinstrument.Keywords:Totalstation,housingconstruction,constructionsurveying,applicationWiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,humanlaborisnotonlyfastinthebreadthanddepthofdevelopment,andmoreconciseandefficient.Theemergenceofopticalrangefindertogreatlyimprovethemeasurementrangeandmeasurementspeed,electronictheodoliteappearnotonlymakesthemeasuringaccuracyisimproved,thevisualizationisbroughtgreatconvenienceformeasurement,electronictotalstationissetdistance,angle,measuringheightandautomaticdataprocessingofintelligentinstrumentsinone,widelyusedinconstructionsurveyofhigh-level,large-scalehousingconstruction.A.Totalstation.Thetotalstationinstrument,namelythetotalstationelectronictacheometer.Isasetoflight,machine,electricityasoneofthehigh-techmeasuringinstruments,isthesetofhorizontalangle,verticalangle,distance(distance,horizontaldistance),heightmeasurementfunctionsinoneinstrumentofSurveyingandmappingsystem.Thetotalstationinstrumenthastheadvantagesofhighmeasuringprecision,instrumentintegration,automationandintelligentdegreeandotheradvantages,hasbeenwidelyusedinvariousengineeringinconstructionsurvey.Totalstation3Dcoordinatemeasuringsystemiscomposedofelectronicmeasurement,electronicdistancemeasuring,computinganddatastorageunit,themeasurementresultscanbedisplayedautomatically,andmultifunctionalmeasuringinstrumentandequipmenttradeplaces.Becausethetotalstationelectronictacheometerisperfecttoachieveelectronicandintegrationofmeasurementandprocess,sopeoplealsooftenreferredtoasthetotalstationelectronictacheometerortotalstation.B.Characteristicsoftwo,thetotalstationinstrument1,Totalstationwithitsowndataprocessingsystem,aslongasasightingreflectingprism;canquicklydetecthorizontalangle,verticalangleandslantrange,automaticallycalculatethecoordinatesandelevationmeasurement,andcanrecordthemeasurementandcalculationofdata.2,Throughstandardcommunicationinterfaceoftotalstationinstrumenthost,canrealizedatacommunicationelectronictotalstationandcomputerorotherperipheraldevices,whichmakesthemeasurementdataacquisition,management,calculationanddrawingformaperfectautomaticmeasurementsystem.Themeasurementandcalculationtocontroltotalstation3,Withtotalstationinstrumentmicroprocessor,canrealizethemeteorologicalcorrection,traverse,ago,resection,detailsurveyandconstructionloftingcalculationtask.Andbecausethecalculationisdoneautomaticallybythetotalstation;i.e.lineprocessisnotatallaffectedbyman-madefactors.4,Thetotalstationinstrumentcanautomaticallyreaddistancevalue,aslongastheerectingprismalignmentoftotalstationtotalstationinstrumentlens,wecanreadthemeasureddistance,andcanautomaticallycalculatethetheoreticaldata,withdistanceautomaticandfastcharacteristics.5,Intheuseofcoordinate,theangledifferenceandsetting-outlengthwillbeshownontheinstrumentscreen,operationisveryconvenient,especiallyinleveling,totalstationastationcancompletethetraditionallevel10stationand50stationwork,than"traditionalmeasuringinstruments"cansave2\/3time,manpowercanbesaved1\/2.C.Applicationofthree,thetotalstationinstrumentinhousingconstructionintheconstructionsurvey1.ThecompositeinitialdataThefirststepistoreviewthemeasurementwork,cityoftheproposedbuildingwirearoundthecoordinatesandelevationofinitialdata.Atthisstage,twotestbackangle,distancetocitytraversepointscanbeatotalstationinstrument,measurementdataaccuracycanmeetthemeasurementrequirements,canbeusedasreferenceplanecontrolnetworklayoutoftheprojectconstructionandinitialdata.Specificmethodsareasfollows:(1)TwoN1,N2selectsthecitycontrolnetwork.N1asthetestsiteandontheerectionoftotalstationinstrument,theN2asthegoalpoint,erectingprismintheabove.(2)Ofthetotalstationof,leveling,andsettheparametersoftheinstrument.(3)Theinstrumentsightingdirectionvalueissettozero.Totalstationformanytimesrangingandhorizontalanglemeasurementanddisplayitsaveragevalueaccordingtotherequirementsofthetimes.Ingeneral,coversanareaofbroad,hugeamountofcitybuildingsbetweeninitialconductorcontroldataofthedistancebetweenthetwowires,whenthedistanceof200-300meters,usingcommonopticalinstrumenttoobservetheeasytocausetheerror,iftheobservationisnotonlyconvenienttousetotalstation,andtheprecisionishigh.2.ThroughtheestablishmentofplanecoordinatecontrolPlanecontrolnetworkisthebasisofbuildinglocation,itsprincipleistheoveralllocalcontrol,highcontrolprecisionandlowaccuracy.Coordinateloftingfunctionusingthetotalstationinstrumentcanbeaccurate,convenientlocationoutofplanecontrolnetworkofthewholebuilding,andthenencryptedintoarchitecturalgridsquare.Thespecificmethodsareasfollows:(1)Aaccordingtotheconstructiondrawings,calculatethecoordinatesofthecontrolpointsandotherpointstobelofting.(2)TwocitycontrolnetworkN1,N2selection,theknowncoordinates.TheN2asatestsite,N1asaviewpoint.ThetotalstationinstrumentrackatpointN2,aprismholderintheviewN1point,prismanotherwithrodtotheplacementofameasuringstaff,theirlocationsshouldfollowtheoperatorcommand.(3)Ofthetotalstationtoneutralizetheleveling,settheinstrumentparameters.(4)Coordinateloftingmode,inputthemeasuredcoordinatesofthesite,equipment,high.(5)Intothesetstateazimuthcoordinatepointofview,aftertheinput.Aftertheaccurateviewprismcenter,instrumentaccordingtothemeasurementsiteandpointcoordinate,willbeautomaticallycompletedviewazimuthequipment.(6)Onceagainintothecoordinateloftingmode,inputcoordinatesloftingpoints.(7)Rotatinginstrumentalidade,thedisplaysothathorizontalanglereadingiszero.Atthispoint,takethealidadedirectionisthedirectionofthepointtobemeasured.Sightingwithmeasuringprism(nearthesetting-outpoint),bymeasuringthecontroltime,instrumentdisplayinputinadvancetobesettingvalueandmeasuredvalueofdifference,namely"display=measuredvalues-settingvalue".(8)Accordingtothedisplayedvalue,measuringpersonnelcommandtoprismalongthesightingdirectionprismwithmeasuring,displayonthescreenuntiltheobservationvalueiswithintheerrorrange.(9)Intheboltrodtoindicatethelocationofburiedinscribedwith"+"silk,boltwillbefixedbycementmortar.Setting-outworkusingtraditionaltheodolite,ruler,linesinkers,instrument,performedbytheodolitedialangle,directionandtherulermeasuring.Byusingthecoordinateloftingtotalstationinstrumentcaneffectivelysupportthetraditionalshortcomingsofloftingwork,greatlyreducethestationnumberinthemeasuringprocess,canbedirectlyloftingandrecordingworksavesite.3,ThroughthetriangleelevationranginginheightcontrolHeightmeasurementinthewholesurveyworkintheheavyworkload,butalsoanimportantpartofsurveyingwork,accurateelevationcontrolusingdistancemeasurementmodeloftotalstationinstrument.Specificmethodsareasfollows:(1)OfthetotalstationinthevicinityofthestandardBM1frame.(2)Thetwowithaprismrod,averticalatpointBM1,anotheruprightinmeasuringelevationpoint.(3)Ofthetotalstationtoenter,leveling,distancemeasurementmodel,respectivelymeasureinstrumenttoBM1pointofthehorizontaldistance,distanceandheightofH1andinstrumenttocalculatethehorizontaldistance,distanceandheighth2.(4)Iftherod1androdheight2,calculatingthepointAis:HA=BM1(elevation)+h2-h1.iftheinstrumenttoprobe1measuredheightisnegative,H1variablesymbol"+".Bothsidesoftheheightofthepoleisnotconsistent,ifgreaterthan1bar2baradifference,twopoleheightminusthedifference,oradditive.(5)Throughthelevelset,theelevationofAoftesttoanotherlocationsurface.Thetraditionalcontrolmethodhasthedisadvantagesofheavyworkload,easytocausetheerror.Elevationcontrolbytrigonometriclevelingoftotalst