初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之

初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之REPORTING目錄GrammarFundamentalsNounsandPronounsVerbsandVerbalPhrasesAdjectivesandAdverbsPrepositionsandconjunctionsSentencestructureandtypesPART01GrammarFundamentalsREPORTING

PartofspeechandsentencecomponentsPartofspeechVocabularyinEnglishcanbedividedintonouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs,prepositions,conjunctions,etc.SentencecomponentsThesentenceiscomposedofasubject,predicate,object,adjective,adverbial,etc.WordorderThearrangementorderofwordsinEnglishsentences,usuallysubject+predicate+object.TenseIndicatesthetimewhenanactionoccurred,includingpresenttense,pasttense,futuretense,etc.VoiceReferstotherelationshipbetweentheexecutorandreceiverofanaction,includingactivevoiceandpassivevoice.ThecombinationoftenseandvoiceThecombinationofdifferenttensesandvoicescanexpressmorecomplexmeanings.TensesandVoicesSubjectverbagreement:Theagreementbetweenthesubjectandpredicateintermsofpersonandnumber.Inversion:Thepredicateorauxiliaryverbofthepredicateprecedesthesubject,usedtoemphasizeormaintainsentencebalance.Subjectverbconsistencyandinversioninspecialsentencestructures,suchasthe"therebe"sentencestructure,interrogativesentences,negativesentences,etc.SubjectverbconsistencyandinversionTheconceptofsubjunctivemood:expressingassumptionsorwishesthatarecontrarytotheactualsituation.Theformofsubjunctivemood:expressesthesubjunctivemoodthroughthespecialformofverbs,suchasusingthepasttensetoexpressawishthatisoppositetothepresentfactinthesubordinateclauseafterwish.Theapplicationofsubjunctivemoodinclauses,suchasinconditionaladverbialclauses,objectclauses,etc.SubjunctivemoodPART02NounsandPronounsREPORTINGCommonnouns:namesthatrepresentpeople,things,places,orabstractconcepts,suchas"book","girl","happiness",etc.Propernoun:Referstothenameofaspecificperson,place,organization,orevent,withthefirstletterusuallycapitalized,suchas"China"or"EiffelTower".Countablenounsanduncountablenouns:Countablenounshavesingularandpluralforms,suchas"apples",whileuncountablenounsdonot,suchas"milk".Collectivenoun:anamethatrepresentsagroupofpeopleorthings,suchas"family","team",etc.Typesandusageofnouns0102Personalpronounswordsthatreplacethenamesofpeopleorthings,suchas"I","you","he","she",etc.OwnerpronounsPronounsthatindicateownershiprelationships,suchas"my","your","his","her",etc.ReflexivepronounsPronounsthatreflectanactionbacktothesubjectitself,suchas"myself","yourself",etc.Mutualpronounsindicatethemutualrelationshipbetweentwo,suchas"eachother","oneanother",etc.Demonstrativepronounswordsusedtoindicateoridentifypeople,things,orplaces,suchas"this","that","these","that",etc.030405TypesandusageofpronounsDefinition01Aclausethatactsasanouninasentenceandcanserveasasubject,object,predicate,orappositive.Types02subjectclause,objectclause,predicateclause,andappositiveclause.Guidingwords03Wordsthatguidenounclausesincludeconjunctions,connectingpronouns,andconnectingadverbs,suchas"that","which","who","when",etc.nominalclauseAttributiveClausesandAdverbialClausesAclausethatmodifiesanounorpronoun,dividedintorestrictiveandnonrestrictiveclauses.Commonlyusedguidingwordsinclude"that","which","who",etc.Adjectiveclauseaclausethatmodifiesaverb,adjective,adverb,ortheentiresentence,indicatingrelationshipssuchastime,place,reason,condition,etc.Commonlyusedguidingwordsinclude"when","where","because","if",etc.AdverbialclausePART03VerbsandVerbalPhrasesREPORTINGSubstantiveverbsVerbsthatindicatespecificactionsorstates,suchas"running","eating","writing",etc.connectthesubjectandpredicate,indicatingthestateorcharacteristicsofthesubject,suchas"is","becomes","feels",etc.helpsubstantiveverbsorlinkingverbsformtenses,voices,moods,etc.,suchas"do","have","will",etc.expressthespeaker'sattitudeoremotions,suchas"can","can","must",etc.ConjugateverbsAuxiliaryverbsModalverbsVerbtypesandusageAnalysisofVerbPhrasesForexample,"lookforwardto","getonwith","dowellin",etc.,adverbsandprepositionalphrasesjointlymodifyverbstoexpressthespecificmeaningofactions.Verb+adverb+prepositionalphrasesuchas"turnon","putaway","takeoff",etc.Adverbsmodifyverbstoindicatethewayorresultofanaction.Verb+adverbialphrasessuchas"dependon","lookafter","waitfor",etc.,prepositionalphrasesrepresenttheobjectordirectionofanaction.Verb+prepositionalphrasesModalverbsexpressthespeaker'sattitudeoremotions,suchaspossibility,necessity,intention,etc.Commonmodalverbsinclude"can","could","may","must",etc.AuxiliaryverbsAssistsubstantiveverbsinformingtense,voice,mood,andothergrammaticalforms,suchas"do","have","will",etc.Auxiliaryverbshavenoactualmeaning,theyonlyplayagrammaticalrole.ModelVerbsandHelpingVerbSInfinitivecomposedof"to+verbprototype",indicatingthatanactionhasnotoccurredorisabouttooccur,andcanbeusedasanoun,adjective,oradverb.Gerundcomposedofaverb+ing,indicatingthatanactionistakingplaceorfrequentlyoccurring,andcanbeusedasanoun.Pastparticiplecomposedofaverb+ed(someverbshaveirregularchanges),indicatingthattheactionhasbeencompletedoroccurredpassively,andcanbeusedasanadjectiveoradverb.NonfiniteverbsPART04AdjectivesandAdverbsREPORTINGusedtodescribethepropertiesorcharacteristicsofnouns,suchasbeautiful,tall,red,etc.Descriptiveadjectivesusedtolimitthescopeortypeofnouns,suchassome,many,few,etc.Restrictiveadjectivesderivedfrompropernouns,indicatingthecharacteristicsofsomething,suchasChinese,American,etc.ProperadjectivesTypesandUsageofAdjectivesABCDTimeadverbsindicatethetimewhenanactionoccurs,suchastoday,yesterday,tomorrow,etc.Adverbsofmannerindicatethewayorstateinwhichanactioniscarriedout,suchasquickly,slowly,carefully,etc.Degreeadverbsindicatethedegreeofanactionorstate,suchasvery,quite,too,etc.Locationadverbsindicatethelocationwhereanactionoccurs,suchashere,there,everywhere,etc.Typesandusageofadverbsusedtocomparethedifferencesbetweentwothings,usuallycomposedofadjectivesoradverbswither,suchasTaller,Faster,etc.ComparativelevelUsedtocomparethedifferencesbetweenthreeormorethings,usuallycomposedofadjectivesoradverbsfollowedbyest,suchastheTallest,theFastest,etc.SuperlativeComparativeandSuperlativeAdjectivesusuallyprecedenounsandareusedtomodifynouns,suchasabeautifulgirl,someredapples,etc.Adverbsareusuallyplacedbeforeverbs,adjectives,orotheradverbstomodifythem,suchasShesingsbeautifulHerunsveryfast.ThepositionofadjectivesandadverbsinsentencesPART05PrepositionsandconjunctionsREPORTING輸入標(biāo)題02010403TypesandusageofprepositionsPrepositionsthatindicatetime,suchasat,in,on,etc.,areusedtoindicateapointorperiodoftime.Prepositionsthatindicatereasons,suchasfor,becauseof,dueto,etc.,areusedtoexplainreasonsorreasons.Prepositionsusedtoindicatemethods,means,ortools,suchasby,with,through,etc.Prepositionsthatindicatelocation,suchasin,at,on,under,etc.,areusedtodescribethepositionordirectionofanobject.Parallelconjunctions:suchasand,or,but,etc.,usedtoconnecttwoparallelwords,phrases,orsentences.Conjunctionssuchas"how","neverless",etc.,areusedtoindicateaturningpointorcontrastinmeaning.Causalconjunctions,suchas'there','asaresult',areusedtoindicatecausalrelationships.Subordinateconjunctions,suchasbecause,if,when,etc.,areusedtoguideclausesandexpressthesubjectsubordinaterelationship.TypesandusageofconjunctionsThepositionofprepositionalphrasesinasentenceisflexibleandcanbeplacedatthebeginning,middle,orendofthesentence,dependingonthecontextandexpressionneeds.Conjunctionphrasesareusuallyplacedbetweentwoparallelsentencestoserveasconnectionsandtransitions.ThepositionofprepositionalphrasesandconjunctionphrasesinsentencesPrepositionsandconjunctionssometimeshavesimilaritiesinsemanticsandusage,makingthemeasytoconfuse.Forexample,bothforandbecauseofcanindicatereason,butforisfollowedbyanounornounphrase,andbecauseofisfollowedbyanounorpronoun.Whenchoosingprepositionsorconjunctions,itisnecessarytomakejudgmentsandchoicesbasedonthespecificcontextandlogicalrelationshipofexpression.Atthesametime,itisalsonecessarytopayattentiontosomefixedcombinationsandcustomaryusage.AnalysisofcommonprepositionsandconjunctionsPART06SentencestructureandtypesREPORTINGSimplesentences,compoundsentences,andcompoundsentencesAsentencethatcontainsonlyonesubjectverbstructure,expressingacompleteidea.ParallelsentenceTwoormoresimplesentencesconnectedbyparallelconjunctions,expressingrelatedideas.Compoundsentenceasentencecontainingamainclauseandoneormoresubordinateclauses,whichcanbenounclauses,adjectiveclauses,oradverbialclauses.Simplesentencesentencesusedtoinquireaboutinformationorexpressquestions,whichcanbedividedintogeneralquestionsentences,specialquestionsentences,choicequestionsentences,andantonymquestionsentences.Asentenceusedtoexpressarequest,command,suggestion,orwarning,usuallystartingwiththeverbbaseform.asentenceusedtoexpressstrongemotions,usuallyguidedbywhatorhow.QuestionsentencesImperativesentenceExclamationsentenceInterrogativesentences,imperativesentences,andexclamationsentencesSubjectsubordinatecompoundsentenceasentencecontainingamainclauseandoneormoresubordinateclauses,inwhichthesubordinateclauseactsasacomponent