《費(fèi)費(fèi)邏輯寶典》詳解版詳解135題

《費(fèi)費(fèi)邏輯寶典》詳解版

Test1

1.Although90percentofthepopulationbelievesitselftobewellinformedabouthealthcare,only20

percentknowsenoughaboutDNA.Soapparentlyatleast80percentofthepopulationdoesnotknow

enoughaboutmedicalconceptstomakewell-informedpersonalmedicalchoicesortomakegoodpublic

policydecisionsabouthealthcare.

Theargument'sreasoningisquestionablebecausetheargumentfailstodemonstratethat

A.thosepeoplewhocanunderstandnewsstoriesaboutDNAareabletomakewell-informedpersonal

medicalchoices

B.morethan20percentofthepopulationneedstobewellinformedabouthealthcareforgoodpublic

policydecisionsabouthealthcaretobemade

C.one'sbeingabletomakewell-informedpersonalmedicalchoicesensuresthatonemakesgood

publicpolicydecisionsabouthealthcare

D.anunderstandingofDNAisessentialtomakingwell-informedpersonalmedicalchoicesorto

makinggoodpublicpolicydecisionsabouthealthcare

E.since90percentofthepopulationbelievesitselftobewellinformedabouthealthcare,alleast70

percentofthepopulationismistakeninthatbelief.

答案：D

思路：本題的推論錯(cuò)誤在于以偏概全，用對(duì)DNA的了解程度來(lái)考核wellinformedabouthealthcare的程度。據(jù)個(gè)

例子，我們可否用掌握核物理知識(shí)的程度來(lái)考核對(duì)物理基本知識(shí)的掌握程度呢？顯然不行！

A:支持作者的觀點(diǎn)

B:無(wú)關(guān)

C:無(wú)關(guān)

D:本題的推論錯(cuò)誤在于以偏概全，用對(duì)DNA的了解程度來(lái)考核wellinformedabouthealthcare的程度。據(jù)個(gè)例

子，我們可否用掌握核物理知識(shí)的程度來(lái)考核對(duì)物理基本知識(shí)的掌握程度呢？顯然不行！

E:無(wú)關(guān)

2.Duringthe1980's,JapanesecollectorswereveryactiveinthemarketfbrEuropeanart,especiallyas

purchasersofnineteenth-centuryImpressionistpaintings.Thisstrikingpatternsurelyreflectsaspecific

preferenceonthepartofmanyJapanesecollectorsforcertainaestheticattributestheyfoundin

nineteenth-centuryImpressionistpaintings.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,moststronglysupportstheexplanationabove?

A.ImpressionistpaintingsfirstbecamepopularamongartcollectorsinEuropeatthebeginningofthe

twentiethcentury.

B.Duringthe1980's,theJapaneseeconomyunderwentasustainedexpansionthatwasunprecedented

inthecountry'srecenthistory.

C.Severalnineteenth-centuryImpressionistpaintersadoptedcertaintechniquesandvisualeffects

foundinJapaneseprintsthatarehighlyesteemedinJapan.

D.Duringthe1960sandthe1970s,thepricesofnineteenth-centuryImpressionistpaintingsoften

exceededthepricesofpaintingsbyolderEuropeanmasters.

E.Duringthe1980's,collectorsfromJapanandaroundtheworldpurchasedmanypaintingsandprints

bywell-knowntwentieth-centuryJapaneseartists.

答案：C

思路：

A.無(wú)關(guān)

B.無(wú)關(guān)

C.作者先提出一個(gè)事實(shí)，然后指這個(gè)事實(shí)說(shuō)明了日本收藏家對(duì)19世紀(jì)印象派畫家的一些審美特性有著特別的

偏愛(ài)。C直接舉證說(shuō)明原因：這是因?yàn)?9世紀(jì)印象派畫家使用了?些在日本備受推崇的技術(shù)和視覺(jué)效果。

(Severalnineteenth-centuryImpressionistpaintersadoptedcertaintechniquesandvisualeffectsfoundinJapanese

printsthatarehighlyesteemedinJapan.)

D.無(wú)關(guān)項(xiàng)，manyJapanesecollectorsforceriainaeslheiicauributes和D中的price沒(méi)有任何關(guān)系

E.無(wú)關(guān)

3.BecauseoftherecentrecessioninCountryAmostmagazinespublishedtherehaveexperienced

decreasesinadvertisingrevenue,somuchsothatthesurvivalofthemostwidelyreadmagazinesisin

gravedoubt.Atthesametime,however,morepeopleinCountryAarereadingmoremagazinesthanever

before,andthenumberoffinanciallysuccessfulmagazinesinCountryAisgreaterthanever.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoresoletheapparentdiscrepancyintheinformation

above?

A.Mostmagazinesreducetheamounttheychargeforadvertisement'sduringarecession.

B.Theaudiencefbrasuccessfultelevisionshowfarexceedsthereadershipofeventhemostwidely

readmagazine.

C.Advertisingisthemainsourceofrevenueonlyforthemostwidelyreadmagazines;othermagazines

relyoncirculationfortheirrevenue.

D.Becauseoftherecession,peopleinCountryAhavecutbackonmagazinesubscriptionsandare

readingboiTOwedmagazines.

E.MoreofthenewgeneralinterestmagazinesthatwerelaunchedthisyearinCountryAhavesurvived

thansurvivedinpreviousyears.

參考答案：C

思路：explain題型的閱讀要點(diǎn)是分歧主要在哪里。

A：無(wú)法解釋后一現(xiàn)象

B：無(wú)關(guān)選項(xiàng)

C：抓住了分歧點(diǎn)：ihemostwidelyreadmagazines和financiallysuccessfulmagazines的區(qū)別

D：無(wú)法解釋后一現(xiàn)象

E：無(wú)關(guān)選項(xiàng)（無(wú)關(guān)對(duì)比）

4.Thegraysquirrel,introducedintolocalwoodlandstenyearsago,threatenstheindigenouspopulation

ofanendangeredowlspecies,becausethesquirrels'habitualstrippingoftreebarkdestroysthetreesin

whichtheowlsnest.Somelocalofficialshaveadvocatedsettingoutpoisonforthegraysquirrels.The

officialsarguethatthismeasure,whileeliminatingthesquirrels,wouldposenothreattotheowl

population,sincethepoisonwouldbeplacedincontainersaccessibleonlytosquirrelsandotherrodents.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mostcallsintoquestiontheofficials'argument?

A.Oneofthespecieswhosemembersarelikelytoeatthepoisonistheredsquirrel,aspeciesonwhich

owlsdonotprey.

B.Theowlswhosenestingsitesarecurrentlybeingdestroyedbythegraysquirrelsfeedprimarilyon

rodents.

C.Noindigenouspopulationofanyotherbindspeciesapartfromtheendangeredowlsisthreatenedby

thegraysquirrels.

D.Theowlsthattarethreatenedbuildtheirnestsinthetopsoftrees,butthegraysquirrelsstripaway

backfromthetrunks.

E.Theofficials'planentailsaddingthepoisontofoodsourcesthatareusuallyeatenbyrodentsbutnot

byotheranimals.

參考答案：B

思路：本題的錯(cuò)誤在于，作者提出一種解決問(wèn)題的方法，但忽略了他的副作用或反作用，從而沒(méi)有從根本上解決

問(wèn)題或引出其他更重要的問(wèn)題。

A：無(wú)關(guān)redsquirrel

B：如果rodents是owls的主要食物，那末毒死rodents將更嚴(yán)重的減少owls的數(shù)量。

C：無(wú)關(guān)Heretheconcernedobjectistheowl,nottheotherbirds

D：無(wú)關(guān)

E：無(wú)關(guān)選項(xiàng)Withoutfurtherinformationabouttherodents,thischoicedoesnotbothertheargument

Questions5-6

Salesmanager:Lastyearthetotalnumberofmealssoldinourcompanyrestaurantswasmuchhigherthan

itwastheyearbefore.Obviouslyconsumersfindourmealsdesirable.

Accountant:Ifyoulookatindividualrestaurants,however,youfindthatthenumberofmealssold

actuallydecreasedsubstantiallyateveryoneofourrestaurantsthatwasinoperationbothlastyearandthe

yearbefore.Thedesirabilityofourmealstoconsumershasclearlydecreased,giventhatthisgroupof

restaurants-一theonlyonesforwhichwehavesalesfiguresthatpermitacomparisonbetweenlastyear

andtheyearbefore---demonstratesatrendtowardfewersales.

5.Ifthesalesfigurescitedbytheaccountantandthesalesmanagerarebothaccurate,whichoneofthe

followingmustbetrue?

A.Thecompanyopenedatleastonenewrestaurantinthelasttwoyears.

B.Thecompany'smealsarelesscompetitivethantheyoncewere.

C.Thequalityofthecompany'smealshasnotimprovedoverthelasttwoyears.

D.Thepricesofthecompany'smealshavechangedoverthepasttwoyears.

E.Themarketsharecapturedbythecompany'srestaurantsfelllastyear.

參考答案：A

思路：簡(jiǎn)單數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算題。個(gè)體收入(利潤(rùn)，成本等)x數(shù)量=總數(shù)

A：個(gè)體收入減少，總收入上升，必然是數(shù)量增加。所賜選項(xiàng)正確。

遇到這種題，只要列出公式即可解決。

6.Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslycallsintoquestiontheaccountant'sargument?

A.Thecompany'srestaurantslastyeardroppedfromtheirmenusmostofthenewdishesthathadbeen

introducedtheyearbefore.

B.Priortolastyeartherewasanoveralldownwardtrendinthecompany'ssales.

C.Thoseofthecompany'srestaurantsthatdidincreasetheirsaleslastyeardidnotofferlargediscounts

onpricestoattractcustomers.

D.Salesofthecompany'smostexpensivemealcontributedlittletotheoveralltwo-yearsalesincrease.

E.Mostofthecompany'srestaurantsthatwereinoperationthroughoutbothlastyearandtheyear

beforearelocatedinareaswhereresidentsexperiencedasevereoveralldeclineinincomelastyear.

SalesManager:thetotalnumberofmealssoldlastyearmuchhigher->consumersdesireourmeals

Accountant:thenumberofmealssoldbyeveryrestaurantsoperatingthesetwoyearsactuallydecreasedlastyearfromthe

yearbefore(事實(shí))->thedesirabilityofourmealshasdecreased(conclusion)玲atrendtowardfewersales

(conclusion)

1,不同的取樣，SalesManagerdependsonthetotalnumberofmealssoldinthecompanyinthelastyear,while

Accountantdependsoneachof2-year-historyrestaurant；

2,論據(jù)與結(jié)論之間沒(méi)有必然的聯(lián)系，卻被當(dāng)成充分條件。他因可以解釋結(jié)論。

A.Reasontoexplainwhythesaleofeachsamplerestaurantdecreasedlastyear.（無(wú)關(guān)）

B.總公司前年的下降不能否定去年的下降，也不能支持。（無(wú)關(guān)）

C.那些去年銷量不降反增的公司是因?yàn)闆](méi)有降價(jià)太多。不降反增的公司與下降的公司是兩個(gè)不同的集合，描述對(duì)

象不正確。如果我們推出那些下降的公司是因?yàn)榻祪r(jià)太多，也只能是給出一個(gè)原因來(lái)解釋為什么下降。（無(wú)

關(guān)）

D.公司最貴的招牌菜并沒(méi)有給公司帶來(lái)銷售的增加。也屬于一個(gè)解釋，解釋為什么總量會(huì)下降。但與Accountant

的觀點(diǎn)并沒(méi)有直接的聯(lián)系。既沒(méi)有針對(duì)描述對(duì)象：2-year-historyrestaurant,也沒(méi)有削弱論據(jù)與結(jié)論之間的必然聯(lián)

系。

E.答案。針對(duì)描述對(duì)象：2-year-historyrestaurant,他因：asevereoveralldeclineinincome

時(shí)間的一致：lastyear.

7.Problemscausedbytheleachingofpollutantsfromdumpsandlandfillsareworstincountrieswithan

annualpercapitaeconomicoutputof$4,000to$5,000,andlesssevereforconsiderablypoorerand

considerablyrichercountries.Thisissobecausepollutionproblemsincreaseduringtheearlystagesofa

country'sindustrialdevelopmentbutthendiminishasincreasingindustrialdevelopmentgenerates

adequateresourcestotacklesuchproblems.Therefore,problemscausedbysuchleachinginCountryX,

wheretheannualpercapitaeconomicoutputisnow$5,000,shouldbegintodiminishinthenextfew

years.

Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentdepends?

A.Withinthenextfewyears,CountryXwillimposeasystemoffinesforillegalwastedisposalbyits

industrialcompanies.

B.CountriessurroundingCountryXwillreducetheamountofpollutionthattheirfactoriesreleaseinto

theairandwater.

C.IndustrialdevelopmentinCountryXwillincreaseinthenextfewyears.

D.CountryXwillbegintheprocessofindustrializationinthenextfewyears.

E.Noothercountrywithasimilaramountofindustrialdevelopmenthaspollutionproblemsthatareas

severeasthoseinCountryX.

Principle:Problemscausedbytheleachingofpollutantsfromdumpsandlandfillsareworstincountrieswithanannual

percapitaeconomicoutputof$4,000to$5,000,andlesssevereforconsiderablypoorerandconsiderablyrichercountries.

Premise:（大前提）pollutionproblemsincreaseduringtheearlystagesofacountry'sindustrialdevelopmentbutthen

diminishasincreasingindustrialdevelopmentgeneratesadequateresourcestotacklesuchproblems,用來(lái)支持最后的

conclusion::problemsinCountryXshouldbegintodiminishinthenextfewyears.

Evidence:inCountryX,wheretheannualpercapitaeconomicoutputisnow$5,000,

Conclusion:problemsinCountryXshouldbegintodiminishinthenextfewyears.

是對(duì)premise的一次改寫。

HiddenAssumption:TheindustrialdevelopmentinCountryXwillincreaseinthenextyearssothatitseconomicoutput

willbemorethan$5,000,itpassesovertheearlystageofindustrialdevelopmentandhasadequateresourcestotackle

leachingproblems.

題口問(wèn)Assumption,即必要條件。只有這個(gè)必要條件成立，結(jié)論才能成立（A，B）。沒(méi)有這個(gè)必要條件，結(jié)論是不

可能成立的（非B-＞非A）

A.高額的罰款并不是countryX擔(dān)problemwilldimini$h.的必要條件。因?yàn)槿绻晒緩淖陨淼慕?jīng)濟(jì)利益出發(fā)，寧

愿選擇接受罰款，則結(jié)論不成立。

B.outofscope

C.CorrectAnswer.正符合我們的Assumption.

D.Weakentheconclusion-becausethatpollutionproblemsincreaseduringtheearlystagesofacountry'sindustrial

development（earlystages==begintheprocessofindustrialization）

E.時(shí)間不一致，（一般現(xiàn)在式與begintodiminishinthenextfewyears.）

比較對(duì)象不對(duì)。（Othercountry與CountryXvs.CountryX現(xiàn)在與未來(lái)）

8.Thestablefunctioningofasocietydependsupontherelativelylong-termstabilityofthegoalsofits

citizens.Thisisclearfromthefactthatunlessthemajorityofindividualshaveapredictableandenduring

setofaspirations,itwillbeimpossibleforalegislaturetocraftlawsthatwillaugmentthesatisfactionof

thecitizenry,anditshouldbeobviousthatasocietyisstableonlyifitslawstendtoincreasethe

happinessofitscitizens.

Theclaimthatasocietyisstableonlyifitslawstendtoincreasethehappinessofitscitizensplayswhich

oneofthefollowingrolesintheargument?

A.Itistheconclusionoftheargument.

B.Ithelpstosupporttheconclusionoftheargument.

C.Itisaclaimthatmustberefutediftheconclusionistobeestablished.

D.Itisaconsequenceoftheargument.

E.Itisusedtoillustratethegeneralprinciplethattheargumentpresupposes.

這是一個(gè)典型的必要題型，題目之所以覺(jué)得有難度，

因?yàn)閏onclusion在首而論證過(guò)程在后，而且還有概念的等價(jià)交換：toincreasethehappinessofitscitizens=to

augmentthesatisfactionofthecitizenry

Conclusion:Thestablefunctioningofasocietydependsupontherelativelylong-tcnnstabilityofthegoalsofitscitizens.

itshouldbeobviousthatasocietyisstableonlyifitslawstendtoincreasethehappinessofitscitizens.

Asocietyisstable(a)itslawstendtoincreasethehappinessofitscitizens,(b)

Thisisclearfromthefactthatunlessthemajorityofindividualshaveapredictableandenduringsetofaspirations,itwill

beimpossibleforalegislaturetocraftlawsthatwillaugmentthesatisfactionofthecitizenry.

Tocraftlawsthatwillaugmentthesatisfactionofthecitizenry(b)->themajorityofindividualshaveapredictableand

enduringsetofaspirations,(c)

Therefore,ArequiresC.(theconclusion)

看懂文章后，不難得到正確答案B.

9.Astronautswhoexperienceweightlessnessfrequentlygetmotionsickness.Theastronautsseetheirown

motionrelativetopassingobjects,butwhiletheastronautsareweightlesstheirinnerearsindicatethat

theirbodiesarenotmoving.Theastronauts?experienceisbestexplainedbythehypothesisthat

conflictinginformationreceivedbythebrainaboutthebody'smotioncausesmotionsickness.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,providesthestrongestadditionalsupportforthehypothesisabove?

A.Duringroughvoyagesshippassengersincabinsprovidingaviewofthewaterarelesslikelytoget

motionsicknessthanarepassengersincabinsprovidingnoview.

B.Manypeoplewhoareexperiencedairplanepassengersoccasionallygetmotionsickness.

C.Someautomobilepassengerswhoseinnerearsindicatethattheyaremovingandwhohaveaclear

viewoftheobjectstheyarepassinggetmotionsickness.

D.Peoplewhohaveaisleseatsintrainsorairplanesareaslikelytogetmotionsicknessasarepeople

whohavewindowseats.

E.Someastronautsdonotgetmotionsicknessevenafterbeinginorbitforseveraldays.

答案：A

思路：搭橋法，建立A與B的聯(lián)系。仔細(xì)讀題可知：這種運(yùn)動(dòng)性疾病是由于大腦接受了不同的矛盾的信息。有兩

個(gè)信息源：一個(gè)來(lái)自內(nèi)耳(靜止)，一個(gè)來(lái)自眼睛(運(yùn)動(dòng))。

選項(xiàng)中只有A,C,D涉及這樣兩個(gè)信息源。

A指出接受兩種不同的信息較容易獲得運(yùn)動(dòng)性疾病比起獲得兩種一致的信息。C：雖有兩種信息，但兩者是一致的

(都是運(yùn)動(dòng)的)O

C,D：指出接受兩種一致的信息較容易獲得運(yùn)動(dòng)性疾病比起獲得兩種不同的信息。與題目的例子相反。所以只有

A是正確選項(xiàng)。

10.InordertopressurethegovernmentofCountryStobecomelessrepressive,somelegislatorsin

CountryRwanttobanallexportsfromRtoS.CompaniesinRthatmanufacturetelecommunication

equipmentsuchastelephonesandfaxmachineshavearguedthatexportsoftheirproductsshouldbe

exemptedfromtheban,onthegroundthatitisimpossibleforacountrytoremainrepressivewhen

telecommunicationequipmentiswidelyavailabletothepopulationofthatcountry.

Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentgivenbythemanufacturersdepends?

A.ThegovernmentofShasrecentlyincreasedtheamountoftelecommunicationequipmentitallowsto

beimportedintothecountry.

B.ThetelecommunicationequipmentthatwouldbeimportedintoSiftheexemptionweretobe

grantedwouldnotbeavailablesolelytotopdevelopmentofficialsinS.

C.AmajorityofthemembersofR'slegislaturedonotfavorexemptingtelecommunicationequipment

fromthebanonexportstoCountryS.

D.OfallexportsthatcouldbesenttoCountryS,telecommunicationequipmentwouldbethemost

effectiveinhelpingcitizensofSopposethatcountry'srepressivegovernment.

E.WithoutpressurefromCountryR,thegovernmentofSwouldbeabletocontinuerepressingits

citizensindefinitely.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

See:Assumptionquestion

Think:Ihavetofindtheconclusion,thentheevidence,andfromthemfigureoutthecentralassumption.

Do:

Conclusion:The"what"ofanargument

Inthiscase:

InordertopressurethegovernmentofCountryStobecomelessrepressive,somelegislatorsinCountryRwanttobanall

exportsfromRtoS.

Evidence:The"Why”ofanargument

Inthiscase:

It'simpossiblefbracountrytoremainrepressivewhentelecommunicationequipmentiswidelyavailabletothepopulation

ofthatcountry.

Assumption:Factsorideas,notstatedinthepassage.Theassumptionmustbetrueiftheargumentistobeconsidered

valid.Theassumptiontypicaldirectlylinkstheevidencewiththeconclusion.Thebestwaytotackleitistonegateit.

Inthiscase:

ThetelecommunicationequipmentthatwouldbeimportedintoSiftheexemptionweretobegrantedwouldnotbe

availablesolelytotopdevelopmentofficialsinS.

Ifwenegatetheassumption,theconclusioncan'tcometopass.

ThetelecommunicationequipmentthatwouldbeallowedtoexportintoS(exempted)wouldbeAVAILABLESOLELYto

topdevelopmentofficialsinS,thentheproposaltopressurethegovernmentofCountryStobecomelessrepressiveby

usingbanwillbefailed.Asaresult,theargumentthatmanufacturegavethattelecommunicationequipmentsuchas

telephonesandfaxmachineshavearguedthatexportsoftheirproductsshouldbeexemptedfromthebanwillbefailed.

11.Theaveragecabletelevisioncompanyoffersitscustomers50channels,butnewfiber-opticlineswill

enabletelephonecompaniestoprovide100to150televisionchannelstotheircustomersforthesame

priceascablecompanieschargefor50.Therefore,thenewcompanieswilldisplacecablecompanies

withinafewyears.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstostrengthentheargument?

A.Theinitialcostperhouseholdofinstallingnewfiber-optictelevisionservicewillexceedthecurrent

costofinstallingcabletelevisionservice.

B.Themostpopularmoviesandprogramsonchannelsearnedbycablecompanieswillalsobeoffered

onchannelscarriedbythefiber-opticlinesownedbythetelephonecompanies.

C.Cabletelevisioncompanieswillrespondtocompetitionfromthetelephonecompaniesbyincreasing

thenumberofchannelstheyoffer.

D.Sometelephonecompaniesowncablecompaniesinareasotherthanthoseinwhichtheyprovide

telephoneservices.

E.Thenewfiber-opticservicesofferedbytelephonecompanieswillbesubjecttomorestringent

governmentalprogrammingregulationsthanthosetowhichcablecompaniesarenowsubject.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

See:Strengthenquestion

Think:Ineedthechoicethatconfirmsthecentralassumption.Inotherwords,Strengthentheargument=Strengthenthe

assumption.

Do:

Conclusion:The"what"ofanargument

Inthiscase:

Cablecompanieswillbedisplacedbythenewcompanieswithinafewyears.

Evidence:The"Why"ofanargument

Inthiscase:

Theaveragecabletelevisioncompanyoffersitscustomers50channels,butnewfiber-opticlineswillenabletelephone

companiestoprovide100to150televisionchannelstotheircustomersfbrthesamepriceascablecompanieschargefor50.

Assumption:Factsorideas,notstatedinthepassage.Theassumptionmustbetrueiftheargumentistobeconsidered

valid.Theassumptiontypicaldirectlylinkstheevidencewiththeconclusion.Thebestwaytotackleitistonegateit.

Inthiscase:

Thechannels,ifnotall,themostofthemmustbeoverlappedfrombothproviders.

ThechoiceB,onlyB,confirmsthecentralassumption.Soit'sthecorrectanswer.

12.TheonlyphysicalfactorpreventingahumanjourneytoMarshasbeenweight.Carryingenoughfuel

topropelaconventionalspacecrafttoMarsandbackwouldmakeeventhelightestcrafttooheavytobe

launchedfromEarth.Adevicehasrecentlybeeninvented,however,thatallowsanotherwise

conventionalspacecrafttorefillthecraft5sfueltankswithfuelmanufacturedfromtheMartian

atmosphereforthereturntrip.Therefore,itispossibleforpeopletogotoMarsinaspacecraftthatcarries

thisdeviceandthenreturn.

Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentdepends?

A.TheamountoffuelneededfbraspacecrafttoreturnfromMarsisthesameastheamountoffuel

neededtotravelfromEarthtoMars.

B.ThefuelmanufacturedfromtheMartianatmospherewouldnotdifferincompositionfromthefuel

usedtotraveltoMars.

C.ThedeviceformanufacturingfuelfromtheMartianatmospherewouldnottakeupanyofthe

spaceshipcrew'slivingspace.

D.Aconventionalspacecraftequippedwiththedevicewouldnotbeappreciablymoreexpensiveto

constructthancurrentspacecrafttypicallyare.

E.ThedeviceformanufacturingfuelforthereturntoEarthweighslessthanthetanksoffuelthata

conventionalspacecraftwouldotherwiseneedtocarryfromEarthforthereturntrip.

Thecorrectansweris(E)

See:Assumptionquestion

Think:Ihavetofindtheconclusion,thentheevidence,andfromthemfigureoutthecentralassumption.

Do:

Conclusion:The"what"ofanargument

Inthiscase:

ItispossibleforpeopletogotoMarsinaspacecraftthatcarriesthisdeviceandthenreturn.

Evidence:The“Why"ofanargument

Inthiscase:

El:

TheonlyphysicalfactorpreventingahumanjourneytoMarshasbeenweight.Carryingenoughfueltopropela

conventionalspacecrafttoMarsandbackwouldmakeeventhelightestcrafttooheavycobelaunchedfromEarth.

E2:

Adevicehasrecentlybeeninvented,however,thatallowsanotherwiseconventionalspacecrafttorefillthecraft'sfuel

tankswithfuelmanufacturedfromtheMartianatmosphereforthereturntrip

AssumDtion:Factsorideas,notstatedinthepassage.Theassumptionmustbetrueiftheargumentistobe

consideredvalid.Theassumptiontypicaldirectlylinkstheevidencewiththeconclusion.Thebestwaytotackleitisto

negateit.

Inthiscase:

ThedeviceformanufacturingfuelforthereturntoEarthweighslessthanthetanksoffuelthataconventionalspacecraft

wouldotherwiseneedtocarryfromEarthforthereturntrip.

Ifwenegatetheassumption,theconclusioncan'tcometopass.

ThedeviceformanufacturingfuelforthereturntoEarthweighsmorethanthetanksoffuelthataconventionalspacecraft

wouldotherwiseneedtocarryfromEarthfbrthereturntrip,thentheconclusioncan'tcometopassinnewinventeddevice

term.

13.In1712thegovernmentofCountryYappointedacensortoprohibitthepublicationofanybook

criticalofCountryY'sgovernment;allnewbookslegallypublishedinthecountryafter1712were

approvedbyacensor.Underthefirstcensor,onehalfofthebookmanuscriptssubmittedtothecensor

werenotapprovedfbrpublication.Underthenextcensor,onlyonequarterofthebookmanuscripts

submittedwerenotapproved,butthenumberofbookmanuscriptsthatwereapprovedwasthesame

underbothcensors.Ifthestatementsinthepassagearetrue,whichoneofthefollowingcanbeproperly

concludedfromthem?

A.MorebookscriticalofCountryY'sgovernmentswerepublishedbeforetheappointmentofthefirst

censorthanafterit.

B.Thefirstcensorandthesecondcensorprohibitedthepublicationofthesamenumberofbook

manuscripts.

C.Morebookmanuscriptsweresubmittedforapprovaltothefirstcensorthantothesecond.

D.Thesecondcensorallowedsomebookmanuscriptstothepublishedthatthefirstcensorwouldhave

consideredcriticalofCountryY'sgovernment.

E.Thenumberofwriterswhowroteunpublishedmanuscriptswasgreaterunderthefirstcensorthan

underthesecond.

參考思路：

同5,又是一道計(jì)算題。關(guān)鍵還是列出公式。

thenumberofbookmanuscriptsthatwereapprovedwasthesameunderbothcensors.

Numbersofthefirstcensorcheckedx(1-50%)=Numbersofthesecondcensorx(1-25%)

So

(C)Morebookmanuscriptsweresubmittedfbrapprovaltothefirstcensorthantothesecond.

14.Ifthegovernmentincreasesitsfundingforcivilianscientificresearch,privatepatronsandindustries

willbelievethatsuchresearchhasbecomeprimarilythegovernment'sresponsibility.Whentheybelieve

thatresearchisnolongerprimarilytheirresponsibility,privatepatronsandindustrieswilldecreasetheir

contributionstowardresearch.Therefore,inordertokeepfromdepressingtheoverallleveloffundingfor

civilianscientificresearch,thegovernmentshouldnotincreaseitsownfunding.

Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentrelies?

A.Governmentsshouldbearthemajorityofthefinancialburdenoffundingforcivilianscientific

research.

B.Anyincreaseingovernmentfundingwoulddisplacemoreprivatefundingforcivilianscientific

researchthanitwouldprovide.

C.Privatedonationstowardresearcharenolongerwelcomedbyresearcherswhoseworkreceives

governmentfunding.

D.Civilianscientificresearchcannotbeconductedefficientlywithmorethanonesourceoffunding.

E.fundingforcivilianscientificresearchiscurrentlyatthehighestpossiblelevel.

參考思路：

本題指出privatefundingforcivilianscientificresearch和governmentfunding是一增一減的關(guān)系。如果兩者的增長(zhǎng)數(shù)

量是?樣的，則總量不會(huì)隨其中之一而變化。而如果一方的變化是另一方變化量的系數(shù)倍，則總量將會(huì)受到影響

(B)Anyincreaseingovernmentfundingwoulddisplacemoreprivatefundingforcivilianscientificresearchthanitwould

provide.

這個(gè)選項(xiàng)指出了第二鐘變化趨勢(shì)。Therefore,inordertokeepfromdepressingtheoverallleveloffundingforcivilian

scientificresearch,thegovernmentshouldnotincreaseitsownfunding.我們應(yīng)該假設(shè)Anyincreaseingovernment

fundingwoulddisplacemoreprivatefundingforcivilianscientificresearchthanitwouldprovide.。biscorrect.

15.Dentalresearcher:Fillingacavityinatoothisnotaharmlessprocedure:itinevitablydamagessome

ofthehealthypartsofthetooth.Cavitiesareharmfulonlyifthedecayreachesthenervesinsidethetooth,

andmanycavities,ifleftuntreated,neverprogresstothatpoint.Therefore,dentistsshouldnotfilla

cavityunlessthenervesinsidethetoothareinimminentdangerfromthatcavity.

Whichoneofthefollowingprinciples,ifvalid,moststronglysupportstheresearcher'sreaso