考研英語語法之非謂語動(dòng)詞

-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-CompanyOne1-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-CompanyOne1考研英語語法之非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞是指那些在劇中不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)句子位于成分的動(dòng)詞形式?；拘问接兴姆N：不定式（infinitive）、動(dòng)名詞（gerund）、分詞（participle）、和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（absolutestructure）。一、不定式動(dòng)詞不定式是非謂語動(dòng)詞中使用最廣泛的一種，在句子中，它除了做謂語外，可以擔(dān)當(dāng)其他任何成分，可以做主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語。它在句中其名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用。語態(tài)一般式（尚未發(fā)生）進(jìn)行式（正在發(fā)生）完成式（先于謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生）主動(dòng)todotobedoingtohavedone被動(dòng)tobedonetobebeingdonetohavebeendone舉例：Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.Heseemstobeeatingsomething.Accordingtoyourmarketreport,demandseemstobereturning.Thelocalhealthorganizationisreportedtohavebeensetuptwenty-fiveyearsagowhenDr.Audiobecameitsfirstpresident.不定式的語法功能：1)作主語Thetraditionalrulewasthatit’ssafer(tostaywhereyouare),butthat’sbeenfundamentallyinverted.Thepeoplewho’vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho’vestayedtoolong.2)作賓語Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(patterns)intowhichtheyplugeachday’sevents.Hefeelsithisdutytohelpothers.3)作表語Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.4)作定語Tommadethedecisiontogoaroundtheworldinthreeyearsallalone.Shehastheambitiontolearnotherlanguages.ThepressuretocompetecausesAmericanstobeenergetic,butitalsoputsthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain.5)作狀語Asadthingaboutlifeiswhenyoumeetsomeoneandfallinlove,onlytofindoutintheendthatyouhavewastedyearsonsomeonewhowasn’tworthit.6)作補(bǔ)語Themanwasseentofallheavilytothegroundandnevergetupagain.注：使役動(dòng)詞如make、let、have等以及感官動(dòng)詞hear、see、feel、watch、notice等之后所加的不定式要省略to，但是在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中不可省略。例如我們說seesbplayontheground，但被動(dòng)態(tài)中我們說sbisseentoplayontheground。不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式1.在do…but/except結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)but或except前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的某種形式時(shí)，后接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。Thetrainislate,andIcandonothingbutwait.比較：TherewassoseriousamatterthatIhadnochoicebuttocallinthepolice.2.在hadbetter,wouldrather/sooner…than…,rather…than,wouldjustassoon,mightjustaswell,cannot(help)but…等之后都必須接動(dòng)詞原形。Tomcannotbutaskhissupervisortohelphimsolvethedifficultyhehasencounteredindoingtheproject.3.在dofarmorethan后面不定式省略to。Inthecourseofadaystudentsdofarmorethanjustattendclasses.4.在感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞，如hear,listento,feel,see,lookat,watch,notice,observe,perceive,let,make,bid,have,note,leave等之后，不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)不帶to。Shefeltsomeonepatheronthehead.for+名（代）詞+不定式It’sjustinconceivableforachildtodothatjob.Thatisforyoutodecide.It’stimeforustogo.Hestoodasideforhertopass.不定式的完成式：1.不定式的一般式todo不能表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前的動(dòng)作，若要表達(dá)此意，需用tohavedoneAlbertEinstein,thegreatAmericanscientist,isestimatedtohavehadtheincredibleIQof200.2.表示非真實(shí)的過去，本打算做但實(shí)際上沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作，如mean,intend,think,plan,hope,wish,purpose,would/shouldlike,was/were等。Imeanttohavetelephoned,butIforgot.Iplannedtohavevisitedyoulastnight,butIwastoobusy.Iwastohavevisitedyoulastnight.Iwastohavetelephoned,butIforgot.二、動(dòng)名詞語態(tài)一般式進(jìn)行式主動(dòng)doingbeingdone被動(dòng)havingdonehavingbeendone舉例：Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.ThereisnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespitehavingresignedfromleadershipofit,wouldintervenepersonally.以主動(dòng)態(tài)表被動(dòng)義：deserve,need,require,want,bear,take(需要),stand(忍受),worth等。Themethoddeservesrecommending.Yourhairneedscutting.Thatnovelisnotworthreading.動(dòng)名詞的語法功能：1)作主語Homeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder–kitchenrage.2)做賓語Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.3)作表語Thehighcostofrawmaterialsiskeepingpricesup.Wastingtimeisrobbingoneself.4)作定語Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingssoon.動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞屬格或物主代詞+動(dòng)名詞Sophia’shavingseenthemdidnotsurpriseus.It’snouseyourtryingtodeceiveme.Ican’tbearhisstayingupsolate.Excusemyinterruptingyou.三、分詞現(xiàn)在分詞：動(dòng)詞原形+ing過去分詞：動(dòng)詞原形+edBuildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofsocialinfluence(byconductingthousandsofcomputersimulationsofpopulations),manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingto(people’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced).現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞區(qū)別從語態(tài)角度講，現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)，過去分詞表被動(dòng)1.Whathesaidwasverytouching.2.Iwastouchedbythesight.從時(shí)態(tài)角度講：現(xiàn)在分詞表動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表動(dòng)作的完成。1.fallingleaves,fallenleaves2.therisingsun,therisensun3.developingcountries,developedcountries現(xiàn)在分詞與動(dòng)名詞的區(qū)別：1）現(xiàn)在分詞是動(dòng)詞的一種非限定形式，主要起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句子中做定語、表語、狀語，有時(shí)也用在復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中。Thisisanamusingstory.Thebookisinteresting.Thestudentscameintotheclassroom,laughingandtalking.Iheardhimsingingintheroomlastnight.2）動(dòng)名詞也是動(dòng)詞的另一種非限定形式，顧名思義，它既源于動(dòng)詞，又具有名詞的功能，因此它在句子中起名詞的作用，可單獨(dú)或以動(dòng)名詞短語的形式做主語、賓語、定語、表語。Learningaforeignlanguagewellisnoeasyjob.Myfavoritesportisskating.Haveyoufinishedcorrectingthestudents’paper?

Wehadbetterputoffdiscussingittillnextweek.當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞充當(dāng)不同的功能時(shí)，很容易區(qū)分：1.Mymothergoesshoppingeveryday.2.Mymotherdoesshoppingeveryday.3.BeingaqualifiedmiddleschoolEnglishteacherisnoteasy.4.Beingacollegestudent,Imuststudyhard.當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞充當(dāng)相同的功能時(shí)，例如表語和定語，區(qū)別就比較困難：5.Thesituationisencouraging.6.Readingislearning.現(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語或邏輯主語的具體特征或行為，動(dòng)名詞則表示抽象的、一般的行為。7.aleadingcomrade定語=acomradewholeads8.aswimmingpool定語=apoolusedforswimming現(xiàn)在分詞多表示所修飾對(duì)象的動(dòng)作，它與被它修飾的名詞倒過來是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，而動(dòng)名詞則表示所修飾詞的用途，和所修飾的詞邏輯上沒有主謂關(guān)系。9.asleepingbaby=ababywhoissleeping10.asleepingcar=acarusedforsleeping又如：dininghall,teachingfacilities分詞的語法功能1）做定語Blueskiesarenotalwaysaguaranteeofcontinuingfineweather.AdamandEvewereinducedtoeattheForbiddenFruitbySatan.Amangettingupassoonasthecockcrowsisahard-workingman.MostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientistsfromSouthAfrica.2）做狀語Whileplayingthepiano,shegotveryexcited.Notrecognizingthevoice,herefusedtogivethepersonhisaddress.Eventhoughdefeatedagain,thescientistsdidn’tgiveup.Thesuitcasewaslocked,lefttoTom.Hehurriedtothehall,followedbytwoguards.Seenfromthespaceship,theearthisablueplanet.3）作表語Travellingisinterestingbuttiring.Thepupilswillgetconfusediftheyaremadetolearntoomuch.4）做賓補(bǔ)Theparentscanheartheirdaughtersinging.Ididn’tmakemyselfheardbecausealotofpeoplecriedinthehall.練習(xí)：Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo’slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.四、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立主格是一種書面文體的狀語表達(dá)形式。1.像一個(gè)句子，有自己的主語，卻沒有完整、獨(dú)立的謂語，但與變了形的謂語形式在邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂或主系關(guān)系；2.在形式上與主句沒關(guān)系，常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開（不絕對(duì)）；3.在功能上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)帶有自己主語的非限制性狀語從句，但沒有連詞的引導(dǎo)。舉例：Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.Themeetinggoneover,everyonewantedtogohomeearlier.Theywillsendyouthebookfor﹩10,postageincluded.Forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewelldevelopedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobornot.Theplanwasthatthecontendingpartiesshouldreachanearlyagreementonbasicprinciples,thedetailstobeworkedoutlater.獨(dú)立主格生成法：1.有be動(dòng)詞去掉be動(dòng)詞2.無be動(dòng)詞，加-ingJimmywalkedslowlytotheplayground.Hisfacewascoveredwithtears.→Jimmywalkedslowlytotheplayground,hisfacecoveredwithtears.Thetaxispedaway.Itslightsdisappearedintodistance.→Thetaxispedaway,itslightsdisappearingintodistance.特殊：以下三種情況不能去掉be動(dòng)詞，而要變成being1.獨(dú)立主格的邏輯主語為代詞時(shí)：ItwasSunday.Wewenttochurch.→ItbeingSunday,wewenttochurch.2.Therebe句型中：Therewasnobus.Wehadtogohomeonfoot.→Therebeingnobus,wehadtogohomeonfoot.3.表示正在被做Thedinnerisbeingcooked.Wehavetowaitforawhile.→Thedinnerbeingcooked,wehavetowaitforawhile.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)基本形式名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞Thetestfinished,ourholidaybegan.名詞/代詞+形容詞Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.名詞/代詞+副詞Classover,allstudentswenttoplayontheplayground.名詞/代詞+不定式Moretimetobegiven,wewillmakefulluseofit,名詞/代詞+介詞短語Themurderergotintothehouse,aknifeinhishand.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday–everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring–meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middleclassIndiacomparedtothetribes.Otherthingsequal,amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceedmorerapidlythanamanwhosecommandoflanguageispoor.with/without的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)做獨(dú)立主格（獨(dú)立主格作伴隨狀語時(shí)，可用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，也可不用）1.with+名詞/代詞+形容詞/方位副詞(做賓補(bǔ))Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.2.with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語(做賓補(bǔ))Acarefulbalancehastobestruck:ifyoushowalabor-savingdevice,followitupwithacompl