SCIEI學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略 課件 第3、4章 方法撰寫、結(jié)果分析與討論撰寫

第三章

方法撰寫目錄CONTENTS一通用模板五問題說明模板句二方法引言模板句六經(jīng)典范文分析三細(xì)節(jié)描述模板句四對(duì)比引用模板句七實(shí)例練習(xí)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略告訴讀者“Whatdoyoudo?”提供試驗(yàn)或者建模的詳細(xì)信息讀者可以重復(fù)論文方法并得出相似結(jié)果分享自己對(duì)所用方法的觀點(diǎn)或看法方法撰寫學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略方法引言：概述試驗(yàn)次數(shù)、材料數(shù)量等工作總量介紹材料或者研究對(duì)象的背景、來(lái)源、成分等回顧前言部分的研究目標(biāo)或希望解決的問題細(xì)節(jié)描述：信息量越多、越全面越好提供一些背景信息來(lái)說明為什么這樣做應(yīng)加入大量生動(dòng)而主觀性的詞匯，詞匯包括：小心地(carefully)、緊緊地(tightly)、精確地(accurately)通用模板學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略對(duì)比引用：適當(dāng)引用文獻(xiàn)有助于簡(jiǎn)化對(duì)方法的描述也要適當(dāng)描述試驗(yàn)流程、設(shè)備、材料等內(nèi)容向讀者說明自己所用方法與現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)的相似性和差異性問題說明：在方法中指出每種方法的問題或缺點(diǎn)，給審稿人或讀者比較好的印象問題說明四要素：淡化問題、弱化責(zé)任、強(qiáng)化優(yōu)點(diǎn)和提出建議通用模板學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略模板句：All/both/each/many/most/themajority(of)(the)tests/(the)samples/(the)trials/(the)experiments/(the)equipment/(the)chemicals/(the)models/(the)instruments/(the)materials【主語(yǔ)】is/are(was/were)【謂語(yǔ)】commerciallyavailable/acquired(from/by)/carriedout/chosen/conducted/collected/devised/foundin/generated(by)/modified/obtained(from/by)/performed(by/in)/provided(by)/purchased(from)/supplied(by)/usedassupplied/investigated方法引言模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略經(jīng)典例句：Inthemajorityofthetests,

bufferswithapHof8wereused

inorderto…Bothexperimentswereperformedinagreenhousesothat…Theexperimentswereconductedatatemperatureof0.5oC.Thisstudyinvolvedsamplingandanalyzing10sphericalshellstodeterminetheirbucklingbehaviors.Fourpairsofnominallyidenticalcones,(C1,C2),(C3,C4),(C4,C5)weretestedunderhydrostaticpressure,axialcompression,andarbitrarilychosencombinedloading,respectively.Topographicalexaminationwascarriedoutusinga3-Dstylusinstrument.方法引言模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略指明原因（目的）：which/thisallows/allowedetc.withtheintentionof(+-ing)bydoing…,wewereabletoforthepurposeof(+-ingornoun)經(jīng)典例句：Thepurposeofthecircumferentialstraingaugeswastoobservetheexperimentalbucklingmodesinthecircumferentialdirections.Forthispurpose,weassumethatthebucklingmodeshavetheformofLegendrepolynomialswithanexponentialfunctionasamodulatingfactor.細(xì)節(jié)描述模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略主觀描述：Exactly/entirely/firmly/frequently/freshly/fully/gentlyRigorously/separately/smoothly/successfully/suitablyAccurately/always/appropriately/atleastCarefully/completely/constantly/correctly/directly經(jīng)典例句：Thethicknessesofeachsampleweremeasuredatleastthreetimes.Thespecimenwasmonitoredconstantlyforawholeperiod.Thesampleswereslowlyandcarefullypressurizedtocollapse.ItwouldbeinterestingtoseecarefullyconductedexperimentsinordertocheckvalidityoftheFEpredictions細(xì)節(jié)描述模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略與現(xiàn)有方法完全一樣：inaccordancewithasreportedby/inaccordingto與現(xiàn)有方法部分相似：withsomemodificationsa(modified)versionof(very)similar與現(xiàn)有方法差別很大：althoughinmanywayssimilaranovelstepwas…對(duì)比引用模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略經(jīng)典例句：MoredetailscanbefoundinRef.[17].AnditisdesignedaccordingtoRef.[15].Anumberofcouponsof12.5mmwidthand50mmgaugelengthwerepreparedinaccordancewithBSEN10002:2001[21].Anintermediatemethodisre-commendedasa“l(fā)essonerous”approach,whichisbasedonacombinationofLBAandMNA.…usingeigenvector-affineimperfection.AdaptedfromRef.[48].TheseexpressionsareidenticaltotherelationsusedinRefs.1,4,and5exceptfortheextraterms.ThesizeoftheGaussianswasadjustedasin[2].Theproteinwasoverexpressedandpurifiedasreportedpreviously.對(duì)比引用模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略淡化問題：itisrecognizedthatapreliminaryattempt弱化責(zé)任：(itwas)difficulttoasfaraspossible強(qiáng)化優(yōu)點(diǎn)：reasonablyrobust/acceptable/fairlywell/quitegood提出建議：futureworkshould…currentlyinprogressfutureworkwill…currentlyunderway問題說明模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略經(jīng)典例句：Inevitably,considerablecomputationwasinvolved.Theobserveddiscrepancybetweenmeasuredandcalculatedresultsisinevitablyattributedtotheimperfectionsofshells.Althoughcentrifugationcouldnotremovealltheexcesssoliddrug,theamountremainingwasnegligible.Althoughtestingproducesareliableassessmentoftheir,itisoftentimeconsumingandexpensive.Continuingresearchwillexamineastringofdc-dcconverterstodetermineifthepredictedefficienciescanbeachievedinpractice.However,mostFDMsystemsprovidegood,acceptableaccuracyandsurfacefinishformostengineeringdesignapplications問題說明模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略深海球形耐壓殼力學(xué)特性研究2球形耐壓殼有限元數(shù)值研究以對(duì)載人球形耐壓殼在6km水深的工作條件下進(jìn)行計(jì)算，設(shè)計(jì)厚度為75mm?？疾炀W(wǎng)格劃分形式、單元類型和單元密度等因素對(duì)計(jì)算結(jié)果的影響。（方法引言）2.1殼單元方案采用pro/e軟件，進(jìn)行三維CAD建模，并抽取中面，采用ANSA前處理軟件，進(jìn)行網(wǎng)格劃分。計(jì)算載荷以均布?jí)毫π问绞┘釉谀蛪簹け砻?。耐壓殼理論上是不受任何約束的，為了消除模型的剛性位移，選擇三個(gè)點(diǎn)，限制其六個(gè)自由度的位移。求得的各約束反力接近0，說明所施加的約束為虛約束，僅限制了方案的剛體位移。（問題說明-淡化問題）現(xiàn)對(duì)2種工況進(jìn)行分析：（1）線性準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)分析；（2）線性屈曲分析。采用ABAQUS/Standard進(jìn)行計(jì)算，并運(yùn)用ABAQUS/Viewer進(jìn)行后處理。采用單因素控制變量法建立不同網(wǎng)格劃分形式、單元類型、單元密度下的數(shù)值方案，進(jìn)行分析計(jì)算。（細(xì)節(jié)描述）經(jīng)典范文分析學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略采用隨機(jī)劃分、錢幣劃分、網(wǎng)球劃分三種劃分形式，它們分別對(duì)應(yīng)于方案1、方案2、方案3。單元類型為4節(jié)點(diǎn)完全積分線性殼單元（S4），網(wǎng)格單元數(shù)量約為6500。對(duì)于單元類型，采用4節(jié)點(diǎn)完全積分線性殼單元（S4）、4節(jié)點(diǎn)減縮積分殼單元（S4R）、每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)5個(gè)自由度的4節(jié)點(diǎn)減縮積分殼單元（S4R5）、8節(jié)點(diǎn)雙曲厚殼單元（S8R）、每節(jié)點(diǎn)5個(gè)自由度的8節(jié)點(diǎn)雙曲厚殼單元（S8R5），它們分別對(duì)應(yīng)于方案3、方案4、方案5、方案6、方案7。這些方案均采用網(wǎng)球劃分的形式，單元數(shù)、節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)與方案3一致。對(duì)于數(shù)值方案，需要進(jìn)行網(wǎng)格的收斂性檢查來(lái)驗(yàn)證方案結(jié)果的正確性。分別采用平均尺寸為200mm、120mm、100mm、70mm、60mm、45mm、35mm、20mm的網(wǎng)格進(jìn)行計(jì)算，分別對(duì)應(yīng)于方案8、方案9、方案10、方案11、方案3、方案12、方案13、方案14，單元類型均為S4，均采用網(wǎng)球劃分，具體信息如表1所示。（細(xì)節(jié)描述）經(jīng)典范文分析學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略2.2體單元方案

體單元網(wǎng)格方案可以通過殼單元網(wǎng)格沿厚度方向偏移4層單元得到，其中的載荷、邊界、工況與殼單元一致。（主題句）首先，根據(jù)方案3的網(wǎng)格，建立體單元方案，單元類型設(shè)定為三維8節(jié)點(diǎn)體單元（C3D8）、三維8節(jié)點(diǎn)減縮積分體單元（C3D8R）、三維8節(jié)點(diǎn)非協(xié)調(diào)模式體單元（C3D8I）、三維20節(jié)點(diǎn)體單元（C3D20）、三維20節(jié)點(diǎn)減縮積分體單元（C3D20R），它們分別對(duì)應(yīng)于方案15、方案16、方案17、方案18、方案19。此外，分別采用周向平均尺寸為200mm、120mm、100mm、70mm、45mm、35mm、20mm的網(wǎng)格進(jìn)行計(jì)算，分別對(duì)應(yīng)于方案20、方案21、方案22、方案23、方案24、方案25、方案26，這些方案的網(wǎng)格分別由方案8、方案9、方案10、方案11、方案12、方案13、方案14的網(wǎng)格沿厚度方向偏移所得，單元類型均為C3D20R，具體信息如表2所示。（細(xì)節(jié)描述）經(jīng)典范文分析學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略Bucklingofsphericalshellssubjectedtoexternalpressure:Acomparisonofexperimentalandtheoreticaldata2.MaterialsandmethodsThisstudyinvolvedsamplingandanalyzing10sphericalshellstodeterminetheirbucklingbehaviors.Aseriesoftestswereperformedtoobtainthegeometricandbucklingpropertiesoftheseshellsinadditiontotheirmaterialproperties.（方法引言）2.1.ShellmanufacturingandtestingEachspherical

shellwasmanufacturedusingthetungsteninertgasbuttweldingoftwocoupledhemisphericalshells,afterwhichtheexcessoftheweldhasbeenremovedbygrindingandthenbeenpolished.（主題句）Eachhemisphericalshellwascutandstampedfrom304thinstainlesssteelsheetswithanominalthicknessofeither0.4mmor0.7mm.Tenspherical

shellswitha經(jīng)典范文分析學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略nominaldiameterof150mmweremanufacturedforthetests.Fiveofthemwerefabricatedfroma0.4-mm-thicksheetandweredenotedast0.4-1,t0.4-2,t0.4-3,t0.4-4,andt0.4-5.Fiveothershellswerefabricatedfroma0.7-mm-thicksheetandweredenotedast0.7-1,t0.7-2,t0.7-3,t0.7-4,andt0.7-5.Inaddition,alltheshellswerenotstressrelievedduringthemanufacturingprocessbecausetheratiosofthewallthicknesstothenominaldiameterwereverylow.（問題說明）Beforethespherical

shellsweretested,thewallthicknessandgeometricshapeweremeasuredforalltheshells.......2.2.MaterialpropertiesIncasesofuniformexternalpressure,thebucklingbehaviorsofspherical

shellsaredeterminedaccordingtothecompressionstress–strainbehavioroftherelevantmaterial.However,experimentstodemonstratesuchbehaviorswiththin-walledstructuresareextremelydifficulttoconduct.經(jīng)典范文分析學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略Therefore,thecompressionbehaviorofsteelisassumedtobethesameasitstensionbehavior.（方法引言，問題說明）Thishypothesishasbeenfrequentlyusedinthebucklingpredictionofvariousshellsofrevolutionloadedbyexternalpressure[7,9,14].（對(duì)比引用）Thus,thematerialpropertiesofsteelsheetscanbeestablishedbytestingaseriesofflattensioncoupons.ThecouponsforthisworkweredesignedandtestedaccordingtoChineseStandard(GB/T228.1-2010)[15],whichisinlinewithISO6892-1:2009[16].（主題句，對(duì)比引用）Theywerecutalongtherollingdirectionsofthesamesheetsthatwereusedtomanufacturesphericalshellsforensuringaccuratematerialdata.Fivecouponswereselectedforeachthicknessandsubjectedtouniaxialtension.Twoofthemwerestrain-gaugedinthetransverseandlongitudinaldirectionstoobtainPoisson’sratio(ν)forthematerialandtoverifytheextensometerreadings.經(jīng)典范文分析學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略（細(xì)節(jié)描述-主觀詞匯+指明原因/目的）Theaveragevalueswere0.277forthe0.4-mm-thicksheetand0.291forthe0.7-mm-thicksheet.Othercouponsweretestedtoobtainaccuratestress–straincurves,whichcanbedemonstratedinthefollowingform:…..whereEisYoung’smodulus,σypistheyieldstrengthbasedon0.2%proofstress,andnandkarethestrainhardeningparameters.Thevaluesofthesecoefficients,aswellastheaveragevalues,arelistedinTable3.Thetestingcouponswerenumberedandnamedaccordingtothethicknessandcouponnumber;onename,forexample,wast0.4-c1,wheret0.4indicatesthatthethicknessofthesheetwas0.4mm,andc1indicatesthatthecouponnumberwasone.Thevarianceofcoefficientsforeachthicknesswasverysmall.（細(xì)節(jié)描述-主觀詞匯）經(jīng)典范文分析學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略硬土-軟土插樁過程數(shù)值分析及驗(yàn)證2數(shù)值模型2.1模型建立基于HossainMS土工離心模型試驗(yàn)[10]建立插樁過程數(shù)值模型（見圖2），分為樁靴、歐拉區(qū)、硬土、軟土4部分，由于結(jié)構(gòu)、邊界條件的對(duì)稱性，采用1/4模型建模，在對(duì)稱面上施加對(duì)稱邊界。①由于樁靴變形非常小，故定義為剛體模型，并在剛體參考點(diǎn)上施加0.2m/s恒定速度來(lái)進(jìn)行插樁過程的準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)分析，樁靴直徑為D。②在硬土層上方定義高度為D的歐拉區(qū)（該區(qū)域材料為空），以模擬土面隆起現(xiàn)象。③采用三維減縮積分歐拉單元模擬土壤，土體尺寸為徑向6D、垂向10D[10]。為了保證數(shù)值計(jì)算的穩(wěn)定性，泊松比取為0.49，彈性模量對(duì)插樁結(jié)果影響不大[8-9,11]，取為土壤剪切強(qiáng)度的500倍[6,11]。此外，在模型中施加土壤有效重度所產(chǎn)生的初始應(yīng)力場(chǎng)。實(shí)例練習(xí)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略為了解決土壤大變形所導(dǎo)致的網(wǎng)格扭曲問題，采用歐拉網(wǎng)格離散土壤、采用拉格朗日網(wǎng)格離散樁靴。在對(duì)土壤進(jìn)行離散時(shí)，在樁靴可能經(jīng)過的區(qū)域采用小尺寸網(wǎng)格，越遠(yuǎn)離該區(qū)域的部分網(wǎng)格尺寸越大。目前大多數(shù)研究者將插樁過程中樁靴和土壤間的接觸簡(jiǎn)化為完全光滑接觸或完全粗糙接觸，這2種情況下計(jì)算出的插樁阻力最大相差5%，對(duì)土壤流動(dòng)過程幾乎沒有影響[7-9]，因此，本文不考慮樁靴和土壤間的摩擦，采用加強(qiáng)沉浸邊界法模擬樁靴和土壤間的相互作用。實(shí)例練習(xí)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略InvestigationonEgg-shapedPressureHulls2MaterialandmethodsThecurrentinvestigationinvolvestheegg-shapedpressurehullwiththeconstantthickness(EPHC),theegg-shapedpressurehullwiththevariablethickness(EPHV),andthesphericalpressurehull(SPH).Thesepressurehullsaredesignedwiththesamevolume,equivalentyieldstrengthandmaterialforthepurposeofcomparison.Ontheonehand,contourandsizeofthethreepressurehullsaredeterminedreferringtoChinesedeepmannedsubmersible‘JiaoLong’[23].Ontheotherhand,equationsforthicknessandbuoyancyfactorofeachpressurehullareprovidedbyanalyticalformulations.實(shí)例練習(xí)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略2.1ContourandsizeofpressurehullsItiswellknownthatmanyofthesphericalpressurehullsincurrentdeepmannedsubmersiblesarewithradiusofaround1m,suchas‘Jiaolong’ofChinaforexample[23].Thissizeprovidesasuitableworkingconditionforcrewsofthreeandnecessaryequipment.Thissizeisthenusedtobeequivalentreferencefordesigningthecomparedegg-shapedpressurehulls.Thecontourofegg-shapedshells(EPHC/EPHV)isdeterminedbasedonthegooseegg-shapedfunctiondevelopedbyNarushin[26],asshowninEquation(1).ThesizeoftheEPHC/EPHVisdesignedtobethesameasthevolumeofthesphericalpressurehullwithradiusof1m.AccordingtoEquation(1),thelengthLandthewidthBoftheEPHC/EPHVare2.453mand1.836m,respectively.Fig.1showsthecontouroftheEPHC/EPHV.實(shí)例練習(xí)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略Forthesphericalpressurehull(SPH)subjectedtothehydrostaticpressure,stressisequallydistributed,sothethicknessisdesignedtobeconstant.Butfortheegg-shapedpressurehullwiththeconstantthickness(EPHC),stressofthematerialalongthemajoraxisisvariable.Therefore,bothoftheEPHVandtheEPHCwereproposedinthispaper.FortheEPHV,inordertosavematerialandreducebuoyancyfactor,thicknessinthemiddlepartisdesignedtobevariable,soastomakethevonMisesequivalentstressinthispartconstant.Thethicknessofeachpressurehullisdetailedinsection2.2.Inaddition,thedesignloadofpressurehullsiscalculatedwithEquation(2)[24].Sincesomereductionfactorsareincludedinthisequation,itissuitableforclassicaldesignofpressurehulls.Itshouldbenotedthatnoadditionalreductionfactorswillbeaddedwhengeometryandmaterialnonlinearanalyseswithimperfections(GMNIA)areimplementedtodeterminethebucklingloadofthepressurehull.實(shí)例練習(xí)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略Itshouldbepointedoutherethat,althoughthefinalaimofourresearchworkistomaketheapplicationofcarbonfiberreinforcedpolymer(CFRP),whichiswellknownaslayered,orthotropicmaterial,suchmaterialbehaviourcanbereadilydealtwithattheexpenseofintroducingmuchmoreparametersintotheproblem.Howeverneitherthephysicalprinciplesinvolvedintheanalysesnorthegeneralcharacteroftheresultswillchange.Forsimplicityreasonsthepropertiesofthepressurehullmaterialareassumedhomogeneous,linearlyelastic.ThematerialpropertydataofpressurehullsisthenstilltemporarilyreferringtothatofTi-6Al-4V(TC4),whichhasbeenfrequentlyusedindeepmannedsubmersibles[25].Itsmechanicalparametersareasfollows:….AndtherelationshipbetweenstressandplasticstrainofTC4canbefoundinFig.2[25].實(shí)例練習(xí)謝謝第四章

結(jié)果分析與討論撰寫目錄CONTENTS一通用模板五文獻(xiàn)對(duì)比模板句二結(jié)果引言模板句六問題說明模板句三圖標(biāo)指示模板句四結(jié)果分析模板句七經(jīng)典范文分析八實(shí)例練習(xí)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略告訴讀者“Whatdoyoufind,commentanddiscuss?”與讀者分享自己的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果給出對(duì)這些結(jié)果的看法并提出結(jié)果問題所在。結(jié)果分析與討論學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略結(jié)果概述：inthissection,wecompare/evaluate/present…generallyspeaking/ingeneralitisevidentfromtheresultsthat…經(jīng)典例句：Inthissection,theconicalshellmodelhasthesamegeometryandboundaryconditionsasconsideredintheprecedingsection.Ingeneral,theseimperfectionsareunknowninthedesignphase,thuspatternsandamplitudehavetobeassumed.Inallcases,

bucklingisconsideredasastaticprocess.Morerealisticcasesofthinningcanthenbestudiedusingthevalidatednumericalmethods.

結(jié)果引言模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略前文回顧：itisimportanttoreiteratethat…since/because…,weinvestigated…asdiscussedpreviously,經(jīng)典例句：Itisimportanttoreiteratethat

forsomeshellstabilityproblems,alinearbifurcationanalysismaynotadequatelyrepresenttheshellbehavior.Itispredictedfromtheresultsofoneoftheconcentricloadingteststhattheaveragefracturestressunderinternalpressureshouldbe12.6MPa.結(jié)果引言模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略圖表作為主語(yǔ)：Fig.1orTable1contains/demonstrates/displays/illustrates/listsFig.1orTable1provides/reports/represents/reveals/shows經(jīng)典例句：Figs.8and9plotthebestfitmeridiantogetherwiththemeasureddatapointsforC4andC5.Table6containsthecomparisonofexperimentalandtheoreticalvaluesforshellsS3andS3a.Table1listsanddescribesthestages.Inadditionthefiguredisplaystheactualresponseoftherealcolumn,whichbeginstodepartfromtheelasticcurveatpoint.圖表指示模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略圖表括在句中：(seealsoFig.1)(seeFig.1)經(jīng)典例句：Semimajoraxisofprolatespheroid(Fig.1)Thelengthofallequivalentcylindersisthesameanditequalstothelengthofslant,L(seeFig.1).AninspectionofthecontoursofthicknessforE1andE3(seeFigs.13(a)and13(b))revealsthatatthebase,therearethreeareasofincreasedthicknessandthreeareasofdecreasedthickness.TheundeformedmiddlesurfaceR(Fig.1a).圖表指示模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略圖表作為賓語(yǔ)：accordingtoFig.1canbeseenfrom/inFigure1asillustratedbyFig.1經(jīng)典例句：AccordingtoFig.1theradiusR1willbelaterdenotedasR.Itcanbeseenfromtheplots

thatwithdecreasingofy1thebucklingpressureincrease.Theroofsupportsystemtypicallyconsistsofasetofradialrafters,ringrafters,andcolumns,evenlydistributedintheconicalroof,asillustratedinFigs.1and2.圖表指示模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略主觀詞語(yǔ)：negligible(ibly)/abundant(ly)/interesting(ly)inprinciple/inprinciple/inadequate/noticeable(ably)overwhelming(ly)/sufficient(ly)/surprising(ly)經(jīng)典例句：Thepeanutshellistheabundant

by-productproducedintheprocessofthepeanutproductionThevaluesareratherconservativeandthestructuralbehaviourofcompositematerialisnotconsideredadequately.Thestatusofcalculationsofthestabilityofelasticshellsisdistinctlydifferent.結(jié)果分析模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略數(shù)量修飾：很大:agreatdeal(of)/asmanyas/numerous/agreatdeal(of)/很小:afew/negligible/slight/small/marginal修飾大小:easily(over/under)/are(above/below)強(qiáng)度接近:approximately/extremely(high/low)經(jīng)典例句：Asmaybeseen,theimperfectionsintheformofLegendrepolynomialsgivethelowercollapsepressuresbutthereisnotagreatdealofdifferencebetweenthem.Alargenumberofpermissibleshapescanbeattainedwithasfewparametersaspossible.結(jié)果分析模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略因果關(guān)系/聯(lián)系：因果關(guān)系：(be)theresultof/giveriseto/(be)theresultof因果聯(lián)系：Itis(widely/generally)acceptedthat+因果關(guān)系經(jīng)典例句：AsaconsequenceoftheLegendretransformation,thetworegionsshadedgrayinthep(V)diagramhavethesameareaatp=pc(Maxwellconstruction).Itisworthtorememberthatanunsuccessfularc-lengthanalysiscanbeasaresultoftoolargeortoosmallarc-lengthradius.Lowphosphoruslevelscancausetheproductionofsoft-shelledeggs.結(jié)果討論模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略情態(tài)動(dòng)詞—弱化表達(dá)：一般過去時(shí)：mayhave/mighthave/couldhave一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)否定式：maynot/mightnot一般過去時(shí)：mayhave/mighthave/couldhave一般過去時(shí)否定式：maynothave/mightnothave經(jīng)典例句：Thejointflexibilitymaycausethebuck-lingofthestructureprematurelyandthemembercapacitiescannotbeutilized.Theirconnectionmightgiverisetotechnologicaldifficultiesandthereforesuchdesignswouldnotbesuitable.結(jié)果討論模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略言外之意：imply/impliesthatitisconceivable/logicalthatitisevidentthat經(jīng)典例句：ItindicatesthatKSofshellmembranesisassociatedwiththebreakingstrengthoftheshell.Thisfindingsuggeststhatourresultsshouldberelevantandapplicableforengineeringscenariosacrossawiderangeoflengthscales.Itisapparentthatthebucklingbehaviorhastwodistinctforms.結(jié)果討論模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略模板句：is/areingoodagreementcomparewellwithis/aresimilar(to)經(jīng)典例句：TheF(V)andp(V)diagramsareingoodagreementwithpreviousworkbasedontriangulatedsurfacemodels.TheyalsocomparewellwiththeexperimentalcollapseloadofaluminiummodelnoThesegraphsareverysimilartothoseobtainedbyKróletal.文獻(xiàn)對(duì)比模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略淡化問題：notalwaysreliablelessthanidealreasonableresultswereobtained經(jīng)典例句：Butthelevelofpreloadingandthemagnitudeofperturbationarecasedependent,and

themethodisnotalwaysabletoprovideareliableestimateofbucklingThedrawbackisthattheanalystisrequiredtomakechoicesabouteachofthoseaspectsofthemodel,andthecorrectchoiceisnotalwaysobvious.問題說明模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略給出原因：itshouldbenotedthat…beyondthescopeofthisstudynotexploredinthisstudy經(jīng)典例句：Meanwhile,thethirdthumbnailshowstheterminationofthelargeamplitudehomoclinic,whichisbeyondthescopeofourpresentdiscussion.Itshouldbenotedthattheshapeoftheshellwasassumedperfectfortheseanalyses.問題說明模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略提出建議：furtherworkisplannedfutureworkshould…infuture,itisadvisedthat…經(jīng)典例句：Futureworkshouldalsoincludetheapplicationofgrouptheoretictechniquestosimplify,theanalysisofthedynamicshellproblemsaswell.Itishopedthatapplicationsofshellstructuresinthelatterareaswillbecomemorefrequentalreadyinthenearfuture.問題說明模板句學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略深海球形耐壓殼力學(xué)特性研究2.3數(shù)值結(jié)果分析2.3.1殼單元數(shù)值結(jié)果根據(jù)式（1）和式（8），6km水深下球形耐壓殼的理論中面應(yīng)力和理論臨界屈曲載荷分別為653.33MPa和733.67MPa。對(duì)表1中列出的14個(gè)殼單元數(shù)值方案的計(jì)算結(jié)果及與理論中面應(yīng)力和理論臨界屈曲載荷偏差列于表3。（圖表指示）由方案1、方案2、方案3的結(jié)果可知，在強(qiáng)度方面，隨機(jī)形式的平均應(yīng)力結(jié)果與理論值最為接近，錢幣劃分和網(wǎng)球劃分形式的平均應(yīng)力與理論值相差也較小，不足0.1%；（結(jié)果分析-主觀，文獻(xiàn)對(duì)比-他比）但隨機(jī)劃分的最大最小應(yīng)力相差太大，出現(xiàn)明顯的應(yīng)力集中，網(wǎng)球劃分和錢幣劃分的最大最小應(yīng)力相差很小，較為符合球形耐壓殼的等強(qiáng)度特性。在穩(wěn)定性方面，網(wǎng)球劃分的臨界屈曲載荷與理論值相差最小，為0.049%，經(jīng)典范文分析學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略而隨機(jī)劃分和錢幣劃分的臨界屈曲載荷與理論值相差較大，分別為1.782%、0.167%。（文獻(xiàn)對(duì)比-他比）因此，從強(qiáng)度和穩(wěn)定性兩方面考慮，采用網(wǎng)球劃分為球形耐壓殼建模的最佳選擇。（結(jié)果討論-暗示）由方案3、方案4、方案5、方案6、方案7結(jié)果可知，在強(qiáng)度方面，無(wú)論是否采用減縮積分單元，得到的平均應(yīng)力結(jié)果與理論值相差都非常小，幾乎可以忽略不計(jì)；(結(jié)果分析-主觀）而從最大最小應(yīng)力差值考慮，減縮積分單元S4R和S4R5較為理想。陸蓓、潘彬彬等在進(jìn)行球形耐壓殼數(shù)值分析時(shí),也采用了S4R和S4R5單元。(文獻(xiàn)對(duì)比-他比)在穩(wěn)定性方面，S4計(jì)算精度最高。因此，從強(qiáng)度和穩(wěn)定性兩方面考慮，4節(jié)點(diǎn)完全積分線性殼單元（S4）為球形耐壓殼建模的最佳選擇。(結(jié)果討論-暗示)經(jīng)典范文分析學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略網(wǎng)格疏密對(duì)數(shù)值模擬的準(zhǔn)確度影響很大。先進(jìn)行網(wǎng)格無(wú)關(guān)性檢驗(yàn)。只有當(dāng)網(wǎng)格數(shù)的增加對(duì)計(jì)算結(jié)果影響不大時(shí)，這時(shí)的仿真結(jié)果才具有意義。(結(jié)果引言-回顧)單元密度的選取要綜合考慮計(jì)算時(shí)間和精度[10]。(文獻(xiàn)對(duì)比-他比)對(duì)表1中的方案8、方案9、方案10、方案11、方案3、方案12、方案13、方案14的計(jì)算結(jié)果，繪制應(yīng)力誤差曲線、屈曲臨界載荷誤差曲線，分別如圖3（a）、（b）所示。圖3（a）所示為球形耐壓殼中面上最大應(yīng)力，(圖表指示-句中)最小應(yīng)力和平均應(yīng)力與理論強(qiáng)度應(yīng)力的比值曲線，當(dāng)單元平均尺寸與球形耐壓殼半徑比為0.07時(shí)，數(shù)值方案得到的結(jié)果就開始收斂，且網(wǎng)格尺寸越小，數(shù)值方案的平均應(yīng)力越趨近于理論值，而最大最小值的差值也越來(lái)越小，趨于解析解。經(jīng)典范文分析學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略圖4所示為方案3計(jì)算所得的中面應(yīng)力云圖、內(nèi)外表面應(yīng)力云圖、1階屈曲振形圖。(圖表指示-主語(yǔ))

顯然，采用殼單元進(jìn)行數(shù)值模擬時(shí)，中面和內(nèi)外層面的應(yīng)力相差僅僅不到1%，(結(jié)果分析-主觀)這與理論結(jié)果相差甚遠(yuǎn)，(文獻(xiàn)對(duì)比-他比)

表明采用殼單元進(jìn)行厚球殼強(qiáng)度分析是不合理的。(結(jié)果討論-暗示+弱化)經(jīng)典范文分析學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略Bucklingofsphericalshellssubjectedtoexternalpressure:Acomparisonofexperimentalandtheoreticaldata3.ResultsanddiscussionPreviousstudieshaveindicatedthattheexperimentalbucklingloadsofsphericalshellsarelowerthantheoreticalpredictions[4,17].Thisphenomenonmayresultfrominevitablegeometricimperfectionsandfromnonlinearmaterialproperties.Thisproblemofclassicalmechanicsisfarfrombeingsolved;thebucklinganalysisofsphericalshellsremainstobevividandisstillchallenging.（結(jié)果引言-回顧）Thissectionreportshowthebucklingloadsandfinalcollapsedmodesofafamilyofsphericalshellsweredeterminedfromhydrostatictests.Theresultsofanalyticalandnumericalinvestigationsintotheseshellsarepresentedandcomparedwiththeexperimentalfindings.Theeffectsofconstitutivemodelsonthebucklingloadarediscussed.（結(jié)果引言-概述）經(jīng)典范文分析學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略3.1.ExperimentalandanalyticalresultsanalysisTheexperimentalbucklingloadsarelistedincolumn2ofTable4,andgraphedinFig.4.Photographsofthefinalcollapsedmodesfor10sphericalshellsarepresentedinFig.5.(圖表指示-賓語(yǔ))

Notably,thebucklingloadofthet0.7-2sphericalshellwasnotrecordedbecauseofanincorrectoperationduringthetestingprocess.(問題說明)However,thefinalcollapsedmodeofthisshellwasstillobtained.Thebucklingloadsofthe0.4-mm-thicksphericalshellsrangedbetween1.330and1.956MPa,whereasthe0.7-mm-thickshellbucklingloadsrangedbetween3.178and4.692MPa.Thebucklingloadsofthe0.7-mm-thickshellloadsweremorethantwicethoseofthe0.4-mm-thickshellloads.(結(jié)果分析，文獻(xiàn)對(duì)比-自比較)

Thisvariancemainlyaffectedbytheratiooftheaveragewallthickness(tave)totheaverageradius(rave),asillustratedinFig.4.經(jīng)典范文分析學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略(結(jié)果討論-因果關(guān)系)

Theexperimentalbucklingloadincreasedmonotonicallywithanincreaseintave/rave.AsshowninFig.5,thefinalcollapsedmodesofallshellsareidentical,andallofthemhavetheformofalocaldentbecauseofthehighductilityofstainlesssteelandtheinitialgeometricimperfectionsoftheshells.ThisfailuremodeisconsistentwithpreviousexperimentalresultsregardingshellsofrevolutionwithapositiveGaussiancurvature,suchasthoseforsphericalshellsreportedbyQuilliet[13],forellipsoidalshellsreportedbyHealey[18],andforbarreledshellsreportedbyBlachut[9,10].(文獻(xiàn)對(duì)比-他比)經(jīng)典范文分析學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略AtheoryderivedbyZoelly[19]predictstheelasticbucklingload(pcr)ofsphericalshells,whichisobtainedusingEq.(1).Thisanalyticalformulaiswidelyacceptedinoceanandaerospaceengineeringasarulefordesigningsphericalshells[4,20,21].(文獻(xiàn)對(duì)比-他比)TheresultsofEq.(3)arelistedincolumn3ofTable4,followedbytheratiooftheexperimentalloadptesttotheelasticbucklingloadpzoellyinparentheses.(圖表指示-賓語(yǔ))Asshowninthetable,(圖表指示-主語(yǔ))theexperimentalloadofasphericalshellwasaslittleas15.07%–24.55%ofthatshell’selasticbucklingload,(結(jié)果分析-主觀，文獻(xiàn)對(duì)比-他比)confirmingthatthesphericalshellisahighlyimperfection-sensitivestructure.Asmallimperfectionmayleadtoasubstantialdecreaseinthemagnitudeofthebucklingload.(結(jié)果討論-暗示+弱化)Furthermore,theaverageratiooftheexperimentalloadptesttotheelasticbucklingloadpzoellyfor0.4-mm-thicksphericalshellswasapproximately3%lowerthantheratiofor0.7-mm-thickshells.(結(jié)果分析-主觀，文獻(xiàn)對(duì)比-自比)Itappearsthatthenonlinearpropertiesofsphericalshells’materialsmayplayamajorroleinthebucklingbehaviorsofshellswithvariouswallthicknesses.(結(jié)果討論-暗示+弱化)經(jīng)典范文分析學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略硬土-軟土插樁過程數(shù)值分析及驗(yàn)證插樁性能分析3.1土壤流動(dòng)特性土壤流動(dòng)特性對(duì)插樁過程影響很大，樁靴上部回流或坍塌的土壤將導(dǎo)致樁靴所受載荷陡然增加，使插樁深度迅速增大。圖4為采用數(shù)值模型計(jì)算的土壤速度矢量圖及變形過程圖，為了清楚顯示土壤變形，圖中隱藏了樁靴。由圖4可知：初始階段，樁靴周圍的土壤僅有少量向上流動(dòng)，樁靴下方少量土壤向下運(yùn)動(dòng)，硬土表面發(fā)生局部隆起，在樁靴上部形成空腔，硬土-軟土界面也向下變形；隨著插樁深度增加，土壤主要向下垂直流動(dòng)，不再向上運(yùn)動(dòng)，硬土表面不再變形，形成了垂直剪切面，在樁靴下方形成了倒錐形硬土塊；當(dāng)樁靴底插到初始硬土-軟土界面時(shí)，硬土塊被壓入軟土層中，土壤流動(dòng)集中在樁靴下方，由于鍥形土的作用，硬土-軟土界面開始輕微向上隆起，樁靴上方的空腔仍然完全敞開；當(dāng)空腔深度超過硬土層厚度后，土壤開始回流，硬土逐漸回流到空腔內(nèi)；當(dāng)樁靴完全被硬土包圍時(shí)，實(shí)例練習(xí)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略出現(xiàn)局部土壤流動(dòng)現(xiàn)象，限制了空腔深度進(jìn)一步增加，被壓入軟土層的硬土開始在樁靴邊緣處與硬土層分離，穩(wěn)定空腔深度與土壤開始回流時(shí)的空腔深度一致。為了分析土壤特性參數(shù)變化對(duì)插樁過程的影響，采用數(shù)值模型模擬了硬土、軟土的不排水剪切強(qiáng)度和有效重度改變后土壤的最終變形情況。對(duì)硬土參數(shù)變化后土壤最終變形圖（見圖5）進(jìn)行分析可以發(fā)現(xiàn)：①硬土不排水剪切強(qiáng)度減小時(shí)，樁靴下方硬土塊體積減小，樁靴上方硬土形狀由圓形變?yōu)殄F形且分布更加連續(xù)、均勻，空腔深度增大。硬土不排水剪切強(qiáng)度增大時(shí)反之。②硬土有效重度增大時(shí)，樁靴上方硬土回流量增大且分布更加連續(xù)、均勻，空腔深度減小，而樁靴下方硬土塊形狀和體積基本沒有變化。硬土有效重度減小時(shí)反之。軟土不排水剪切強(qiáng)度增大時(shí)土壤最終變形情況與硬土不排水剪切強(qiáng)度減小時(shí)相似，可見，硬土、軟土的強(qiáng)度比越小，樁靴下方硬土塊體積越小，樁靴上方硬土分布越連續(xù)、均勻，空腔深度越大。軟土有效重度增大時(shí)土壤最終變形情況與硬土有效重度增大時(shí)相似，可見，土壤重度越大，樁靴上方硬土回流量越大，空腔深度越小，而樁靴下方硬土塊形狀和體積基本沒有變化。實(shí)例練習(xí)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略3.2插樁深度和插樁阻力關(guān)系圖6為采用數(shù)值模型計(jì)算的插樁深度與插樁阻力的關(guān)系（包括硬土參數(shù)變化后的結(jié)果）。由圖6可知：①對(duì)原始模型而言，在樁靴最大截面入土后，受土壤分布的影響，插樁阻力出現(xiàn)峰值，之后隨著插樁深度的增加，插樁阻力緩慢減小，這種變化非常容易導(dǎo)致刺穿事故，在插樁設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，需要避免這種情況。②硬土不排水剪切強(qiáng)度增大時(shí)，同一插樁深度的插樁阻力增大，更容易發(fā)生“刺穿”。硬土不排水剪切強(qiáng)度減小時(shí)反之。③土壤有效重度對(duì)插樁深度與插樁阻力間關(guān)系的影響比較復(fù)雜，因?yàn)橥寥烙行е囟炔粌H影響土層自重應(yīng)力分布，也影響土壤流動(dòng)特性，但總體來(lái)說硬土有效重度減小時(shí)更容易發(fā)生“刺穿”。軟土不排水剪切強(qiáng)度減小時(shí)插樁深度與插樁阻力間關(guān)系的變化趨勢(shì)與硬土不排水剪切強(qiáng)度增大時(shí)相似，軟土有效重度增大時(shí)更容易發(fā)生“刺穿”?？梢?，硬土、軟土的強(qiáng)度比越大、有效重度比越小，發(fā)生“刺穿”的可能性越高。實(shí)例練習(xí)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略3.3樁靴底部壓力分布規(guī)律《海上移動(dòng)平臺(tái)入級(jí)與建造規(guī)范》[12]中假設(shè)作用在整個(gè)樁靴底部的壓力呈線性分布，一端為0，另一端為平均值的2倍。為了驗(yàn)證該假設(shè)的合理性，采用數(shù)值模型計(jì)算6個(gè)插樁位置處樁靴底部和土壤間的接觸壓力（見圖7）。由圖7可知：①r（樁靴底部某一點(diǎn)到樁靴中軸線的垂直距離）小于1.50m時(shí)，壓力（p）逐漸增大；r在1.50～2.55m時(shí)，壓力逐漸減小；r大于2.55m時(shí)，壓力迅速增大?？梢?，《海上移動(dòng)平臺(tái)入級(jí)與建造規(guī)范》中關(guān)于樁靴底部壓力線性分布的假設(shè)與實(shí)際情況不符。②樁靴底部壓力由內(nèi)向外先增大、后減小、再增大。插樁深度為1.080D時(shí)，壓力波動(dòng)最大，最外端壓力近似為平均值的4.5倍，此時(shí)采用《海上移動(dòng)平臺(tái)入級(jí)與建造規(guī)范》進(jìn)行樁靴設(shè)計(jì)可能造成安全事故。實(shí)例練習(xí)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作與發(fā)表攻略InvestigationonEgg-shapedPressure