高中英語語法之名詞性從句

PAGEPAGE4高中英語語法之名詞性從句第一節(jié)基本知識與基本概念【什么是名詞性從句？】上一章，我們了解的是定語從句，加上我們以前了解的賓語從句和狀語從句，好像“名詞性從句”這個概念本身就和我們所熟知的概念不是一路貨色。沒錯。請看下表：根據(jù)從句在句子中的功能分根據(jù)從句的性質(zhì)分定語從句形容詞性從句主語從句名詞性從句賓語從句表語從句同位語從句狀語從句副詞性從句只是，在平時老師講課時，形容詞性從句和副詞性從句并沒有形成氣候罷了。相比之下，名詞性從句由于“家丁興旺”而大行其道。但是，作為學(xué)生，我們有必要了解這些基本概念的來龍去脈。【主語從句】顧名思義，主語從句在句子中作主語。有時本身出現(xiàn)在主語的位置上，也有時出于句子結(jié)構(gòu)的考慮退到句子的尾部，前面用形式主語it代替。從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般為單數(shù)形式。如:WhatIsawwasbeyondanyverbaldescription.Thathishairwasturninggreyworriedhimabit.Whythecompanydeniedthecontractisstillunknown.Whenandwherethegovernmentwillbuildacitysquareisunderdiscussion.Itisprettyannoyingthatasmallpartofthemachineismissing.Itremainstobeseenwhetherthenewnovelwillbewellreceived.【賓語從句】在句子中作賓語的從句就是賓語從句。由于這是同學(xué)們接觸比較早的一種從句，應(yīng)該問題不大。所以在近年的高考題中，以賓語從句的知識作為考點的題目較少。但是，賓語從句也有自己的特殊情況，如介詞的賓語，形容詞的賓語，賓語從句提前和并列的賓語從句等現(xiàn)象。如：Weassumedthattherewouldbemorethan100guests.Hetoldthepoliceindetailwhathesawandheard.Nobodyissurewhathumanswilllooklikeinamillionyears.Thatwilldependonwhethertheycangetthechance.WhetherIwillhavethetimeIamnotsureatthemoment.Theconductorcomplainedthatwewerenotgiftedinsingingandthathewouldnevercomeagain.【表語從句】表語從句的最重要臉譜就是它們應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在系動詞的后面。如：Theonlyquestionleftishowoftentheworkersarepaid.Hisideaforthecomingweekendisthatwegoskating.【同位語從句】從臉譜上看，同位語從句最為麻煩。因為它們也是出現(xiàn)在一個名詞的后面，起著解釋說明的作用。有點像定語從句。這個點是許多學(xué)生容易混淆的地方。但是，只有我們能把握住關(guān)鍵，即：定語從句的先行詞在從句中必須作一個成分，并且這個成分應(yīng)該是個空白，也就是說，定語從句必須缺少成分。這一點恰恰是同位語從句所不能做到的。同位語從句前面的名詞在從句中是沒有位置的。況且，也不是所有的名詞后面都會跟同位語從句，只有那些“有內(nèi)容的名詞”才需要解釋。如fact,news,idea,truth,hope,problem,information,belief,thought,doubt等。如：Thatfactthatthepolicemandidn’tfireatthemanatallwasignored.Doyouhaveanyideawhatisgoingonintheclassroom.Thepossibilitythatwecanworkathomemakeseverybodyexcited.盡管同學(xué)們在這個方面有諸多問題，但好消息還是有的，在新出臺的《山東省高考考試說明》中，同位語從句不在必考的名單之中。大家可以放心了?！具B接代詞、連接副詞和連接詞】通過以上介紹，我們可以看出，四種名詞性從句都需要有一個連接性詞在從句的開頭。這個詞是什么性質(zhì)，要看它在從句中作作的成分，如果作的是主語、賓語、表語的話，這個詞就是連接代詞；如果作的是各種狀語，就叫連接副詞；如果不作任何成分，就叫連接詞。如下表： 連接詞that,if,whether引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞連接代詞who,whom,what,whose,which,whichever,whatever,whoever 連接副詞when,where,how,why第二節(jié)考點分類解析【考點一：語序問題】名詞性從句的語序問題一直斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地在各地高考題目中出現(xiàn)，由此可見其重要性。其實說來非常簡單易記：永遠(yuǎn)陳述語氣。即名詞性從句中不會出現(xiàn)助動詞提前的現(xiàn)象。如：Whoheisdoesn’tmattermuch.Whenandwhereweshallhavethesportsmeetisaquestion.Idon’tknowwhathisnameis.Idon’tknowwhatiswrongwithhim.=Idon’tknowwhatisthematterwithhim.Youcan’timaginehowexcitedIwasatthattime.Canyoutellmewhatsizeshoesyouwear?Noonecanbesure______inamillionyears.（MET1991）A.whatwillmanlooklike B.whatmanwilllooklikeC.manwilllooklikewhat D.whatlookwillmanlike答案：B。這個題就是典型的考查賓語從句的語序問題。根據(jù)以上所述，應(yīng)該是陳述語序。所以A、C兩個選項就不可能了。而D選項明顯不符合我們的語言習(xí)慣?！究键c二：that和what的區(qū)別問題】關(guān)系決定，二者同時出現(xiàn)而必選其一時，答案肯定是wh-ever。如：Whoeverbreakstheruleswillbepunished.(主語從句)Whoever/Nomatterwhobreakstherules,he/shewillbepunished.(狀語從句)Don’tbelievewhateverhetellsyou.(賓語從句)Don’tbelievehim,whatever/nomatterwhathetellsyou.(狀語從句)【考點七：名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣問題】先看賓語從句的虛擬語氣。一般說來，如果從句作的是表示說話人某種觀點、態(tài)度或要求等語氣的動詞的賓語時，從句中要求用should＋動詞原形的虛擬語氣（should經(jīng)常可以省略）。這些動詞常見的有：desire,demand,require,request,order,propose,command,advise,suggest等。如：例：Heinsistedthatshe（should）spendmoretimestudying.Hedemandedthatwe（should）beontime.Thebossrequiredthatallwaiters(should)keepstandingalldaylong.ThepublishinghousesuggestedthatI(should)typemybookout.有兩個特例是高中老師不愿意錯過的。那就是suggest和insist。它們倆后面的賓語從句是否用虛擬語氣還要看具體語境來定。如：ThedoctorsuggestedthatIhadacold。(這個suggest的意思是“解釋，說明”。后面不用虛擬語氣)Thebigsmilesonherfacesuggestedthatshehadpassedthetest.(這個suggest的意思是“表明”。后面不用虛擬語氣)ThedoctorsuggestedthatI(should)stayinbedforafewday.(這個suggest的意思是“建議”。后面用虛擬語氣)Theyoungmaninsistedthathewaswellenoughtoserveinthearmy.(這個insist堅持的是一個事實不是一種觀點。后面不用虛擬語氣)Thatyoungmaninsistedthatheshouldbesenttothefront.(這個insist堅持的是一種觀點，即“他應(yīng)該被派往前線”。后面用虛擬語氣)以上是賓語從句中的虛擬語氣現(xiàn)象。如果是其他三種名詞性從句，只要和上述動詞有關(guān)，也享受同樣的待遇。如：Theheadquarters’suggestionisthatwe(should)waitforanotherfewdays.(表語從句)Hisorderthatallthesoldiers(should)swimacrosstheriverwasrefused.(同位語從句)Itisstronglyrecommendedthatyou(should)takeataxi.(主語從句)另外，在下面這幾個特殊的句型中，后面的主語從句也用虛擬語氣。a.Itisimportant/necessary/natural/awonder/essential（必要的）/suggestedthat…shoulddo…如：Itisimportantthatyou（should）beontime.Itisnecessarythatyou(should)exerciseregularly.b.Iwishthat…did….如：IwishIwereabird.IwishonedayIcouldliveonthemoon.c.I’dratherthat…did…如：I’dratheryoudidityourself.I’dratherIhadn’tlentyouthatbicycleyesterday.【考點八：賓語從句的反意疑問句的問題】眾所周知，反意疑問句是由句子的謂語和主語的代詞形式共同構(gòu)成。如：Heisignorant,isn’the?Heisn’tstrong,ishe?但是，如果前面的句子中含有賓語從句，怎么辦？答案是一定針對主句的主語、謂語。如：Youknowheisignorant,don’tyou?Itoldyouheisn’tstrong,didn’tI?有一種例外，當(dāng)主句的主語是I,且謂語動詞是表示觀點的動詞如think,believe,suppose,expect,amafraid等時，就只能針對從句反問了。因為沒有人會對自己的觀點嗎上進(jìn)行反詰。如：Ithinkheisignorant,isn’the?Ibelieveheisn’tstrong,ishe?【考點九：it在名詞性從句中的作用問題】代詞it的用法有很多。但近幾年的高考關(guān)注的卻比較集中，即it作為普通回指代詞的用法和在名詞性從句中作形式賓語和形式主語的用法。如：作形式主語：Itworriedmeabitthathedidn’tphone.Itoccurredtomethatshemighthaveforgottenthedate.Itdoesn’tmatterwhenyouarrivejustcomewhenyoucan.Itwasn’tcleartoanyonewhyhedidn’tcome.Itwassurprisinghowmanyunhappymarriagesthereare.作形式賓語：ImadeitclearthatIwasdeterminedtocarryouttheplan.IfinditnecessarythatweshouldspendmoretimepractisingspokenEnglish.Ithinkitimportantthatweshouldkeepcalm.Don’ttakeitforgrantedthatyourparentsshoulddoeverythingforyou.Hedoesn’twantittobeknownthathe’sgoingaway.Youmaydependuponitthatallthegoodswillbedeliveredintime.【考點十：主語從句和強調(diào)句型的混淆問題】從表面上看，it作形式主語的主語從句有時候和強調(diào)句型有些相似。如：Itisimpossiblethatwecanpersuadehimtojoinus.(主語從句)ItiswithTom’shelpthatwewereabletopersuadehimtojoinus.(強調(diào)句型)其實，強調(diào)句型其實很簡單，即在Itis/was與that之間放上我們想要強調(diào)的某個句子成分。大部分考題都是考查that的選擇問題。即考查考生判斷某句是否是強調(diào)句型的問題。這個看似容易的問題在出題人的多種變化之下有時也會變得很令人頭疼。下面是幾種常見的出題形式：1．基本式：Itwasonthetopofthemountainthatwemettheforeigntourist.2.一般疑問句式：Wasitonthetopofthemountainthatyoumettheforeigntourist?3.特殊疑問句式：Wherewasitthatyoumettheforeigntourist?4．復(fù)合句式：Canyoutellmewhereitwasthatyoumettheforeigntourist?5．套定語從句式：Itwasinthehousewhichwasbuiltbyhisfatherthathewasborn.6.套定語從句加省略式：Wheredidyoumeettheforeigntourist?Itwasinthehotelwherewelived(thatwemettheforeigntourist).判斷一個句子是否是強調(diào)句型是個關(guān)鍵。這里重要思路是當(dāng)去掉強調(diào)句型、各個成分各歸其位以后，該句子是否還成立。下面幾個例子就不是強調(diào)句型：Itwasnotyetseveno’clockwhenhecamebacklastnight.因為，*Hecamebacklastnightnotyetseveno’clock.就不是個正確的句子。IheardthatTomwasoncealmostdrowned.Whenwasthat?Itwasin2000whenhewasswimminginapool.同理，*Hewasswimminginapoolin2000.從邏輯上看也不成立。因為，我們不可能一整年都在游泳。第三節(jié)鞏固練習(xí)（一）、【夯實基礎(chǔ)】1.Americawas________wascalled“India”byColumbus.A.thatB.whereC.whatD.theplace2.I’dliketoinviteyoutoaconcertthisevening.Thankyou,but______I’llbefreeI’mnotsureatthemoment.A.whileB.ifC.whenD.whetherIkeptlookingattheman,wondering______________.A.whetherIhaveseenhimbeforeB.whereIhadseenhimbeforeC.thatIhadseenhimbeforeD.whenIhadseenhimbeforeYouhavenotyetansweredmyquestion________Icanjoininthepartytonight.A.whetherB.ifC.whichD.that5.Informationhasbeenputforward_______moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as6.Acomputercanonlydo_______youhaveinstructedittodo.A.howB.afterC.whatD.when7.Itisacommonbelief_______teenagerstodayknowaboutcomputersandarefamiliar______usingtheminallaspectsoflife.A.that;outB.what;withC.that;withD.what;aboutDon’tleavefortomorrow_______youcandotoday.A.ifB.whatC.thatD.unless9.Wasitbecauseitrainedyesterday______hedidn’tcome?A.whyB.whenC.thenD.that10.______alltheinventionshaveincommonis______theyhavesucceeded.A.What;whatB.That;thatC.What;thatD.That;that11.Whatclothesshouldweweartoattendtheball?Dress_______youlike.A.whatB.howeverC.whateverD.how12.________hasriddenonarailwaytrainknowshow_____anothertrainflashesbywhenitistravelingintheoppositedirection.A.Anyonewho;rapidB.Whoever;rapidlyC.Anything;rapidD.Whatever;rapidly13.Webelieve_______youhavedevotedyourself________suretocometrue.A.that;isB.allthat;tobeC.thatall;areD.what;tois14.Youmaygivethefilmticketto_______youthinkneedsit.A.nomatterwhoB.whomeverC.whoeverD.nomatterwhom15.Wasitin1998,whenhewasstillatmiddleschool,______thisboybecameexpertatcomputer?A.whichB.whereC.whenD.that16.Itwas______hecametoMacao______heknewwhatkindofplaceitwas.A.that;whenB.until;thatC.notuntil;whenD.notuntil;that17.Allfinished,wesatdowntoenjoy______wethoughtthemostdeliciousdinner.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.it18.Itwasnotuntilheexplaineditasecondtime_______it.A.whenweunderstoodB.thatweunderstoodC.didweunderstandD.thatdidweunderstand19.TheBeachesheld_____theycalled“familyday”onceeachyear.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.when20.Howdidhefailtheexamination?Itwasbecausehewastoocareless_______hemadesomanymistakes.A.thereforeB.thatC.sothatD.so 21.Insomecountries,______iscalled“equality”doesnotreallymeanequalrightsfroallpeople.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.how22.______helpsotherswillbehelped.SoI’llbethankfultoandtrytohelp_______hashelpedus.A.Whoever;whomeverB.Whoever;whoeverC.Who;whoeverD.Who;whomever23.Whetherwayswillbefoundtostoppollutionornotisjust_______worriesthepublic.A.whyB.whichC.thatD.what24.Itwasnotuntildark_______hefound________hethoughtwasthecorrectwaytosolvetheproblem.A.that;whatB.that;thatC.when;whatD.when;that25.Thequestioncameupatthemeeting_______wehadenoughmoneyforourresearch.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.whether26._______shewasinvitedtotheballmadeherveryhappy.A.IfB.ThatC.WhenD.Because______wearedoinghasneverbeendonebefore.A.ThatB.WhatC.WhichD.WhetherScientistsbelievenativeAmericansarrivedbycrossingthelandbridgethatconnectedSiberiaand_______morethan10,000yearsago.A.thisisAlaskaB.AlaskaisnowC.isnowAlaskaD.whatisnowAlaskaPleasetellme______youwouldliketohaveyourcoffeeblackorwhite?A.whatB.whereC.whichD.howManyworkerswereorganizedtoclearaway_______remainedoftheWorldTradecenter.A.thoseB.thatC.whatD.where(二)、【真題實戰(zhàn)之2007】____mattersmostinlearningEnglishisenoughpractice.（全國II）

A.What B.Why C.Where D.Which2.Choosingtherightdictionarydependson______youwanttouseitfor.（江蘇卷）A.what B.why C.how D.whether3.Itisnoneofyourbusinessotherpeoplethinkaboutyou.Believeyourself.（福建卷）A.how B.what C.which D.when4.parentssayanddohasalife-longeffectontheirchildren.（陜西卷）A.That B.Which C.What D.As5.Whynottryyourluckdowntown,Bob?That’s______thebestjobsare.（浙江卷）A.whereB.whatC.whenD.why6.Theseasideheredrawsalotoftouristseverysummer.Warmsunshineandsoftsandsmake________itis.（天津卷）A.what B.which C.how D.where7.CouldIspeakto________isinchargeofInternationalSales,please?（山東卷）A．a(chǎn)nyone B．someone C．whoever D．nomatterwho8.______hereferredtoinhisarticlewasunknowntothegeneralreader.A.That B.What C.Whether D.Where9.Thetraditionalviewis______wesleepbecauseourbrainis“programmed”tomakeusdoso.A.when B.why C.whether D.that(三)、【真題實戰(zhàn)之2006】1.Wehaven’tsettledthequestionof______itisnecessaryforhimtostudyabroad.(江蘇卷)A.if B.where C.whether D.that2.Seetheflagsontopofthebuilding?Thatwas______wedidthismorning.(全國I)A.whenB.whichC.whereD.what3.Pleaseremindme______hesaidhewasgoing.Imaybeintimetoseehimoff.(同上)A.whereB.whenC.howD.what4.–Whatdidyourparentsthinkaboutyourdecision?

–Theyalwaysletmedo_______IthinkIshould.(全國III)

A.when B.that C.how D.what5.Withhisworkcompleted,thebusinessmansteppedbacktohisseat,feelingpleased________hewasamanofaction.(湖南卷)A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether6.Nobodybelievedhisreasonforbeingabsentformtheclass________

hehadtomeethisuncleattheairport.（重慶卷）

A.whyB.thatC.where

D.because7.Couldyoudomeafavour?Itdependson______itis.（北京卷）A.which B.whichever C.what D.whatever8.Enginesaretomachines____heartsaretoanimals.(山東卷)A.asB.thatC.whatD.which9.____teamwinsonSaturdaywillgothroughtothenationalchampionships.(山東卷)A.NomatterwhatB.NomatterwhichCWhateverD.Whichever10._______isourbeliefthatimprovementsinhealthcarewillleadtoastronger,moreprosperouseconomy.(浙江卷)A.As B.That C.This D.It11.—It'sthirtyyearssincewelestmet. —ButIstillrememberthestory,believeitornot, ____wegotlostonarainynight.(四川卷) A.which B.that C.what D.when12.AwarmthoughtsuddenlycametomeImightusethepocketmoneytobuysomeflowersformymother’sbirthday．(安徽卷)A．ifB．whenC．thatD．which13.makesthisshopdifferentisthatitoffersmorepersonalservices.(遼寧卷)A.What B.Who C.Whatever D.Whoever14.ThereismuchchanceBillwillrecoverfromhisinjuryintimefortherace.A.thatB.whichC.untilD.if(天津卷)15.Theseshoeslookverygood.Iwonder_____.(上海卷)A.howmuchcosttheyare B.howmuchdotheycostC.howmuchtheycost D.howmucharetheycost16.Doris'successliesinthefact___sheisco-operativeandeagertolearnfromothers.(同上)A.which B.that C.when D.why17.AsthebusiestwomaninNorton,shemade_________herdutytolookafteralltheotherpeople’saffairsinthattown.(湖南卷)A.thisB.thatC.oneD.it18.I’dappreciate____ifyouwouldliketoteachmehowtousethecomputer.(山東卷)A.thatB.itC.thisD.you19.IfIcanhelp_______,Idon'tlikeworkinglateintothenight.(全國I)A.soB.thatC.itD.them(四)、【真題實戰(zhàn)之2005】1.Marywroteanarticleon______theteamhadfailedtowinthegame.(全國I)A.whyB.whatC.whoD.that2.Assoonashecomesback,Iwilltellhimwhen_____andseehim.(北京卷)A.youwillcomeB.willyoucomeC.youcomeD.doyoucome3._______intheregulationsthatyoushouldnottellotherpeoplethepasswordofyoure-mailaccount.(上海卷)A.WhatisrequiredB.WhatrequiresC.ItisrequiredD.Itrequires4.Theoldlady’shandshookfrequently.Sheexplainedtoherdoctor____thisshakinghadbegunhalfayearbefore,and_____,onlybecauseofthis,shehadbeenforcedtogiveupherjob.(重慶卷)A.when;howB.how;whenC.how;howD.why;why5.Iwassurprisedbyherwords,whichmademerecognize____sillymistakesIhadmade.A.whatB.thatC.howD.which(湖南卷)6.Hehasn’tsleptatallforthreedays.______heistiredout.(湖北卷)A.ThereisnopointB.ThereisnoneedC.ItisnowonderD.Itisnoway7.Danbyleftwordwithmysecretary____hewouldcallagainintheafternoon.(浙江卷)A.whoB.thatC.asD.which8.Doyouhaveanyidea______isgoingonintheclassroom?(遼寧卷)A.thatB.whatC.asD.which9.Theshopkeeperdidnotwanttosellfor______hethoughtwasnotenough.(山東卷)A.whereB.howC.whatD.which10.Thewayhediditwasdifferent______wewereusedto.(江西卷)A.inwhichB.inwhatC.fromwhatD.fromwhich

11.Someresearchersbelievethatthereisnodoubt_____acureforAIDSwillbefound.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.whether(廣東卷)12.Don’tyouthinkitnecessarythathe_______toMiamibuttoIagree,buttheproblemis______hehasrefusedto.A.willnotbesent;thatB.notbesent;thatC.shouldnotbesent;whatD.shouldnotsend;what(五)、【真題實戰(zhàn)之2004】1.Theotherday,mybrotherdrovehiscardownthestreetat____Ithoughtwasadangerousspeed.(上海春招)A.asB.whichC.whatD.that2.Alongwiththeletterwashispromise______hewouldvisitmethiscomingChristmas.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether3.Youaresayingthate