醫(yī)學英語-專業(yè)英語構(gòu)詞法

★

Result

showedthat

both

oils

contain

alkane,

alcohol,

ester,

ketone,

acid,

phenolandalkene,['est?]酯['fi?n?l]石碳酸;苯酚andthe

maincomponents主要成分are

tricosane,pentacosane二十五烷and

heptacosane.['traik?sein]二十三烷

[hep't?k?sein]二十七烷

★

Aldosteroneisahormonesecretedbytheadrenal

cortex腎上腺皮質(zhì)thatregulateselectrolyte[?'dri?n(?)l]

['k??teks][?'lektr?la?t]電解質(zhì)andwaterbalancebyincreasingtherenal

['ri?n(?)l]腎(臟)的retention保留,滯留ofsodium

['s??d??m]鈉andtheexcretion[?k'skri??(?)n;ek-]

排泄(物);分泌(物)ofpotassium

[p?'t?s??m]鉀.★

Allcarbohydrate[kɑ?b?'ha?dre?t]碳水化合物foods,astheyaredigested,eventuallybreakdownintosimplesugars(monose),suchasglucoseandfructose.★

Sucroseisadisaccharide(diose)composedofonemolecule['m?l?kju?l]分子ofglucoseandonemoleculeoffructose.★

Themostimportantrepresentativesofdisaccharidesaresucrose,lactose,maltoseandcellobiose.★

Glucosewithasix-carbon-atomaldehydesugaristermedanaldohexose.

★

Nitric

['na?tr?k](含)氮的oxide(NO)

plays

animportant

role

in

cardiovascularsystem.[,kɑ?d???'v?skj?l?]心血管的

Nitric

oxide

synthase(NOS)is

thekeyenzymeduringthe

synthesis

['s?nθ?s?s]

合成process

ofNO.

★

Maltasecancatalyzethehydrolysisofmaltose

['k?t?la?z]催化[ha?'dr?l?s?s]水解作用

totwo

glucoses.

★

Amylase

and

lipase

valuestypically

willbe

elevated

in

the

early

or

acute

stage

ofpancreatitis.pancreas

['p??kr??s]胰腺[,p??kr??'ta?t?s]胰腺炎

★The

salicylate

hydroxylasecan

catalyze

the

[s?'l?s?l?t]水楊酸[hai'dr?ksileis]羥化酶

decarboxylationandhydroxylationof

salicylate

to

[‘di?kɑ?,b?ks?’le???n]脫羧

[haidr?ksi‘lei??n]

羥基化

form

catechol.★

Lowtemperature

reducedthe

activities

ofthe

enzymes

related

to

fiber

synthesis,includingphenylalaninedeaminase,polyphenol

oxidase,

[,fi?na?l'?l?ni?n;fen?l-]

苯(基)丙氨酸

[di'?mineis]脫氨(基)酶cinnamyl

alcoholdehydrogenase肉桂醇脫氫酶and

[si'n?mil]

肉桂基

cinnamon['s?n?m?n]肉桂

peroxidase[p?'r?ks?de?z]過氧化物酶.

★Someimportantcatecholamines兒茶酚胺類

suchas

epinephrine,norepinephrine

anddopamine[,ep?'nefr?(?)n]腎上腺素,[,n??rep?'nefr?(?)n]去甲腎上腺素

canbemetabolized[m?'t?b?la?z]代謝

bycatechol-O-methyltransferase(COMT)andmonoamineoxidase(MAO).

★Acetylcholineisakindofneurotransmitters.[,nj??r??tr?nz'm?t?]

神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)Itissynthesizedinthecytoplasmfrom['s?nθ?sa?z]合成['sa?t?(?)pl?z(?)m]

細胞質(zhì)

acetyl-CoAandcholinethroughthecatalyticaction

膽堿

[,k?t?'l?t?k]起催化作用的

oftheenzyme-cholineacetyltransferase(ChAT).

膽堿乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶Acetyl-CoAissynthesizedinmitochondriawhich

[,ma?t??'k?ndr??]線粒體,

arepresentinlargenumbersinthenerveending.Acetylcholinesterase(AChE)isanenzymethatcatalyzesthehydrolysisofacetylcholinetocholineandacetate.Aspirin

(acetylsalicylicacid;ASA)◆Clinicaluses臨床應用:Analgesia鎮(zhèn)痛,Antipyresis解熱,andAnti-inflammatory抗炎Effects

analgesia

[,?n(?)l'd?i?z??]n.痛覺缺失

algesia

[?l'd?i:zi?,-si?]痛覺,感覺過敏

anti-inflammatoryadj.抗炎的n.抗炎藥

inflammatory[?n'fl?m?t(?)r?]adj.炎癥性的

★

Aspirinisemployedformildtomoderatepainofvariedoriginbutisnoteffectiveforsevere

visceral['v?s(?)r(?)l]內(nèi)臟的

pain.

AspirinandotherNSAIDs(NonsteroidalAnti-inflammatoryDrugs非甾體抗炎藥)

nonsteroidal[,n?nst?'r?id?l]非甾類化合物的,非類固醇的steroid

['st??r??d;'ster??d]類固醇;甾族化合物havebeencombinedwithopioidanalgesics

opioid['??p???d]類鴉片,阿片樣物質(zhì),阿片類

analgesic[,?n(?)l'd?i?z?k;-s?k]鎮(zhèn)痛藥

fortreatmentofcancerpain,wheretheiranti-inflammatoryeffectsactsynergistically協(xié)同地

synergistic[,s?n?'d??st?k]adj.協(xié)同的,協(xié)作的,協(xié)同作用withtheopioidstoenhanceanalgesia鎮(zhèn)痛.High-dosesalicylateareeffectivefortreatmentofrheumaticfever風濕熱,

rheumatoid類風濕性

arthritis

andotherinflammatoryjoint關(guān)節(jié)

conditions.rheumatic[r?'m?t?k]

風濕病(患者);風濕病的,風濕病引起的

rheumatoid['ru?m?t??d]

患風濕癥的,類風濕性的

arthritis[ɑ?'θra?t?s]關(guān)節(jié)炎B.OtherEffects★Aspirindecreasestheincidence

發(fā)病率oftransientischemicattacks短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作,unstableangina不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛,coronaryarterythrombosis冠狀動脈血栓形成withmyocardialinfarction心肌梗死,心肌梗塞,andthrombosisaftercoronaryarterybypassgrafting冠狀動脈旁路移植術(shù).Epidemiologicstudies流行病學研究

suggestthatlong-termuseofaspirinatlowdosageisassociatedwithalowerincidenceofcoloncancer結(jié)腸癌,possiblyrelatedtoitscyclooxygenase(COX)-inhibitingeffects.

★

Sodiumnitroprussideisapowerfulparenterally(parenteral

[p?'rent(?)r(?)l]腸胃外的,不經(jīng)腸道的,注射用藥物的)

administeredvasodilatorthatisusedintreating

給藥[,ve?z??'da?le?t?]血管舒張藥

hypertensiveemergencies高血壓急癥aswellassevereheartfailure.★

Nitroprussidedilatesbotharterialandvenous

[da?'le?t]使擴大動脈的['vi?n?s]靜脈的vessels,resultinginreducedperipheralvascularresistance外周血管阻力

andvenousreturn.Theactionoccursasaresultofactivationofguanylylcyclase鳥苷酸環(huán)化酶,eitherviareleaseofnitricoxideorbydirectstimulationoftheenzyme.bisulfate硫酸氫鹽◆ammoniumbisulfateNH4HSO4sulfite亞硫酸鹽◆sodium,potassium+sulfite

bisulfite

亞硫酸氫鹽

◆potassiumbisulfiteKHSO3

sulfide

硫化物

◆hydrogensulfide

H2S

★

Thereare

six

common

airpollutants:

ozone

['??z??n]臭氧,

nitrogen

dioxide,carbonmonoxide,

lead

鉛,

sulfur

dioxide

and

particulatematter粉塵.

★Hydrogen

sulfide

is

a

molecule

consisting

of

twohydrogen

atoms

and

onesulfur

atom.

★

Pharmacologyisanimportantsubjectstudyingtheinteractionsthatoccurbetweenalivingorganismandsomechemicalsandtheeffectsofthosechemicalsonthenormalandabnormalbiochemicalfunctionsoftheorganism.Thetwomainareasofpharmacologyarepharmacodynamicsandpharmacokinetics.Pharmacologyisanexperimentaldiscipline,whichdealswith

howdrugsinteractwithinbiologicalsystemsbyperformingexperimentalstudiesinvitro

[in'vi:tr?u,-'vi-]在體外,在試管內(nèi),exvivo間接體內(nèi)法,體外andinvivo

[in'vi:v?u,-'vai-]在體內(nèi).

★Pharmacologyresearchisdividedintopre-clinicalandclinicaltrials.Theformerinvolvesinvitro(testtubeorcellculture)andinvivo(animal)experiments,whichproducecriticalpreliminaryresults.Theseresultsformthebasisforevaluationofdrugcandidatesandtheirpotentialforfurtherdevelopmentintonewdrugs.Thelatteristheclinicaltestingofdrugcandidatesinhumansubjects,thiswillnormallyproceedthroughfourphasesofclinicalstudies.

★Drugdevelopmentsconsiderationsarefirst,thesafetyofthedrugs;second,theeffectivenessoftreatmentsandthird,thehighselectivityofdrugs.Intheprocessofdrugdevelopments,pharmacologyplaysacrucialroleintargetdiscoveryandevaluation,drugmechanismelucidation闡明,drugstructuraloptimization,targetproteinrecognition,drugsynergism['s?n?d??z?m]協(xié)同作用andtoxicitiesassessment.Pharmacokinetics(PK)★

Pharmacokinetics(PK)includestwointerrelatedprocesses.Thefirstprocessisdrugabsorption,distribution,metabolism

(biotransformation)andexcretion(ADME),andanotheristheevaluationofthequantitativekineticprocessesofADMEbykineticprinciplesandmathematicalmodels.★Absorptionisthepassageofthedrugfromitssiteofadministration給藥

intotheblood.Besidesgastrointestinal

[,g?str???n'test?n(?)l]tract胃腸道thereareseveralotherroutesforabsorptionsuchasintramuscular[,?ntr?'m?skj?l?]肌肉內(nèi)的

orsubcutaneous[,s?bkju?'te?n??s]皮下的

adminstration,andattimes,throughlungorskin,etc.Distributionisthedeliveryofdrugtothetissue.Toreachitssiteofaction,adrugmustcrossanumberofbiologicalbarriers(blood-brainbarrier,placental

[pl?'s?ntl]barrier胎盤屏障,etc)andthepredominantlylipid['l?p?d]membranes脂質(zhì)膜.Bothmetabolismandexcretioncanbeviewedasprocessesresponsibleforeliminationofdrug(parentandmetabolite

[m?'t?b?la?t]代謝物)fromthebody.Drugmetabolismchangesthechemicalstructureofadrug,thisaltereddrugproductiscalledadrugmetabolite,whichisfrequentlybutnotuniversallylesspharmacologicallyactive.Metabolismalsorendersthedrugcompoundmorewatersolubleandthereforemoreeasilyexcreted.TheADMEprocessesofadruginvolveitspassageacrossacellmembrane.Thephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofthedrugmoleculesandthecellmembranesthataffectthistransferarethuscriticalinunderstandingthedisposition

[d?sp?'z??(?)n]處置ofdrugsinthehumanbody.

Therearetwowaysthatdrugmoleculespassthroughthemembrane:eitherbypassiveprocessesorbymechanismsinvolvingtheactive

participaitonofcomponentsofthemembrane.

★

Mathematicalmodelsareoftenusedtodescribethekinetics[k?'net?ks;ka?-]動力學ofdrugelimination.Thesemainlyincludefirstorderkinetics,zeroorderkineticsandMichaelis-MentenkineticswithimportantPK

parameters參數(shù)[p?'r?m?t?(r)z]suchast1/2,Vd,AUC,F,CLtot,Cssetc.

t1/2:half-lifeF:bioavailability[,ba????,ve?l?'b?l?ti]生物利用度

Vd:apparentvolumeofdistribution

AUC:areaundertheconcentration-timecurveCLtot:totalbodyclearance

Css:steady-stateplasmaconcentrationPhaseⅠandphaseⅡMetabolism

★

DrugbiotransformationreactionsareclassifiedaseitherphaseⅠfunctionalization[,f??k??n?lai'zei??n]

功能化(oxidation氧化,reduction還原

andhydrolysis)reactionsorphaseⅡbiosynthetic[,bai?usin'θetik]

生物合成的(conjugation[k?nd??'ge??(?)n]接合)reactions.PhaseⅠreactionsintroduceafunctionalgroup

官能團ontheparentcompound.PhaseⅠreactionsgenerallyresultinthelossofpharmacological

activity藥理活性,althoughthereareexamplesofretentionorenhancementofactivity.Inrareinstances,metabolismisassociatedwithanaltered['??lt?d]改變了的pharmacologicalactivity.

Prodrugs前藥arepharmacologicallyinactivecompounds,designedto旨在,目的在于maximize['m?ks?ma?z]最大化theamountoftheactivespeciesthatreachesitssiteofaction.Inactiveprodrugsareconvertedrapidlytobiologicallyactivemetabolites,oftenbythehydrolysisofanesteroramide

['e?ma?d;'?ma?d]linkage連接

['l??k?d?]酰胺鍵.Ifnotrapidlyexcretedintotheurine['j??r?n;-ra?n]

尿,theproductsofphaseⅠbiotransformationreactionscanthenreactwithendogenous[en'd?d??n?s;?n-]內(nèi)源的,內(nèi)生的compoundstoformahighlywatersoluble水溶性的conjugate

['k?nd??ge?t].

★

PhaseⅡconjugationreactionsleadtotheformationofacovalentlinkagebetweenafunctionalgroupontheparentcompoundorphaseⅠmetabolitewithendogenously內(nèi)生地

derivedglucuronicacid葡萄糖醛酸,sulfate,glutathione[,glu?t?'θa???n]谷胱甘肽,aminoacids,oracetate.Thesehighlypolarconjugatesaregenerallyinactiveandareexcretedrapidlyintheurineandfeces['fi?si?z]糞便.Anexampleofanactiveconjugateisthe6-glucuronide葡糖苷酸

[ɡlu:'kju?r?naid]metaboliteofmorphine嗎啡

['m??fi?n],whichisamorepotent更強

analgesic

[,?n(?)l'd?i?z?k;-s?k]鎮(zhèn)痛藥thanitsparentcompound.

Thelipids['lipidz]脂類ofhumanplasma血漿['pl?zm?]

aretransportedinmacromolecular[,m?kr?um?u‘lekjul?]大分子的complexes復合物termedlipoproteins.Anumberofmetabolic

代謝的

[,met?'b?l?k]disordersthatinvolveelevationsinlevelsofanyofthelipoproteinspeciesarethustermedhyperlipoproteinemiasorhyperlipidemias.Thetermhyperlipemiadenotesincreasedlevelsof

triglycerides[tra?'ɡl?s?,ra?d]甘油三脂inplasma.

CompetitiveinhibitorsofHMG-CoAreductase(reductase-inhibitors;“statins”他汀類藥物

)

Thesecompoundsarestructuralanalogs

類似物

ofHMG-CoA.Lovastatin['l?uv?,st?tin]洛伐他汀,atorvastatin[?,t?rv?'st?tin]阿托伐他汀,fluvastatin氟-,pravastatin普-,simvastatin辛-,

androsuvastatin瑞舒-belongtothisclass.TheyaremosteffectiveinreducingLDL.Ithasbecomestandardpracticetoinitiatereductaseinhibitortherapyimmediatelyaftermyocardialinfarction,irrespectiveoflipidlevels.Reductaseinhibitorsareusefulaloneorwithresins,niacin

['na??s?n]煙酸,orezetimibe

依折麥布

inreducinglevelsofLDL.Becausecholesterolbiosynthesisoccurspredominantlyatnight,reductaseinhibitors-except

atorvastatinandrosuvastatin-shouldbegivenintheeveningifasingledailydoseisused.Absorptiongenerally(withtheexceptionofpravastatin)isenhancedbytakingthedosewithfood.★Dyslipoproteinemia

is

correlated

with

the

occurrence

and

development

ofatherosclerosis

[,?θ?r??skl??‘r??s?s;-skl?-]

動脈粥樣硬化,動脈硬化and

cardiocerebralvascular

diseases.

★

Islet

['a?l?t]胰島transplantation移植

hasalreadybeen

able

to

maintain

long-term

euglycemiaand

noninsulin['?nsj?l?n]胰島素-dependence

inpatientswith

Type

1

Diabetes[,da??'bi?ti?z]糖尿病.

★

TheFDA

hasalready

approved

DBS

asa

treatmentfor

neurologic[,nju?r?'l?d?ik?l]

disorders神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病,

includingessentialtremor原發(fā)性震顫,

Parkinson‘s

disease['pa:kinsnzdizi:z]帕金森癥,

dystonia,

and

severe

obsessive-compulsivedisorder.※

lapar/o-腹laparotome剖腹刀['l?p?r?t?um]

laparotomy剖腹術(shù)

[,l?p?'r?t?m?]laparoscope腹腔鏡

['l?p?r?usk?up]laparoscopy腹腔鏡檢查

[l?p?'r?sk?pi]★

To

the

patientswith

obscure[?b'skj??]

不清楚的

recurrent

[r?'k?r(?)nt]復發(fā)的

abdominalgia,

barium

['be?r??m]

meal

examinationshouldbe

done,

laparoscopy

is

a

better

method

innecessary.

★

Laparoscopy

iscalleda“minimally

['m?n?mli]

invasive”

微創(chuàng)surgery

because

the

surgeon

makesverysmall

openings(incisions)

at

(or

around)your

bellybutton肚臍andlowerportionofyour

belly腹部.adenyl

腺嘌呤基['?d?nil]adenine

腺嘌呤

['?d?ni?n]adenosine

腺(嘌呤核)苷[?'den?(?)si?n]●adenosinetriphosphate,ATP三磷酸腺苷A-P~P~P~:high-energyphosphatebond●adenosinetriphosphatase,ATPase

腺苷三磷酸酶●adenosinediphosphate,ADP腺苷二磷酸●adenosinemonophosphate,AMP腺苷一磷酸●cyclicadenosinemonophosphate,cAMP環(huán)腺苷酸；環(huán)腺一磷酸；環(huán)磷酸腺苷★

Adenosineis

a

chemical

thatmakes

you

drowsy.★Cyclicadenosinemonophosphate,cAMPisoneofthewell-studiedsecondmessengers.※

adip/o-脂肪

fatadipectomy脂肪切除術(shù)adiponecrosis脂肪壞死

[,?dip?uni'kr?usis]

※

lip/o-脂肪,脂質(zhì);肥胖

lipid脂質(zhì);油脂lipoma脂肪瘤lipemia脂血癥hyperlipemiahypolipemialipoprotein脂蛋白

VLDL,LDL,HDLhyperlipoproteinemiahypolipoproteinemia★

Aerobic

exercise有氧運動

boosts

your

high-density

lipoprotein

(HDLor"good")

cholesteroland

lowers

your

low-density

lipoprotein(LDLor

"bad")

cholesterol.

★Epinephrine(adrenaline)isaverypotentvasoconstrictor

[,ve?z??k?n'str?kt?]血管收縮劑

andcardiac['kɑ?d??k]

stimulant強心劑.★

Adrenoceptoragonists激動劑

(andantagonists拮抗劑)areclassifiedintothreetypes:α-

adrenoceptor

agonists(andantagonists),α,β-

agonists(andantagonists)andβ-agonists(andantagonists).★

Theβ-adrenoceptorantagonistshavewidespreadandimportantusesinthemanagementofischemic

[?s'kim?k]

局部缺血的

heartdisease(

angina

[?n'd?a?n?]心絞痛),cardiacarrhythmias心律失常,hypertensionandsoon.※

andr/o-雄

※

estr/o-雌androgen雄(性)激素(-gen致…物)['?ndr?d?(?)n]malehormone---

testosterone

[te'st?st?r?un]睪酮estrogen

雌(性)激素['estr?d??n]

femalehormoneestradiol雌二醇[,estr?'dai?l]estriol雌三醇['e:stri?l]estrone雌酮['estr?un]★Naturalestrogensinclude

estradiol,estriolandestrone.Theestradiolproducesthemostactivelybiologicalfunction,subsequentisestriol,andthelastisestrone.★Theeffectsofestrogensaremediatedby

estrogenreceptor.※

ather/o粥樣沉積,動脈粥樣化atherogenesis

動脈粥樣化形成atherogenic致動脈粥樣化的atherosclerosis,AS動脈粥樣硬化

●coronaryatherosclerosis●aortaatherosclerosis●

carotid

atherosclerosis

[k?'r?t?d]n.頸動脈adj.頸動脈的

●

femoralatherosclerosis

['f?m?r?l]adj.股骨的;大腿的;大腿骨的

antiatherosclerosis抗動脈粥樣硬化

●

antiatherosclerosisfactor–HDL

★

Lack

of

physical

activity

may

increase

LDL,or

bad

cholesterol,and

decrease

HDL,orgoodcholesterol.

※

spir/o

螺旋

spiral螺旋;螺旋形的['spa?r(?)l]spiramycin螺旋霉素[,spai?r?'maisin]acetylspiramycin乙酰螺旋霉素

spirillum

螺旋菌

[spa?'r?l?m]spirilla(pl)spirochete

螺旋體['spa??r??ki?t]

spirochetemia,spirocheticidal,

spirocheticide

spirochetolysis,spirochetolysin,spirochetosis

★

Endotoxinisakindoflipopolysaccharideinthecellwalllayerofgramnegativebacteriumandothermicroorganismincludingchlamydia

衣原體[kl?'m?d??],rickettsia立克次體[r?'kets??],spirocheteorsomethingelse.WhentheydiedorpropagatedactivelyamountofEndotoxinwillbereleased.※denti-牙

※

odont-牙

toothdentofacial牙面的

dentist牙醫(yī)

dentosurgical

牙外科的

[,dent?u's?:d?ik?l]odontolith

牙垢,牙積石

periodontitis牙周炎[,peri?d?n'taitis]dentiform,dentoid,odontoid

齒狀的

odontology,dentologyodontopathyodontalgia,dentalgiaodontoneuralgia※

gingiv/o-齦

gumgingivostomatitis齦口炎[,d?ind?iv?u,st?um?'taitis]gingivitisgingivalgiagingivectomy

★Elderlypatientswithdiabetes[,da??'bi?ti?z]糖尿病

areoftenaccompaniedbyvaryingdegrees不同程度

ofgingivitis

andperiodontitis.※

bronch-,bronchi-支氣管

bronchus['br??k?s]支氣管(pl)bronchi['br??ka?]bronchitis支氣管炎[,br??'kaitis]bronchiospasm支氣管痙攣※

trache/o-氣管

trachea氣管;導管[tr?'ki??;'tre?k??]tracheal

氣管的;導管的[tr?'ki??l]

endotracheal[,end?utr?‘ki(:)?l]氣管內(nèi)的

tracheitis

氣管炎[,tre?k?'a?t?s]

tracheobronchitis氣管支氣管炎

[,treiki?ubr??'kaitis]★

Tracheitis:

Inflammation

and

infection

ofthe

trachea.

※

pulm/o-,pulmon/o-肺※

pneumon/o-肺

pulmonohepatic肺肝的

pulmoaortic

肺與主動脈的aorta主動脈

pneumonorrhagia

肺出血

pneumonitis;pulmonitis,pneumonia肺炎

●

bacterialpneumonia[nju?'m??n??]

細菌性肺炎

pneumococcuspneumococcidepneumococcidalpneumococcemiapneumococcolysis

★

Pneumococcus

is

theleadingcauseof

pneumonia.★

The

most

common

complications

of

flu

arebronchitis

and

secondary

bacterialpneumonia.※

salping-,tub-管,輸卵管

oviduct['??v?d?kt]

salpingectomy,tubectomy輸卵管切除術(shù)

[,s?lp?n'd?ekt?m?]

salpingo-oophorectomy[,???f?'rekt?m?]

salpingo-ovariectomy[,??v?r?'ekt?m?]

輸卵管卵巢切除術(shù)

salpingitis[,s?lp?n'd?a?t?s]

輸卵管炎

★

Gynecological[,ɡa?n?k?'l?d??k?l]婦科的

inflammation,suchasvaginitis[,v?d??‘na?t?s]陰道炎,

cervicitis[,s??v?‘sa?t?s]宮頸炎

couldinfectoviduct,causesalpingitis.★Objective:Toexploretheclinicalvalueofgynecologicallaparoscopic[,l?p?r?'sk?p?k]

surgery腹腔鏡手術(shù)onhysteromyoma[hist?r?mai'?um?]子宮肌瘤.

lactate[l?k'te?t]

vi.分泌乳汁,喂奶

n.乳酸鹽

sodiumlactatelactic

乳的,乳汁的lacticacidprolactin,PRL催乳(激)素[pr??'l?kt?n]●prolactin-releasinghormone,PRH★

Hormoneimbalances,suchastestosterone

[te'st?st?r??n]睪酮,睪丸素deficiencyortoomuchoftheprolactin,cancauseerectile[?'rekta?l]

dysfunction,ED

勃起功能障礙.★

Papaya[p?'pa??]木瓜isgalactagogue

containingphytoestrogens植物雌激素,andasmallamountofnaturalprogesterone[pr?'d?est?r??n]

黃體酮.sterone['sti?r?un]甾酮,固酮aldosterone醛固酮menorrhea

行經(jīng),月經(jīng),月經(jīng)過多hypermenorrhea,menorrhagia,menometrorrhagiamenalgia痛經(jīng)painfulmenstruationdysmenorrhea痛經(jīng);月經(jīng)困難[,d?smen?'r??]★

Afterage60osteoporosisbecomesmuchmore

common,particularlyforwomenwhohavegonethroughthemenopause.

★

Menstrualdisordersincludedysmenorrhea

andamenorrhea,anduterinebleeding.★

Asthenia[?s'θi?n??]無力;衰弱cold虛寒

caninducemanykindsofmenopathysuchas

hypomenorrhea,delayedmenorrhea,menostasis,

menalgia,andsoon.★Three

main

problemscanoccurinthe

prostate

gland:

inflammation

or

infection,called

prostatitis;

enlargement,

called

benign[b?'na?n]良性的

prostatic

hyperplasia(BPH);

andprostatecancer.

★

Prostaglandin

E1(PGE1)

is

an

important

endogenous

[en'd?d??n?s;?n-]內(nèi)源性的

substance

withmanyphysiological

andpharmacological

actionsand

has

widelyappliedinclinicalpractice.★Prostacyclin(PGI2),thromboxane

[θr?m'b?ksein]

血栓素

antagonist,isapowerfulvasodilator

血管舒張藥

andinhibitsplatelet['ple?tl?t]

aggregation

[,?ɡr?'ɡe???n]

血小板聚集,soitcanpreventthethrombosis

[θr?m'b??s?s]血栓形成.※

test/o-睪丸

testis

[拉]睪丸(pl)testes

['testi?z]

testicule睪丸

testicular睪丸的[t?s't?kj?l?]

intratesticular睪丸內(nèi)的

testitis

睪丸炎testopathy睪丸病

testosterone睪(甾)酮[te'st?st?r??n]

★Having

high

levels

of

testosterone

can

increase

yourriskfor

diseases

like

prostate

cancerand

testicular

cancer.

★Decreasingtestosteronelevels,knownasandropause,canresultinanumberofsideeffectsincludingdecreasedlibido[l?'bi?d??]性欲,fatigueanddepression,amongothers.antithyroid抗甲腺的(藥)['?nti'θair?id]

euthyroid甲狀腺機能正常的[ju:'θair?id]

hypoparathyroidism

甲狀旁腺功能減退

['haip?u,p?r?'θair?idiz?m]

hypothyroidism甲狀腺功能減退

[,ha?p??'θa?r??d?z(?)m]hyperthyroidism

甲狀腺機能亢進

[,ha?p?'θa?r??d?z(?)m]thyrotoxicosis

甲狀腺功能亢進;甲狀腺毒癥

[,θa?r??,t?ks?'k??s?s]

★

Congenital

hypothyroidism

(CH)

先天性甲狀腺功能減退癥is

the

most

prevalent

endocrine

disorder內(nèi)分泌紊亂性疾病inthe

newborn

and

isroutinely

treatedwith

life-long

levothyroxine

replacementtherapy

替代療法.★

Thyroidstimulating

hormone（thyrotropin）

releasing

hormone

(TRH)

stimulates

theanteriorpituitary[p?‘tju??t(?)r?]垂體前葉to

liberate

the

thyroid-stimulating

hormone(TSH)

and

prolactin[pr??'l?kt?n]

催乳素.

★Adjuncts['?d???kts]

toantithyroidtherapyDuringtheacutephase[fe?z]

ofthyrotoxicosis(hyperthyroidism),β-adrenoceptor-blockingagentswithoutintrinsic

sympathomimeticactivity[,s?mp?θ??m?'met?k]擬交感的areextremelyhelpful.Propranolol

普萘洛爾,

心得安[pr??'pr?n?l?l]20-40mgorallyevery6hours,willcontroltachycardia[,t?k?'kɑ?d??],hypertension,andatrialfibrillation

心房纖顫;房顫;心房纖維顫動

.Propranololisgraduallywithdrawn撤退

asserum['s??r?m]血清

thyroxinelevelsreturntonormal.Diltiazem地爾硫卓,90-120mgthreeorfourtimesdaily,canbeusedtocontroltachycardiainpatientsinwhomβ-blockersarecontraindicated,eg,thosewithasthma['?sm?].Othercalciumchannelblockersmaynotbeaseffectiveasdiltiazem.Adequatenutritionandvitaminsupplements維生素添加劑

areessential.Barbiturates[ba:'bitju?reits]

巴比妥類藥物accelerateT4breakdown(byhepaticenzymeinduction肝藥酶誘導)andmaybehelpfulbothassedatives['s?d?tivz]

鎮(zhèn)靜劑

andtolowerT4levels.★Yogurt

['j?g?t;'j??-]酸奶supplies

the

brainwith

tyrosine['ta?r?si?n]

酪氨酸,

an

aminoacid

thatboosts

blood

levelsofthe

neurotransmitters

dopamine

and

norepinephrine,

resulting

inamood

andmental

boost.

★

Constant

worrying

causes

cortisol

['k??t?s?l]皮質(zhì)醇and

epinephrine[,ep?'nefr?n;-ri?n]

腎上腺素levelstorise-and

these

stresshormones

應激激素,壓力激素can

weaken

the

body’s

overall

immunity

免疫力[?'mju?n?t?].

★

Thedrug

may

cause

histamine

release,

whichmaycause

cutaneous

flushing

皮膚潮紅

andeven

bronchospasm

and

hypotension

in

some

patients.※

-lemma膜

oolemma卵膜

[,?u?'lem?]basilemma基底膜neurolemma神經(jīng)膜※

mening/o-腦膜,脊膜

meningococcus腦膜炎雙球菌

intermeningeal腦脊膜間的

[,int?mi'nind?i?l]meningomalacia腦膜軟化

meningoencephalomyelitis

腦膜腦脊髓炎

meningitis腦(脊)膜炎

[,men?n'd?a?t?s]

meningomyelitis脊膜脊髓炎['meni?ɡ?u,mai?'laitis]meningocerebritis,meningoencephalitismeningocephalitis腦膜腦炎★

Enterovirusinfectionscancausemyocarditis,pneumonia,meningoencephalitis,orevenleadtodeath.★

Allofβ-lactam,glycopeptidesandfosfomycin

playtheirbactericidaleffectviainhibitionofsynthesisofcellwall.★

Penicillins[pen?'s?l?n]青霉素,cephalosporins,monolactams(aztreonam氨曲南),carbapenems碳青霉烯類(imi亞胺,mero美羅,pani帕尼,faro法羅,bia比阿,eta厄他

+-penem-培南),

cephamycins頭霉素類(

Cefoxitin[si'f?ksitin]

頭孢西丁,Cefmetazole頭孢美唑,Cefotetan頭孢替坦),andoxacephems氧頭孢烯類(latamoxef

拉氧頭孢)areclassifiedasβ-lactamdrugsbecauseoftheiruniquelactamring.Theyinhibitbacterialgrowthbyinhibitingtranspeptidase[tr?ns'p?pt?dez]轉(zhuǎn)肽酶

activityinbacterialcellwallsynthesis.

★

Penicillinisactiveagainstnearlyallstaphylococciandgram-positive

bacilli桿菌.Semisynthesized半合成

Penicillinsarenotonlyagainstgram-positiveorganismsbutgram-negative