第08講從容掌控概要寫(xiě)作之議論文

第08講：從容掌控概要寫(xiě)作之議論文第08講：從容掌控概要寫(xiě)作之議論文課程目標(biāo)課程目標(biāo)演練EQ\o\ac(

,●)專題知識(shí)：針對(duì)考試題型，進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)梳理，感悟解題方法。EQ\o\ac(

,●)題型檢測(cè)：鏈接考試真題，題型組合練，能力逐個(gè)突破。知識(shí)梳理知識(shí)梳理演練（一）概要寫(xiě)作的語(yǔ)言微技巧1.要點(diǎn)獲取。要點(diǎn)獲取過(guò)程就是文本解讀過(guò)程。對(duì)于結(jié)構(gòu)比較清楚的段落，可以通過(guò)篩選、尋找主題句找到要點(diǎn)，這通常是指能夠概括全文或段落的關(guān)鍵句子；對(duì)于主題句不明確的文章或段落，可以使用關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)主題句的方法。2.要點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)述。要求使用自己的語(yǔ)言來(lái)進(jìn)行自主表述。可以從以下幾個(gè)主要方面進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述：（1）同義替換法，指用相同的單詞、短語(yǔ)替代原文；（2）語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換法，指把句子在主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之間轉(zhuǎn)化；（3）詞性改變法，在寫(xiě)作時(shí)，可以嘗試改變?cè)~性，如將動(dòng)詞改成名詞，或把形容詞改為名詞等手段變化原文；（4）句子重構(gòu)，概要寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)言要求“以簡(jiǎn)為貴”，只有掌握多種句式，如定語(yǔ)從句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等，寫(xiě)作時(shí)就能從容自若，就能化復(fù)雜句式為簡(jiǎn)單句或整合重組松散句子。3.要點(diǎn)銜接。概要寫(xiě)作并不是簡(jiǎn)單的要點(diǎn)羅列與堆砌，因此，在獲取要點(diǎn)和轉(zhuǎn)述要點(diǎn)之后，應(yīng)特別關(guān)注各要點(diǎn)之間內(nèi)部聯(lián)系和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，用適當(dāng)?shù)你暯訉⒁c(diǎn)進(jìn)行連接，從而形成一篇結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊的小小短文。寫(xiě)作中常見(jiàn)的銜接詞如下：1）對(duì)立關(guān)系包括讓步和轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)志詞和短語(yǔ)：but,however,yet,onthecontrary,bycontrast,unfortunately,although,eventhough,nevertheless,inspiteof,regardlessof,anyhow,insteadof,ratherthan,not…but等。2）因果關(guān)系常用的標(biāo)志詞和短語(yǔ)有：because,for,since,as,thus,hence,therefore,so,so…that,such…that,inorderthat,consequently,accordingly,dueto,thanksto,inresponseto,onaccountof,becauseof,consideringthat,seeingthat,inthat,nowthat,asaresult,forthisreason等。3）并列關(guān)系常用的標(biāo)志詞和短語(yǔ)有：and,or,neither…nor,either…or,notonly…butalso,likewise,similarly,equally,inthesameway,thatistosay,aswellas,same…as等。4）總分關(guān)系常用的標(biāo)志詞和短語(yǔ)有：suchas,forexample,forinstance,toillustrate,asanillustration,totakeanexample,morespecifically等。5）遞進(jìn)關(guān)系常用的標(biāo)志詞和短語(yǔ)有：then,besides,additionally,inaddition,furthermore,moreover,whatismore,what’sworse,evenworse等。（二）議論文概要寫(xiě)作技巧議論文（Argumentation）：找出議論文的三要素，即論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和結(jié)論。其關(guān)鍵是找出主題句或結(jié)論句。而這種文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)多數(shù)為總分結(jié)構(gòu)、分總結(jié)構(gòu)、平行結(jié)構(gòu)等。因此，我們通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找論點(diǎn)。若文中有一分為二(即對(duì)立觀點(diǎn))的觀點(diǎn)，兩種觀點(diǎn)都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的觀點(diǎn)。（三）議論文概要寫(xiě)作模板議論文：opinion/idea+argument(supportingideas/reasons)【課堂典例】Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Thesedaysoursocietydevelopsrapidlyandforcespeopletorush.Itappearsthatpeoplehavegotusedtobeinginahurry.However,it’sbetterforpeopletotaketheirtimeandlivetheirlifeataslowerpacethantohurrytogetthingsdone.Themainreasonthatconvincesustoopposedoingworkinahurryisthepossibilityofdoingwrongsinarush.Whenpeopledotheirjobsortakeactioninahurry,theycan’tmakeasounddecisionandprobablyregretlater.Asthesayinggoes,“Hastemakeswaste.”Weshouldthinkcarefullybeforemakingadecisionanddoourworklessquickly.Weshouldnotmakemistakesbydoingworkhurriedly.Slowingdownthepaceoflifehelpspeopleenjoytheirlifebetter.Forexample,takingatraintosomeplacecertainlywilltakemoretimethantakingaplane.However,takingatrainmakespeoplehaveenoughtimetogettoknowalotofnewfriends.Besides,itallowspeopletofullyenjoythebeautifulsceneryalongtheway.Onthecontrary,beinginahurrywillmakeuslosechancesofenjoyingourlives.Finally,slowerlifepaceprovidesbetterhealthconditionsforus.Asisknowntoall,takingactioninahurrybotherspeopleandraisestheirstress.Peoplethinkiftheyarenotinahurry,theywillbeealoserandthatannoysthem.Butbeinginahurrycanhurtpeoplebothphysicallyandmentally.Accordingtosomestudies,peoplewhohaveaslowerpacesufferfewerdiseases,tendtobehappierandlivemuchlongerthanthosewhoselifeistense,eveniftheformerfinishjobsmoreslowlythanthelatter.Inshort,workingquicklywillbringaboutmorematerialbenefitstomakeoursocietymoreadvanced.Yet,muchstresscan’tbringenjoyment,friendsandhealth,whicharemuchmoreimportantthanmoneyandothermaterialadvantages.Therefore,takeyourtimeandliveyourlifeataslowerpace.【寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)】知體裁。這是一篇典型的議論文體裁，框架為“總分（總）”即“論點(diǎn)(introductionofthetopic)論據(jù)(bodybyreasoning)結(jié)論(conclusionbyrestating,summarizingorsuggesting)”，通過(guò)“轉(zhuǎn)折詞”找文章“論點(diǎn)”。議論文的主題句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。Thesedaysoursocietydevelopsrapidlyandforcespeopletorush.Itappearsthatpeoplehavegotusedtobeinginahurry.However,it’sbetterforpeopletotaketheirtimeandlivetheirlifeataslowerpacethantohurrytogetthingsdone.明論證。根據(jù)文章的discoursemarker“話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記詞”如”however,therefore”在文中劃出各段“主題句”。1)However,it’sbetterforpeopletotaketheirtimeandlivetheirlifeataslowerpacethantohurrytogetthingsdone.2)Themainreason（thatconvincesustoopposedoingworkinahurry）isthepossibilityofdoingwrongsinarush.3)Slowingdownthepaceoflifehelpspeopleenjoytheirlifebetter.Onthecontrary,beinginahurrywillmakeuslosechancesofenjoyingourlives.4)Finally,slowerlifepaceprovidesbetterhealthconditionsforus.5)Therefore,takeyourtimeandliveyourlifeataslowerpace.找論據(jù)。完全用“自己簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言”準(zhǔn)確轉(zhuǎn)述每一個(gè)要點(diǎn)（避免重復(fù)），可以用“詞性變化或同義詞/反義詞替換”來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)述。1.）However,it’sbetterforpeopletotaketheirtimeandlivetheirlifeataslowerpacethantohurrytogetthingsdone.①Tolivelifeataslowerpaceisbetterthantolivelifeinahurry/rush.②（Underthestressoffastpacedlife,）itismorebeneficialtoliveaslowerlife.2)Themainreason（thatconvincesustoopposedoingworkinahurry）isthepossibilityofdoingwrongsinarush.①Themainreasonisthatdoingthingshurriedlywillraise/increasethepossibilityofmakingmistakes.②Peoplearemorelikelytomakemistakeswhendoingthingsinahurry.③Itmaybeeasierforpeopletomakemistakeswheninahurry.④Doingworkhurriedlymayeasilyleadtomistakes.3)Slowingdownthepaceoflifehelpspeopleenjoytheirlifebetter.Onthecontrary,beinginahurrywillmakeuslosechancesofenjoyingourlives.①Slowerlifepacecanmakepeople’slifemoreenjoyable.②Livetheirlifeataslowerpacecanbringmoreenjoymenttolife.4)Finally,slowerlifepaceprovidesbetterhealthconditionsforus.①Slowingdownthepaceoflifecankeeppeoplehealthier.②Livetheirlifeataslowerpacehelpspeoplekeepfit.③Slowerlifepaceisbeneficialto/isofbenefitto/doesgoodtopeople’shealth.合并：①Slowingdownthepaceoflifewillnotonlygivepeoplemorechancestoenjoylife,but(also)offerthembetterhealthconditions.②Notonlydoestheslowerlifegivepeopleenjoymentbutalsoit’sbeneficialtotheirhealth.③Livinglifeataslowerpaceensuresahealthierandmoreenjoyablelife.5)Therefore,takeyourtimeandliveyourlifeataslowerpace.①Thus,slowdownyourlifepace.②Thus,beslowandenjoyyourlife.③Thus,enjoyaslowerlifepace.④Thus,let’sslowdownforahealthierandhappierlife.巧連貫。有效使用了語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊連貫?！緟⒖挤段?】Tolivelifeataslowerpaceisbetterthantolivelifeinahurry.Firstly,peoplearemorelikelytomakemistakeswhendoingthingsinahurry.Secondly,slowerlifepacecanbringmoreenjoymenttolife.Lastly,itisbeneficialtopeople’shealth.So,beslowandenjoylife.【參考范文2】Tolivelifeataslowerpaceisbetterthantolivelifeinahurry.Themainreasonisthatdoingthingshurriedlywillraisethepossibilityofmakingmistakeswhileslowingdownthelifepacecannotonlymakepeople’slifemoreenjoyablebutalsokeeppeoplehealthier.Thus,let’sslowdownforahealthierandhappierlife.課堂精練課堂精練演練1．（2023下·上海·高二曹楊二中?？计谥校〥irections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.EnglishintheThirdMillenniumTwothousandyearsagoEnglishdidnotexist.Athousandyearsagoitwasalanguageusedbylessthantwomillionpeople.Nowitisthemostinfluentiallanguageintheworldspokenbymorethanabillionpeopleontheplanet,astheirfirstsecondorthirdlanguage.Englishcurrentlydominatesscience,business,themassmediaandpopularculture.Forexample,80%ofemailsontheInternetareinEnglish.ButwherewillEnglishbeattheendofthethirdmillennium?OneviewisthatEnglishisgoingtobeeevenmoreimportantasagloballanguagedominatingtheworld’stradeandmediawhilemostotherlanguageswillbeelocalizedorjustdieout.Atpresentoverhalftheworld’s6500languagesareindangerofextinction.AnotherviewisthatEnglishisalreadybreakingup,asLatindidintoseverallanguages.Therearealreadydictionariesofthe'NewEnglishes’suchasAustralianEnglishfullofwordsthataBritishEnglishspeakerwouldnotrecognize.Hopefully,neitherofthesethingswillhappen.AlthoughdifferentvarietiesofEnglishwillcontinuetodeveloparoundtheworld,standardEnglishwillsurviveforinternationalmunication.Inaddition,thefrighteningprospectofaculturallyuniformworldtotallydominatedbyonelanguageisimpossible.Already,otherlanguagesarefightingbackagainsttheirongripofEnglishontheNet.Governmentsaroundtheworldarealsostartingtoprotectsmallerlanguagesandrecognizetheimportanceofculturalandlinguisticdiversity.Englishwillprobablystayincontrolforalongtime,atleastwhiletheUSAremainsthetopsuperpower,butitdefinitelywon’tbeetheonlylanguageintheworld________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Ithastakenover1000yearsforEnglishtodevelopintothemostinfluentiallanguageintheworld.Asforitsprospect,someconsideritevenmoreimportantasagloballanguage,dominatingtheworld’stradeandmediawhileothersargueEnglishwillbreakintoseverallanguages.However,eventhoughEnglishmaystayincontrol,othersmallerlanguageswillbeprotectedfromextinction.【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇議論文。文章介紹了英語(yǔ)的過(guò)去，展望預(yù)測(cè)英語(yǔ)的未來(lái)。一千多年以來(lái)，英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為世界上最具影響力的語(yǔ)言。在第三個(gè)千年結(jié)束時(shí)，有人認(rèn)為英語(yǔ)會(huì)成為一種全球語(yǔ)言，主導(dǎo)世界貿(mào)易和媒體。也有人認(rèn)為，英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)分裂成好幾種語(yǔ)言。英語(yǔ)可能會(huì)保持主導(dǎo)地位，但世界各國(guó)政府也開(kāi)始保護(hù)小型語(yǔ)言?！驹斀狻?.要點(diǎn)摘錄

①Athousandyearsagoitwasalanguageusedbylessthantwomillionpeople.Nowitisthemostinfluentiallanguageintheworldspokenbymorethanabillionpeopleontheplanet,astheirfirstsecondorthirdlanguage.②ButwherewillEnglishbeattheendofthethirdmillennium?③OneviewisthatEnglishisgoingtobeeevenmoreimportantasagloballanguagedominatingtheworld’stradeandmediawhilemostotherlanguageswillbeelocalizedorjustdieout.Atpresentoverhalftheworld’s6500languagesareindangerofextinction.④AnotherviewisthatEnglishisalreadybreakingup,asLatindidintoseverallanguages.⑤Governmentsaroundtheworldarealsostartingtoprotectsmallerlanguagesandrecognizetheimportanceofculturalandlinguisticdiversity.⑥Englishwillprobablystayincontrolforalongtime,atleastwhiletheUSAremainsthetopsuperpower,butitdefinitelywon’tbeetheonlylanguageintheworld.2.縝密構(gòu)思將第1要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行重組，將第2、3、4兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行整合，將第5、6兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行整合。3.遣詞造句Ithastakenover1000yearsforEnglishtodevelopintothemostinfluentiallanguageintheworld.Asforitsprospect,someconsideritevenmoreimportantasagloballanguage,dominatingtheworld’stradeandmediawhileothersargueEnglishwillbreakintoseverallanguages.However,eventhoughEnglishmaystayincontrol,othersmallerlanguageswillbeprotectedfromextinction.【點(diǎn)睛】[高分句型1]Asforitsprospect,someconsideritevenmoreimportantasagloballanguage,dominatingtheworld’stradeandmediawhileothersargueEnglishwillbreakintoseverallanguages.運(yùn)用while連接并列句對(duì)原文第一段最后一句和第二段進(jìn)行了概括整合。其中運(yùn)用了現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)、省略that的賓語(yǔ)從句。[高分句型2]：However,eventhoughEnglishmaystayincontrol,othersmallerlanguageswillbeprotectedfromextinction.運(yùn)用eventhough引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)概括最后一段。2、（2023下·上海南洋中模范學(xué)·高二期中）Directions:Readthepassagecarefully.ThenwriteanEnglishsummarywithin60wordsinyourownwordsaccordingtothepassagegivenbelow.“DidyouhearwhathappenedtoAdamlastFriday?”LindseywhisperstoTori.Withhereyesshining,Toribrags,“YoubetIdid,Seantoldmetwodaysago.”WhoareLindseyandToritalkingabout?Itjusthappenedtobeyourstruly,AdamFreeman.Icantellyouthatwhattheyaresayingisnotniceandnoteventrue.Still,LindseyandToriaren’tverydifferentfrommoststudentshereatLintonHighSchool,includingme.Manyofourconversationsaregossip.Observingpeople’sgossip,Ihavenoticeditsthreenegativeeffects.First,animportantnegativeeffectofgossipisthatitcanhurtthepersonbeingtalkedabout.Usually,gossipspreadsinformationaboutthetopic—breakups,troubleathome,evendroppingout—thatapersonwouldratherkeepsecret.Themoreembarrassingorshamefulthesecretis,thejuicierthegossipitmakes.Probablytheworsttypeofgossipistheabsolutelie.Peopleoftenthinkofgossipersasharmless,butcruelliescancausepain.Next,ifweknowthatgossipcanbeharmful,thenwhydosomanyofusdoit?Thatanswerliesinanothereffectofgossip:thesatisfactionitgives.Sharingthelatestrumorcanmakeapersonfeelmoreimportantbecauseheorsheknowssomethingthatothersdon’t.Similarly,hearingthelatestrumorcanmakeapersonfeellikepartofthe“ingroup”.Inotherwords,gossipissatisfyingbecauseitgivespeopleasenseofbelonging.Thengossipcanalsohaveathirdeffect:itstrengthensunwritten,unspokenrulesabouthowpeopleshouldact.ProfessorDavidWilsonexplainsthatgossipisimportantinpolicingbehaviorsinagroup.Translatedintohighschoolterms,thismeansthatifeverybodyyouhangaroundwithislaughingatwhatJohnworeorwhatJanesaid,thenyoucanbetthatwearingorsayingsomethingsimilarwillgetyouthesamekindofnegativeattention.Thedo’sanddon’tsconveyedthroughgossipwillnevershowupinanystudenthandbook.Theeffectsofgossipvarydependingonthesituation.Thenexttimeyoufeeltheurgetospreadthelatestnews,thinkaboutwhyyouwanttogossipandwhateffectsyour“juicystory”mighthave.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Onepossibleversion:Gossipismonandhasthreenegativeeffects.First,gossipershurtpeoplebyexposingthevictims’shamefulsecretsorspreadingliesthatcausepain.Second,sharingrumorsgivesgossipersastrangesenseofbelongingandsuperiority.Third,gossipstrengthenshiddenrules,makingpeopleknowhowtobehaveinagroup.Therefore,peopleshouldconsidertheeffectsbeforegossiping.【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇議論文。文章主要介紹了散播流言所帶來(lái)的影響。先指出現(xiàn)象，散播留言很普遍，引出話題，留言造成的三個(gè)影響；然后對(duì)這三個(gè)方面分別進(jìn)行詳細(xì)地介紹；最后提出人們?cè)趥鞑チ餮郧皯?yīng)該先考慮到流言帶來(lái)的影響?！驹斀狻?要點(diǎn)摘錄①M(fèi)anyofourconversationsaregossip.Observingpeople’sgossip,Ihavenoticeditsthreenegativeeffects.②First,animportantnegativeeffectofgossipisthatitcanhurtthepersonbeingtalkedabout.③Next,ifweknowthatgossipcanbeharmful,thenwhydosomanyofusdoit?Thatanswerliesinanothereffectofgossip:thesatisfactionitgives.④Thengossipcanalsohaveathirdeffect:itstrengthensunwritten,unspokenrulesabouthowpeopleshouldact.⑤Thenexttimeyoufeeltheurgetospreadthelatestnews,thinkaboutwhyyouwanttogossipandwhateffectsyour“juicystory”mighthave.2.縝密構(gòu)思將第1、5兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)分別進(jìn)行重新概括整理，將第2、3、4三個(gè)要點(diǎn)分別進(jìn)行梳理。3.遣詞造句Gossipismonandhasthreenegativeeffects.First,gossipershurtpeoplebyexposingthevictims’shamefulsecretsorspreadingliesthatcausepain.Second,sharingrumorsgivesgossipersastrangesenseofbelongingandsuperiority.Third,gossipstrengthenshiddenrules,makingpeopleknowhowtobehaveinagroup.Therefore,peopleshouldconsidertheeffectsbeforegossiping.【點(diǎn)睛】【高分句型1】First,gossipershurtpeoplebyexposingthevictims’shamefulsecretsorspreadingliesthatcausepain.(運(yùn)用了關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句)【高分句型2】Third,gossipstrengthenshiddenrules,makingpeopleknowhowtobehaveinagroup.(運(yùn)用了非謂語(yǔ)中的現(xiàn)在分詞做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ))3．（2023上·上海大同中學(xué)·高二練習(xí)）IsFridgeReallyNecessary?Thefridgeisconsiderednecessary.Ithasbeensosincethe1960swhenpackagedfoodlistappearedwiththelabel:“Storeintherefrigerator.”InmyfridgelessFiftieschildhood,Iwasfedwellandhealthily.Themilkmancamedaily,thegrocer,thebutcher,thebaker,andtheicecreammandeliveredtwoorthreetimesaweek.TheSundaymeatwouldlastuntilWednesdayandsurplus(剩余)breadandmilkbecameallkindsofcakes.Nothingwaswasted,andwewerenevertroubledbyrottenfood.Thirtyyearson,fooddeliverieshaveceased,freshvegetablesarealmostunobtainableinthecountry.Theinventionofthefridgecontributedparativelylittletotheartoffoodpreservation.Avastwayofwelltriedtechniquesalreadyexistednaturalcooling,drying,smoking,salting,sugaring,bottling….Whatrefrigerationdidpromotewasmarketingmarketinghardwareandelectricity,marketingsoftdrinks,marketingdeadbodiesofanimalsaroundtheglobeinsearchofagoodprice.Consequently,mostoftheworld'sfridgesaretobefound,notinthetropicswheretheymightproveuseful,butinthewealthycountrieswithmildtemperatureswheretheyareclimaticallyalmostunnecessary.Everywinter,millionsoffridgeshum(嗡嗡響)awaycontinuously,andatvastexpense,busilymaintaininganartificiallycoo1edspaceinsideanartificiallyheatedhousewhileoutside,natureprovidesthedesiredtemperaturefreeofcharge.Thefridge'seffectupontheenvironmenthasbeenevident,whileitscontributiontohumanhappinesshasbeeninsignificant.Ifyoudon'tbelieveme,tryityourself,investinafoodcabinetandturnoffyourfridgenextwinter.Youmaymissthehamburgers,butatleastyou'llgetridofthatterriblehum.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Itisnecessaryforustoputthingsintothefridge.However,theauthorthinkthattheinventionofthefridgecontributedparativelylittletotheartoffoodpreservation.Thefridge'seffectupontheenvironmenthasbeenevident,whileitscontributiontohumanhappinesshasbeennotimportant.Allinall,youcantryalifewithoutfridge.（59words）【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇議論文。我們有必要把東西放進(jìn)冰箱。然而，作者認(rèn)為冰箱的發(fā)明對(duì)食物保存的藝術(shù)貢獻(xiàn)相對(duì)較小。冰箱對(duì)環(huán)境的影響是顯而易見(jiàn)的，而它對(duì)人類幸福的貢獻(xiàn)卻并不重要?？傊憧梢試L試沒(méi)有冰箱的生活?！驹斀狻?.要點(diǎn)摘錄1.Thefridgeisconsiderednecessary.Ithasbeensosincethe1960swhenpackagedfoodlistappearedwiththelabel:“Storeintherefrigerator.”2.Theinventionofthefridgecontributedparativelylittletotheartoffoodpreservation..3.Thefridge'seffectupontheenvironmenthasbeenevident,whileitscontributiontohumanhappinesshasbeeninsignificant4.Ifyoudon'tbelieveme,tryityourself,investinafoodcabinetandturnoffyourfridgenextwinter.Youmaymissthehamburgers,butatleastyou'llgetridofthatterriblehum.2.縝密構(gòu)思將第1、2、3、個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分說(shuō)。3.遣詞造句Itisnecessaryforustoputthingsintothefridge.However,theauthorthinkthattheinventionofthefridgecontributedparativelylittletotheartoffoodpreservation.Thefridge'seffectupontheenvironmenthasbeenevident,whileitscontributiontohumanhappinesshasbeennotimportant.Allinall,youcantryalifewithoutfridge.【點(diǎn)睛】[高分句型1]：Itisnecessaryforustoputthingsintothefridge.（運(yùn)用了固定句型Itis+形容詞+forsb.todosh.，it作形式主語(yǔ)，不定式為真正主語(yǔ)）。[高分句型2]However,theauthorthinkthattheinventionofthefridgecontributedparativelylittletotheartoffoodpreservation.（運(yùn)用了that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句）課后反饋課后反饋演練1、（2023上海高二上海市吳淞中學(xué)?？茧A段練習(xí)）Directions:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.FourdayWorkweekIntheUnitedStates,employeestypicallyworkfivedaysaweekforeighthourseachday.However,manyemployeeswanttoworkafourdayweekandarewillingtoacceptlesspayinordertodoso.Ifalawrequiredpaniestooffertheiremployeestheoptionofworkingafourdayworkweekforfourfifths(80percent)oftheirnormalpay,itwouldbenefittheeconomyasawholeaswellastheindividualpaniesandtheemployeeswhodecidedtotaketheoption.Theshortenedworkweekwouldincreasepanyprofitsbecauseemployeeswouldfeelmorerestedandalert,andasaresult,theywouldmakefewercostlyerrorsintheirwork.Hiringmorestafftoensurethatthesameamountofworkwouldbeacplishedwouldnotresultinadditionalpaythepanyhastoprepareforthesepeople,becausefourdayemployeeswouldonlybepaid80percentofthenormalrate.Intheend,panieswouldhavefeweroverworkedanderrorprone(容易出錯(cuò)的)employeesforthesamemoney,whichwouldincreasepanyprofits.Forthecountryasawhole,oneoftheprimarybenefitsofofferingthisoptiontoemployeesisthatitwouldreduceunemploymentrates.Ifmanyfulltimeemployeesstartedworkingfewerhours,someoftheirworkloadwouldhavetobeshiftedtoothers.Thus,foreveryfouremployeeswhowentonan80percentweek,anewemployeecouldbehiredatthe80percentrate.Finally,theoptionofafourdayworkweekwouldbebetterforindividualemployees.Employeeswhocouldaffordalowersalaryinexchangeformorefreetimecouldimprovethequalityoftheirlivesbyspendingtheextratimewiththeirfamilies,pursuingprivateinterests,orenjoyingleisureactivities.【答案】

Workingforfourdaysaweekwithlesspaywouldbebeneficialatthreelevels.First,paniescouldincreaseprofitsbyhiringmoreenergeticandalertemployeeswithoutincreasingpayrollcosts.Second,thecountrywouldhavelowerunemploymentrateswithmorepeopleatwork.Finally,employeeswouldimprovethequalityoftheirliveswithmorefreetime.(57words)【分析】本文是一篇議論文。文章以一項(xiàng)新的工作制度“每周工作四天”為話題，講述了該工作制度在三個(gè)層次能夠帶來(lái)的好處。如果員工可以每周工作四天，工資是正常工資的80%，這將有利于整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)，也有利于個(gè)人公司和決定接受這一選擇的員工?！驹斀狻?.要點(diǎn)摘錄①Ifalawrequiredpaniestooffertheiremployeestheoptionofworkingafourdayworkweekforfourfifths(80percent)oftheirnormalpay,itwouldbenefittheeconomyasawholeaswellastheindividualpaniesandtheemployeeswhodecidedtotaketheoption.②Theshortenedworkweekwouldincreasepanyprofitsbecauseemployeeswouldfeelmorerestedandalert,andasaresult,theywouldmakefewercostlyerrorsintheirwork.③Forthecountryasawhole,oneoftheprimarybenefitsofofferingthisoptiontoemployeesisthatitwouldreduceunemploymentrates.④Employeeswhocouldaffordalowersalaryinexchangeformorefreetimecouldimprovethequalityoftheirlivesbyspendingtheextratimewiththeirfamilies,pursuingprivateinterests,orenjoyingleisureactivities.2.縝密構(gòu)思將每個(gè)要點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)化重組。3.遣詞造句①Workingforfourdaysaweekwithlesspaywouldbebeneficialatthreelevels.②paniescouldincreaseprofitsbyhiringmoreenergeticandalertemployeeswithoutincreasingpayrollcosts.③Thecountrywouldhavelowerunemploymentrateswithmorepeopleatwork.④Employeeswouldimprovethequalityoftheirliveswithmorefreetime.【點(diǎn)睛】[高分句型1]Workingforfourdaysaweekwithlesspaywouldbebeneficialatthreelevels.(用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句概括了第一段內(nèi)容?！皐orkingforfourdaysaweekwithlesspay”為動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)；用“atthreelevels”對(duì)后文提及的三個(gè)方面“theeconomyasawhole”，“theindividualpanies”以及“theemployees”進(jìn)行高度概括總結(jié)，表達(dá)比較高級(jí)。)[高分句型2]：First,paniescouldincreaseprofitsbyhiringmoreenergeticandalertemployeeswithoutincreasingpayrollcosts.(用一個(gè)復(fù)雜的簡(jiǎn)單句概括了第二段內(nèi)容。其中，“bydoing”為“介詞+動(dòng)名詞”作方式狀語(yǔ)，“withoutdoing”為伴隨狀語(yǔ)等的用法比較高級(jí)。)（2020上·上海寶山·高二上海市行知中學(xué)校考階段練習(xí)）Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.EnvyIt’safamiliarbutunfortablefeeling.Yourbestfriendwillmarryahandsomedoctor,andthecongratulatoryhugyouofferlacksgenuinewarmth.YourfriendismadetheteamforSaturday’sbiggame,andyoutakeacertainpleasureintellinghimyoucan’tbetheretowatchhimplay.Yousmilebutavoiceinyourheadasks,whythemandnotyou?Envyisashortingofcharacterweliketokeepinourheartsecretly.Howshamefulisitnottobelookingforwardwithdelighttoyourdayasyourbestfriend’sbridesmaid!Whowouldhopeyourfriendmightsuffersomeinjury,soyoucantakehisplaceontheteam?Envyiseverywhere.Itseemstobeinournaturetohateothers’giftsandgoodfortune,especiallyifweseethemasadvantagestheyshouldn’thave.Envyraisesitsuglyheadwhenwefocusonwhatwewantbutwedon’tpossessnow.Worsestill,wemayevenwishforandtakepleasureinsomeone’slosingwhatwehavealwaysdesired.Whenyoupareyourselfandyourlifeunfavorablywithyourfriendoryourcolleague,youcanonlykeepyourdarkeremotions.So,isthereasolution?Isthereanything