教程說(shuō)明課件chapter 4a l07

ChapterFour4.1ProductionChapterFour4.1Production4.2CostDefinitionofProductTheShortDefinitionofProductTheShortRunandLongTP,APandMP,DiminishingTheThreeStagesofOutlineofToday’sReadingsaboutthisZhang（2007）ReadingsaboutthisZhang（2007）:ChapterNicholson:Chapter11,P267-SymmetryBetweenConsumerandFirmUsesimilartoolsfromconsumertheorytoanalysethefirm.Ingeneral:SubjectSubjectSymmetryBetweenConsumerandFirmUsesimilartoolsfromconsumertheorytoanalysethefirm.Ingeneral:SubjectSubjectProductionTechnology(生產(chǎn)技術(shù)ProductionProcessProductionTechnology(生產(chǎn)技術(shù)ProductionProcessbywhichinputsareconvertedtoInputsalsocalled“factorsofproduction”(生產(chǎn)要素Input（1）:Labor(L)(skilled,Input（2）:Physicalcapital(K)（有形資本）(equipment,structuresinventories（存貨）land),Mainissue:WhichtechnologyisProcess（生產(chǎn)過(guò)程Labour,GoodsandProcess（生產(chǎn)過(guò)程Labour,GoodsandDefinitionofProductionxi-theDefinitionofProductionxi-theamountused(level)ofinputInputbundle(投入組合)-vectorinputs(x1,x2,…qoutputlevel（產(chǎn)出水平Productionqf(1,L,xnThetechnology’sproductionfunctionstatesthemaximumamountofoutputpossiblefromaninputbundle.Productionfunctions–specificq=f(L,K)isageneralformoftheproductionfunctionProductionfunctions–specificq=f(L,K)isageneralformoftheproductionfunctionwithtwoOftenweneedtoworkwithmorespecificfunctionalforms.HerearefourcommononesLinear:Fixedproportions:q=min(aL,Cobb-qf(K,L)Ineachcaseq,L,Karevariablesanda,b,c,ρε(andA)ShortRunvsLongRun（短ShortRunvsLongRun（短期與長(zhǎng)期Theshortrunisdefinedastheperiodoftimewhentheplantsizeisfixed.Intheshortrun,atleastonefactorofproductionisfixed(unchangeable)Thelongrunisdefinedasthetimeperiodnecessarytochangetheplantsize.Inthelongrun,allfactorsofproductioncanbechanged…are“variable”Thedurationofthelongrun(andthusthatoftheshortrun)dependsonthenatureoftheproductionTheShort-runProductionProductionTheShort-runProductionProductionWhenOnlyOneInputisProductionWhenOnlyOneInputisThereareProductionWhenOnlyOneInputisTherearethreeimportantwaystomeasuretheproductivityofinputsinshort-run:TotalAverageproductMarginalTotalProduct(TP)（總產(chǎn)量TotalProductrepresentstherelationshipbetweenthenumberofworkers(orCapitals)andtheTOTALnumberofunitsofoutputproducedholdingTotalProduct(TP)（總產(chǎn)量TotalProductrepresentstherelationshipbetweenthenumberofworkers(orCapitals)andtheTOTALnumberofunitsofoutputproducedholdingallotherfactorsofproduction(theplantsize)constant.TLTKf(L,Kf(L,KTheProductionFunction:TPincreaseswith81234UnitsofUnitsTheProductionFunction:TPincreaseswith81234UnitsofUnitsTotalProduct,QfVariable1,000dQ0d2Qd2TotalProduct,QfVariable1,000dQ0d2Qd2Q00MarginalRetursInflectionPoint(拐點(diǎn)AverageProduct(AP)(平均產(chǎn)量 Thisfunctionrepresentstheaverageamountof OutputperunitofAverageProduct(AP)(平均產(chǎn)量 Thisfunctionrepresentstheaverageamountof Outputperunitofqf(K,APLLLqf(K, KKKAP:slopeofrayfrom)=150eAP:slopeofrayfrom)=150e=150/10=LAP:SlopeofrayfromAP(slopeofray)DecreasesafterL0AP(slopeofray)IncreasesupAP:SlopeofrayfromAP(slopeofray)DecreasesafterL0AP(slopeofray)IncreasesuptoL0AP:Increases,reachesamaximumandAP(slopeofray)IncreasesuptoAP:Increases,reachesamaximumandAP(slopeofray)IncreasesuptoL0AP(slopeofray)DecreasesafterL0LMarginalProduct(MP)(邊際產(chǎn)量 Theadditionaloutputthatcanbeproducedbyaddingonemoreunitoflabor(orCapital),holdingeverythingelseconstant.TheMarginalProduct(MP)(邊際產(chǎn)量 Theadditionaloutputthatcanbeproducedbyaddingonemoreunitoflabor(orCapital),holdingeverythingelseconstant.TheslopeoftheTotalProductMPfLLMPfKKMP:SlopeoftheProductionSlope=30/3=160130MP:SlopeoftheProductionSlope=30/3=1601309MP=TheRelationshipbetweenTPandLLTheRelationshipbetweenTPandLLTheLawofDiminishingReturnTheLawofDiminishingReturnWhathappenstooutputaswehiremoreandmoreworkers?RememberthattheplantsizeisThatmeansthatyouwillbehiringmoreworkerstoSHAREtheEXISTINGEQUIPMENTandtheEXISTINGSPACE.TheLawofDiminishingReturnTheLawofDiminishingReturnAsmoreofavariableinput(labor)isaddedtoafixedinput(plant),additionstooutputgetsmallerandNotethataddingworkersincreasesoutputbuttheincreasesbecomesmallerandsmallerasmoreworkersarehired.DiminishingMarginalDiminishingMPKfDiminishingMarginalDiminishingMPKfMPLfMarginalProducts:DiminishingMPqx1/3x2/12MPMP(2/MarginalProducts:DiminishingMPqx1/3x2/12MPMP(2/11M122122x5/3x2/129291/14/2xx2BothmarginalproductsareTheReasonsofDiminishingIncreasingReturnsSpecialization（專業(yè)TheReasonsofDiminishingIncreasingReturnsSpecialization（專業(yè)化DiminishingReturnsBeginsFeweropportunitiesforteamworkandspecializationLTheRelationshipbetweenAPandLLTheRelationshipbetweenAPandLLRelationshipbetweenMPandMPMP=APwhenAPRelationshipbetweenMPandMPMP=APwhenAPisMPaboveMPbelowTheRelationshipbetweenAPand IfTheRelationshipbetweenAPand IfMP>AP,thentheAverageProductIfMP<thentheAPwillIfMP=AP,thentheAPisnotincreasingordecreasing:itisatthemaximumpoint.ProofofRelationshipsbetweenAPand,wecanqf(K,APProofofRelationshipsbetweenAPand,wecanqf(K,AP LLLdAPLLMPLSo,atamaximumL,L·MPL=qorThreeStagesof（生產(chǎn)的三個(gè)階段ThreeStagesof（生產(chǎn)的三個(gè)階段ThreeStagesofProduction（生產(chǎn)的三個(gè)階段qTotalProduct,qfVariable000qLqLAverageVariable00sThreeStagesofProduction（生產(chǎn)的三個(gè)階段qTotalProduct,qfVariable000qLqLAverageVariable00sMarginalInflectionStageStageStage0TheThreeStagesofStageTheThreeStagesofStageFromzerounitsofthevariableinputtowhereismaximizedStageFromthemaximumAPtowhereStageFromwhereMP=0TheThreeStagesofInTheThre