內(nèi)容課件1mechanisationmek naizei四精讀

ThethirdindustrialThedigitisationofmanufacturingwilltransformthewaygoodsaremade—andchangethepoliticsofjobstoo.Apr21st2012|fromtheprintedition1THEfirstindustrialrevolutionbeganinBritaininthelate18thcentury,withthemechanisation1ofthetextile2industry.Taskspreviouslydonelaboriously3byhandinhundredsofweavers’4cottages5werebroughttogetherinasinglecottonmill,andthefactorywasThethirdindustrialThedigitisationofmanufacturingwilltransformthewaygoodsaremade—andchangethepoliticsofjobstoo.Apr21st2012|fromtheprintedition1THEfirstindustrialrevolutionbeganinBritaininthelate18thcentury,withthemechanisation1ofthetextile2industry.Taskspreviouslydonelaboriously3byhandinhundredsofweavers’4cottages5werebroughttogetherinasinglecottonmill,andthefactorywasborn.Thesecondindustrialrevolutioncameintheearly20thcentury,whenHenryFordmasteredthemovingassemblyline6andusheredin7theageofmassproduction8.Thefirsttwoindustrialrevolutionsmadericherandmoreurban9.Nowathirdrevolutionisunderway10.Manufacturingisgoingdigital.Asthisweek’sreport11argues,thiscouldchangenotjustbusiness,butmuchelse2Anumberofremarkable12technologiesareconverging13:cleversoftware,novel14materials,moredexterous15robots,newprocesses16(notablythree‐dimensionalprinting)andawholerangeofweb‐based17services.Thefactoryofthepastwasbasedoncrankingout18zillions19ofidentical20products:Fordfamouslysaidthatcar‐buyerscouldhaveanycolourtheyliked,aslongasitwasblack.Butthecostofproducingmuchsmallerbatches21ofawidervariety,witheach preciselytoeachcustomer’swhims23,isfalling.ThefactoryofthefuturewillfocusonTowardsathird3Theoldwayofmakingthingsinvolvedtakinglotsofpartsandscrewing26orwelding27themtogether.Nowacanbedesignedonacomputerand“printed”ona3Dprinter,whichcreatesasolidobjectbybuildinguplayers29ofmaterial.Thedigitaldesigncanbetweaked30withafewmouseclicks.The3Dprintercanrununattended31,canmakemanythingswhicharetoocomplexforatraditionalfactorytohandle.Intime,theseamazingmachinesmayabletomakealmostanything,anywhere—fromyourgaragetoanAfrican1mechanisationmek?nai'zei??nni'zn..weaver['wi?v?]n.織工；織布者cottage['k?t?d?]n.小屋；村舍usherin=introduce引入massproductionurban??b(?)n]adj.2345678910isunderwayremarkable[r?'mɑ?k?b(?)l]adj.卓越的；非凡的；值得注意的convergek?n'v??d?]vi.vt.會聚；使聚集；novel['n?v(?)l]adj.新奇的；異常的dexterousdekst(?)r?s]adj.newprocesses新加工工藝web‐based基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的crankout制成；粗制濫造zillionz?lj?n]n.龐大的數(shù)字；無法計算的大數(shù)字identical[a?'dent?k(?)l]adj.同一的；完全相同的batch[b?t?]n.一批；一爐；一次所制之量tailor['te?l?]n.裁縫vt.剪裁；使合適whimw?m]n.customisationk?st?m?'ze??n]masscostomizationscrewingn.weldingweldi?n.successives?k'ses?v]adj.layerle??]n.tweaktwi?kvt.unattended?n?'tend?d]adj.4Theapplicationsof3Dprintingareespeciallymind‐boggling32.Already,hearingaidsandhigh‐techpartsofmilitaryjetsarebeingprintedincustomised33shapes.Thegeographyofsupplychainswillchange.Anengineerworkinginthemiddleofadesertwhofindshelacksacertain4Theapplicationsof3Dprintingareespeciallymind‐boggling32.Already,hearingaidsandhigh‐techpartsofmilitaryjetsarebeingprintedincustomised33shapes.Thegeographyofsupplychainswillchange.Anengineerworkinginthemiddleofadesertwhofindshelacksacertaintoolnolongerhastohaveitdeliveredfromthenearestcity.Hecansimplydownloadthedesignandprintit.Thedayswhenprojectsgroundtoahalt34forwantofapieceofkit,orwhencomplainedthattheycouldnolongerfindsparepartsforthingstheyhadbought,willonedayseem5Otherchangesarenearlyasmomentous36.Newmaterialsarelighter,strongerandmoredurable37thantheoldones.Carbonfibreisreplacingsteelandaluminium38inproductsrangingfromaeroplanestomountainbikes.Newtechniquesletengineersshapeobjectsatatinyscale.Nanotechnologyisgivingproductsenhancedfeatures,suchasbandagesthathelphealcuts,enginesthatrunmoreefficientlyandcrockery39thatcleansmoreeasily.Geneticallyengineeredviruses40arebeingdevelopedtomakeitemssuchasbatteries.Andwiththeinternetallowingevermoredesignerstocollaborate41onnewproducts,thebarrierstoentryarefalling.Fordneededheapsofcapitaltobuildhiscolossal42RiverRougefactory;hismodernequivalent43canstartwithlittlebesidesalaptopandahungerto6Likeallrevolutions,thisonewillbedisruptive44.Digitaltechnologyhasalreadyrockedthemediaandindustries45,justascottonmillscrushedhandloomsandtheModelTputfarriers46outofwork.Manypeoplewilllookthefactoriesofthefutureandshudder47.Theywillnotbefullofgrimy48machinesmannedbymeninoilyoveralls.Manywillbesqueaky49clean—andalmostdeserted.Somecarmakersalreadyproducetwiceasmanyvehiclesperemployeeastheydidonlyadecadeorsoago.Mostjobswillnotbeonthefactoryfloorbutintheofficesnearby,whichwillbefullofdesigners,engineers,ITspecialists,logistics50experts,marketingstaffandotherprofessionals.Themanufacturingjobsofthefuturewillrequiremoreskills.Manydull,repetitivetaskswillbecomeobsolete51:younolongerneedriveters52whenaproducthasno7Therevolutionwillaffectnotonlyhowthingsaremade,butwhere.Factoriesusedtomovetolow‐wagecountriescurb53labourcosts.Butlabourcostsaregrowinglessandlessimportant:a$499first‐generationiPadincludedonly$33ofmanufacturinglabour,ofwhichthefinalassemblyinChinaaccountedforjust$8.Offshoreproduction54isincreasinglymovingbacktorichcountriesnotbecauseChinesewagesarerising,butbecausecompaniesnowwanttobeclosertocustomerssothattheycanrespondmorequicklytochangesindemand.Andsomeproductsaresohelpstohavethepeoplewhodesignthemandthepeoplewhomaketheminthesameplace.thatmind‐bogglingmaind,b?ɡli?]adj.customise['k?st?maizvt.groundtoahaltquaint[kwe?nt]adj.奇怪的；離奇有趣的momentousm?(?)'ment?sadj.重要的；重大的durable['dj??r?b(?)l]adj.耐用的，持久的aluminium[?l(j)?'m?n??m]n.鋁virus['va?r?s]n.[病毒]病毒collaboratek?'l?b?re?tvi合作colossal[k?'l?s(?)l]adj.巨大的[retailingindustries.shuddervi.squeakyskwikiadj.吱吱響的；squeakycleanlogisticsl?'d??st?ks]n.obsolete?bs?li?t]adj.riveterrivit?]n.鉚釘槍；鉚工curb[k??b]vt.控制；勒住offshoreproduction境外生產(chǎn).BostonConsultingGroupreckonsthatinareassuchastransport,computers,fabricatedmetals56andmachinery57,BostonConsultingGroupreckonsthatinareassuchastransport,computers,fabricatedmetals56andmachinery57,10‐30%ofthegoodsthatAmericanowimportsfromChinacouldbemadeathomeby2020,boosting58Americanoutputby$20billion‐55billionaTheshockofthe8Consumerswillhavelittledifficultyadaptingtothenewageofbetterproducts,swiftlydelivered.Governments,however,mayfinditharder.Theirinstinctistoprotectindustriesandcompaniesthatalreadyexist,nottheupstartsthatwoulddestroythem.Theyshoweroldfactorieswithsubsidiesandbully59bosseswhowanttomoveproductionabroad.Theyspendbillionsbackingthenewtechnologieswhichthey,intheirwisdom,thinkwillprevail.Andtheyclingtoaromanticbeliefthatmanufacturingissuperiortoservices,letalone9Noneofthismakessense.Thelinesbetweenmanufacturingandservicesareblurring.Rolls‐Roycenolongersellsengines;itsellsthehoursthateachengineisactuallythrusting60anaeroplanethroughthesky.Governmentshavealwaysbeenlousyatpickingwinners,andtheyarelikelytobecomemoreso,aslegions61ofentrepreneurs62andtinkerers63designsonline,turnthemintoproductsathomeandmarketthemgloballyfromagarage.Astherevolutiongovernmentsshouldsticktothebasics:betterschoolsforaskilledworkforce,clearrulesandalevelplayingfieldenterprises65ofallkinds.LeavetheresttotheDescribethefirsttwoindustrialrevolutionsinhumanWhatishappeningtomanufacturinginthethirdindustrialrevolutionwhichisunderwayWhatdoesmasscustomisationmean?Whycan'tpeopledoitHowwillproductsbeproducedwith3DprintingHowwillthegeographyofsupplychainsWhatotherchangesmayjointhedigitaltechnologytorevolutionizethelandscapeofourlifeintheHowwilldigitaltechnologychangethelookofaHowwillthethirdindustrialrevolutionaffectthedistributionofjobopportunitiesaroundtheWhatdoesatraditionalgovernmentusuallydotointerferewit