2023年考研外語提分試卷3

考研外語提分試卷3

一、UseofEnglish

1>What'syourearliestchildhoodmemory?Canyouremember

learningtowalk?Ortalk?Thefirsttimeyouheardthunderor

watchedatelevisionprogram?Adultsseldom(1)events

muchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool,

(2)childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour(3)retain

anyspecific,personalexperiences.

Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen(4)bypsychologists

forthis"childhoodamnesia”.Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;

theregionofthebrainwhichis(5)forformingmemories,

doesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopular

theory(6)that,sinceadultsdon;tthinklikechildren,

theycannot(7)childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwords,

andtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor(8)_____oneevent

follows(9)asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearch

throughtheirmental(10)forearlychildhoodmemoriesto

addtothisverballifestory,theydon，tfindanythatfitthe

(11).It'sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglish

dictionary.

NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversity

offersanew(12)forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthat

theresimplyaren'tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto(13).

AccordingtoDr.Simms,childrenneedtolearntousesomeone

else'sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal(14)_____inorder

toturntheirownshort-term,quicklyforgotten(15)of

themintolong-termmemories.Inother(16),childrenhave

totalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout

(17)—Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon(18)

lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabout

theirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis(19)reinforcement,

saysDr.Simins,childrencannotform.(20)memoriesof

theirpersonalexperiences.

Notes:childhoodamnesia兒童失憶癥。

A.figure

B.interpret

C.recall

D.affirm

2、⑵

A.nowthat

B.evenif

C.asthough

D.justas

3、(3)

A.largely

B.rarely

C.merely

D.really

4、⑷

A.refuted

B.defied

C.proposed

D.witnessed

5、(5)

A.responsible

B.suitable

C.favorable

D.available

6、(6)

A.declines

B.assesses

C.estimates

D.maintains

7、(7)

3

A.reflect

B.attain

C.access

D.acquire

8、(8)

A.narratives

B.forecasts

C.communications

D.descriptions

9、(9)

A.therest

B.another

C.theother

D.others

10、(10)

A.deposits

B.dreams

C.flashes

D.files

11、(H)

A.model

B.pattern

4

C.frame

D.formula

12、(12)

A.emphasis

B.assertion

C.explanation

D.assumption

13、(13)

A.recall

B.remember

C.reflect

D.respond

14、(14)

A.instincts

B.feelings

C.sensations

D.experiences

15、(15)

A.impressions

B.beliefs

C.minds

D.insights

5

16、(16)

A.senses

B.cases

C.words

D.aspects

17、(17)

A.him

B.their

C.it

D.them

18、(18)

A.taken

B.utilized

C.applied

D.spent

19、(19)

A.habitual

B.verbal

C.unique

D.particular

20、(20)

A.permanent

6

B.mental

C.spiritual

D.conscious

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatare

widelyusedtoaidinselecting,assigning,orpromoting

students,employees,andmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthe

targetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,

andeveninCongress.Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthe

tests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswith

ill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesare

merelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwith

reasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whetherthe

resultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleading

dependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.

Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebasedupon

someknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance.Howwellthe

predictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupon

theamount,reliability,andappropriatenessofthe

informationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitis

interpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthatthe

informationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthe

predictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.

Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.They

provideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindsof

informationaboutwhatapersonhaslearned,theskillshehas

developed,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationso

obtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesand

shortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.Whethertouse

tests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticular

situationdepends,therefore,upontheempiricalevidence

concerningcomparativevalidity,anduponsuchfactorsascost

andavailability.

Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthetraitsor

qualitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefined(for

example,abilitytodowellinaparticularcourseoftraining

program)andleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredor

predictedcannotbewelldefined(forexample,personalityor

creativity).Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansof

gettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimes

theyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeen

previouslyrecognized,buttherearemanythingstheydonot

do.Forexample,theydon，tcompensateforgrosssocial

inequality,andthusdon'ttellhowableanunderprivileged

youngermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorable

circumstances.

Notes:divertattentionfrom沒有留意至限keepcarefulscore認

真記分。definevt.界定。

Whatistheessenceofthistext?

A.Attackingstandardizedtests.

B.Don'tBlamethetestblametheuser.

C.Standardizedtestsandtheirwideapplications.

D.Thestandardizedtest一ausefulmeansofassessment.

2、

Theselectionimpliesthat,moreoften,thevalueofan

educationaltestrestswith.

A.theinterpretationoftestresults.

B.theanalysisofthestudentstested.

C.theskillandwisdomofthetestitself.

D.theaccuracyoftheinformationprovided.

3、

Thethirdparagraphiswrittenmainlytostate.

A.thefunctionsofeducationaltests.

B.thedimensionsofstandardizedtests.

C.thebasesforusingstandardizedtests.

D.themixedresultsofstandardizedtests.

4、

Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingstatementsis

nottrue?

A.Predictionsdonoralwaysholdtrue.

B.Somestudents"shine"unexpectedly.

C.Thesupervisorofthetestmustbewelltrained.

D.Personalityrestsoftenfallshortoftheirpurpose.

5、

Accordingtothetext,theauthor'sattitudetowardthevalue

ofstandardizedtestsseemstobe.

A.critical

B.dubious.

C.objective.

D.ambiguous.

6、MannersnowadaysinmetropolitancitieslikeLondonare

practicallynon-existent.Itisnothingforabig,strong

schoolboytoelbowanelderlywomanasideinthedashforthe

lastremainingseatonthetubeorbus,muchlessstandupand

offerhisseattoher,asheought.Infact,itissaddening

tonotethatifamandoesofferhisseattoanolderwoman,

itisnearlyalwaysaContinentalmanoronefromtheolder

generation.

Thisquestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismuch

arguedaboutbyyoungmen,whosaythat,sincewomenhave

claimedequality,theynolongerdeservetobetreatedwith

courtesy,andthatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheir

turnintheratracelikeanyoneelse.Womenhaveneverclaimed

tobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreed,

however,thatyoungmenshouldstandupforyoungerwomen,the

factremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntotheold.thesick

andtheburdened.

Conditionsintravelarereallyveryhardoneveryone,weknow,

buthardshipissurelynoexcuse.Sometimesonewonderswhat

wouldhavebeenthebehavior,oftheseaboutyoungmenina

packedrefugeetrainoratrainonitswaytoaprisoner-camp

duringthewar.Wouldtheyhaveconsidereditonlyrightand

theirproperduetokeepthebestplacesforthemselvesthen?

Olderpeople,tiredandirritablefromaday'swork,arenot

angels,either一farfromit.Manyabriskargumentoran

insultingquarrelbreaksoutasthewearyqueuespushandshove

eachothertogelonbusesandtubes.Onecannotcommendthis,

ofcourse,butonedoesfeelthereisjustalittlemoreexcuse.

Ifcitiesaretoremainpleasantplacestoliveinatall,

however,itseemsurgent,notonlythatcommunicationsin

transportshouldbeimproved,butalsothatcommunication

betweenhumanbeingsshouldbekeptsmoothandpolite.Allover

cities,itseemsthatpeoplearetootiredandtoorushedto

bepolite.Shopassistantswon'tbothertoassist,taxidrivers

shoutateachotherastheydashdangerouslyroundcorners,bus

conductorspullthebellbeforetheirdesperatepassengershave

hadtimetogetonoroffthebus.andsoonandsoon.Itseems

tousthatitisuptotheyoungandstrongtodotheirsmall

parttostopsuchdeterioration.

Notes:

muchless更不用說。Continentalman歐洲大陸上的人。ratrace

激烈的競爭。belostto全然不顧。alltoo實在太。behardonsth.

對…太嚴峻。duen.應當?shù)玫降臇|西。communicationsIntransport

運輸工具。won'tbothertodosth.不愿費心去做某事。pullthe

hell（售票員）拉鈴（以便讓司機開動車輛）。doone'spart某人的責

任。

Fromwhatyouhaveread,wouldyouexpectmannerstoimprove

amongpeoplewho.

A.arephysicallystrong.

B.liveinbigmoderncities.

C.arefromtheoldergeneration.

D.liveonlyinmetropolitancities.

7、

Whatisthewriter'sopinionconcerningcourteousmanners

towardwomen?

A.Menshouldgiveuptheirseatstoyoungwomen.

B.Womenneedn，tbetreateddifferentlyfrommen.

C.LadyFirstshouldbeuniversallypracticed.

D.Specialconsiderationoughttobeshowntothem.

8、

Accordingtotheauthor,communicationbetweenhumanbeings

wouldbesmootherif.

A.publictransportcouldbeimproved.

B.peoplewerenotsotiredandirritable.

C.womenweretreatedwithmorecourtesy.

D.peoplewereconsideratetowardeachother.

9、

Whatisthepossiblemeaningoftheword"deterioration"in

thelastparagraph?

A.Spreadingofevilconduct.

B.Loweringofmoralstandards.

C.Worseningofgeneralsituation.

D.Decliningofphysicalconstitution.

10、

Intheauthor'sview.thebestremedyforcopingwiththehard

conditionsintravelincitieswouldbeto.

A.attachsignificancetothemoraleducationofyoungpeople.

B.improvethemeansoftransportationandthepublicmorality.

C.treatpeople,betheyyoungandold,withcourtesyand

sympathy.

D.demandthateveryoneavoidbriskargumentsandinsulting

quarrels.

11、Forme,scientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematical

sciences,naturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenatural

world(physicalandbiologicalsciences),andsciencesdealing

withmankind(psychology,sociology,allthesciencesof

culturalachievements,everykindofhistoricalknowledge).

Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophy,aboutwhichwewill

talklater.Inthefirstplace,allthisispureortheoretical

knowledge,soughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstanding,in

ordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicand

con-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsis

thatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthatthe

worldexisted,andthattheworldwasofacertainkind,that

hewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkind,

hewouldn'tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsof

knowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatest

importance,becausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasman

andpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman.

Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogress,man

mustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.

Knowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswill

haveimmediateandforeseeablesuccess,butnotthekindof

importantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpart

unforeseen,exceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letme

recallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshad

notappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsection

zealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomeday

beuseful,itwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslaterto

navigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureof

electricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperiments,carried

onbecauseofmereintellectualcuriosity,wouldeventually

leadtomodernelectricaltechnology,withoutwhichwecan

scarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife.

Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsake,becausethehuman

spiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Buttinaddition,it

isthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeen

reachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly.

Notes:

intrinsic固有的。con-substantial同體的。autonomy自主性。

zealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicion熱忱地并絲毫也沒有

想到。forthemostpart大部分，主要地。Utopian烏托邦，抱負

主義。disinterestedly不偏不倚地。resignoneselfto聽任，服

從。

Theauthordoesnotincludeamongthesciencesthestudyof

A.literature.

B.chemistry.

C.astronomy.

D.anthropology.

12、

Intheauthor,sview,theGreekswhostudiedconicsections

A.weremathematicians.

B.workedwithelectricity.

C.wereinterestedinnavigation.

D.wereunawareofthevalueoftheirstudies.

13、

Accordingtothetext,themostimportantadvancesmadeby

mankindmostprobablystemfrom.

A.innovations.

B.thenaturalsciences.

C.technicalapplications.

D.apparentlyuselessinformation.

14、

Whyiselectricaltechnologymentionedinthethirdparagraph?

A.Toconfirmitsimportanceinthemodernworld.

B.Toshowthepowerfulinfluenceofitsinventions.

C.Toverifytheusefulnessoftheoreticalknowledge.

D.Togiveanexampleofsuccessinpracticalscience.

15、

Thetitlewhichbestexpressestheideaofthistextis.

A.ProgressinPureScience.

B.LearningforItsOwnSake.

C.Man'sScienceandInventions.

D.DifferencebetweenScienceandTechnology.

16、Despitetheirmanydifferencesoftemperamentandof

literaryperspective,Emerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville,

andWhitmansharecertainbeliefs.Commontoallthesewriters

istheirhumanisticperspective.Itsbasicpremisesarethat

humansarethespiritualcenteroftheuniverseandthatinthem

aloneisthecluetonature,history,andultimatelythecosmos

itself.Withoutcompletelydenyingtheexistenceeitherofa

deity(theGod)orofirrationalmatter,thisperspective

neverthelessrejectsthemasexclusiveprinciplesof

interpretationandpreferstoexplainhumansandtheworldin

termsofhumanityitself.Thispreferenceisexpressedmost

clearlyintheTranscendentalistprinciplethatthestructure

oftheuniverseliterallyduplicatesthestructureofthe

individualself;therefore,allknowledgebeginswith

self-knowledge.

Thiscommonperspectiveisalmostalwaysuniversalized.Its

emphasisisnotupontheindividualasaparticularEuropean

orAmerican,butuponthehumanasuniversal,freedfromthe

accidentsoftime,space,birth,andtalent.Thus,forEmerson,

the''AmericanScholar“turnsouttobesimply"ManThinking”;

while,forWhitman,the"SongofMyself"mergesimperceptibly

intoasongofallthe"childrenofAdam”,where"everyatom

belongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou”.

Alsocommontoallfivewritersisthebeliefthatindividual

virtueandhappinessdependuponself-realization,which,in

turn,dependsupontheharmoniousreconciliationoftwo

universalpsychologicaltendencies:first,theself-asserting

impulseoftheindividualtowithdraw,toremainuniqueand

separate,andtoberesponsibleonlytohimselforherself;and

second,theself-transcendingimpulseoftheindividualto

embracethewholeworldintheexperienceofasinglemoment

andtoknowandbecomeonewiththatworld.Theseconflicting

impulsescanbeseeninthedemocraticethic.Democracy

advocatesindividualism,thepreservationoftheindividuaVs

freedomandself-expression.Butthedemocraticselfistorn

betweenthedutytoself,whichisimpliedbytheconceptof

liberty,andthedutytosociety,whichisimpliedbythe

conceptsofequalityandfraternity.

Athirdassumptioncommontothefivewritersisthatintuition

andimaginationofferasurerroadtotruththandoesabstract

logicorscientificmethod.Itisillustratedbytheiremphasis

uponintrospection—theirbeliefthatthecluetoexternal

natureistobefoundintheinnerworldofindividual

psychology一andbytheirinterpretationofexperienceas.in

essence,symbolic.Boththesestressespresumeanorganic

relationshipbetweentheselfandthecosmos,ofwhichonly

intuitionandimaginationcanproperlytakeaccount.These

writers*faithintheimaginationandinthemselvesas

practitionersofimaginationledthemtoconceiveofthewriter

asaseerandenabledthemtoachievesupremeconfidencein

theirownmoralandmetaphysicalinsights.

Notes:

Transcendentalist先驗論的。self-transcending超越自我的。

ethic倫理標準,道德規(guī)范。betornbetween在…之間左右犯難。

fraternity博愛。introspection反省。seer預言家，先知。

metaphysical形而上學的。

Whichofthefollowingbestreflectsthehumanistic

perspectiveofthefivewriters?

A.Thespiritualandthematerialworldsareincompatible.

B.Humanitycanscarcelyaccountforhumansandtheworld.

C.Self-knowledgestemspartlyfromtheperceptionofthe

universe.

D.Thestructureoftheuniversecanbediscoveredthrough

self-knowledge.

17、

ByquotingWhitmaninparagraph2,theauthorintendsto.

A.showthatthepoetdoesnotcompletelyagreewithEmerson.

B.indicatethewaythepoetusesthehumanistidealto

appraisehimself.

C.demonstratethatthepoetisconcernedwiththewell-being

ofallhumans.

D.illustrateawaythepoetexpressestherelationshipofthe

individualtothehumanisticuniverse.

18、

Theauthordiscusses"thedemocraticethic"inparagraph3in

orderto.

A.explaintherelationshipbetweenexternalexperienceand

innerimagination.

B.supportthenotionthattheselfcontainstwoconflicting

andirreconcilablearguments.

C.illustratetherelationshipbetweentheself'sdesireto

beindividualanditsdesiretomergewithallotherselves.

D.elaborateontheconceptthattheselfconstantlydesires

torealizeitspotential.

19、

Itcanbeinferredthattheideaof"anorganicrelationship

betweentheselfandthecosmos“inparagraph4isnecessary

tothethinkingofthefivewritersbecausesucharelationship

A.isthefoundationoftheirhumanisticviewofexistence.

B.justifiestheirconceptofthefreedomoftheindividual.

C.enablesthemtoasserttheimportanceofthedemocratic

ethic.

D.deniestheirfaithintheexistenceofintuitionand

imagination.

20、

Theauthordiscussesthefivewritersmainlytoexplainsome

oftheirbeliefsabout.

A.therelationshipofhumanstotheexternalnature.

B.theimmensedifficultiesinvolvedinself-realization.

C.theemphasisupontheindividualasanuniversalone.

D.thehumannatureanditsdependencyontheworldand

universe.

21、PartB(10points)

YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutstudyingintheUnitedStates

followedbyalistofexamples.Choosethebestexamplefrom

thelistA—Fforeachnumberedsubheading(41145).Thereis

oneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.

(41)Conflicts:

Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitory,itislikely

thatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithoneother

student.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyouto

learnmoreaboutAmericanways,therewillprobablybemany

timesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetocultural

differences.

(42)Sex:

Withregardtosexingeneral,Americanbehavior,isquire

differentfromthenormsfoundinChina.

(43)RelationshipBetweenTeachersStudents:

Onthecampus,particularlywhereclassesaresmall,Ifound

astrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationship

betweenstudentsandtheirprofessors.

(44)Gifts:

InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriends,Inoticedthatthe

conceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.Manythingswegive

toeachotherinChinaarenotcalled"gifts"butareconsidered

tobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.

Accustomedaswearetousingtheword"gift"toreferto

somethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasions,itcomesasa

surprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.Inthe

UnitedStates,“gifts”,givenonmanydifferentoccasions,are

onlyservices.

(45)SocialIntercourse:

WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomes,youwillhaveanopportunity

toobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.Onthewhole,

Americanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheir

greetings.

A.Iwasastonished,forexample,whenafriendtoldmethat

hewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsisterso

thathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthdaythiswas

agifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthan

agift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbe

considered“gifts"here.

B.Whilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessors,“Professor”

soandsoor"Dr"soandso.Someprofessorsprefertobecalled

familiarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritof

informality,manyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomes

orcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupof

coffeeintheschoolcafeteria.Agoodnumberofinstructors

evenrequestthatstudentsfillourclassevaluationforms

whichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse.

C.Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswho

cametovisitoftenverylate.Onenight,aftermidnight,Ihad

tostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhad

heardaman，svoiceinmyroom.Myroommatedidnotrealizehow

awkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.

Yousee.Americanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualabout

thesematters.

D.Onmanyoccasions,forinstance,closefriendsorsometimes

evencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthe

cheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthat

wherecouplesareclosefriends,thetwohusbandswillkissthe

otherman，swife!

E.IntheUnitedStates,forexample,ifastudentwantsto

invitehisteachertoadinnerparty,theinvitationshouldbe

sentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationis

extendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate,the

teacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded.

F.Forexample,manyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolisten

topopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheir

rooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhenthey

leavetheroom.Forsomereason,manywilltellyou,musichelp