2021年北京市高考英語(yǔ)試卷（含解析版）

202年北京市高考真題英語(yǔ)試卷北京卷·英語(yǔ)本試卷共頁(yè)，共00分．考試時(shí)長(zhǎng)90分鐘．考生務(wù)必在答題卡指定區(qū)域作答，在試卷上作答無(wú)效．考試結(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回．第一部分知識(shí)運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，0分）第一節(jié)（共0小題；每小題.5分，共5分）閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑．Recently，Itookatriphomebytrain．Igotaseatoppositeamiddle-agedmanwithsharpeyes，whokept________ayoungwomaninawindowseatwithalittleboyonherlap．Thewoman'seyefellontheman'sface，andsheimmediatelylookeddownand____2____herscarf．Asthenightworeon，peoplebegantoclosetheireyes，buttheseatsweresounfortablethatonlyaveryheavysleepercouldmanagetogetany________．Thewomanlookedoverattheman．Hewasstillstaringather．Shelookedbackathimwithfireinhereyes．Iwasbeginningtoget____4____，too．Thetrainmovedon．Thelittleboywas____5____awakeonhismother'slap，butthewomandroppedofftosleep．Amomentlater，hebeganto____6____thehalf-openwindow—onelegwentoverit．Themanjumpedupand____7____thechildjustbeforehefellout．The____8____wokeupthewoman．Sheseemedtobein____9____，andthenrealitydawned（顯現(xiàn)）．“Yourchildhasbeenlookingforanopportunitytoclimboutofthewindow，”themansaidashegavethechildbacktoher.．“SoIhavebeenwatchingthewholetime．”Thewomanwas_____0_____，andsowasI．.A.guiding B.bothering C.watching D.monitoring2.A.adjusted B.changed C.packed D.waved.A.air B.joy C.space D.rest4.A.nervous B.embarrassed C.angry D.disappointed5.A.almost B.still C.hardly D.even6.A.drag B.climb C.knock D.push7.A.grabbed B.rocked C.touched D.picked8.A.alarm B.quarrel C.risk D.noise9.A.sorrow B.relief C.panic D.pain0.A.astonished B.confused C.concerned D.inspired【答案】.C2.A.D4.C5.B6.B7.A8.D9.C0.A【解析】【分析】這是一篇記敘文。講述了火車上一位男子救下了爬上窗戶的頑皮孩子的善舉，最初孩子的母親因?yàn)槟凶涌偸嵌⒅麄?，?duì)男子的第一印象不好，而最后得知原因十分驚訝。故事告訴我們很多事情不能只看表面?！绢}詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：我坐在一位中年男子對(duì)面的座位上，他目光敏銳，一直在注視著一位坐在靠窗座位上的年輕女子，她的腿上坐著一個(gè)小男孩。A.guiding帶領(lǐng)；B.bothering打擾；C.watching看著；D.monitoring監(jiān)控。根據(jù)上文“withsharpeyes”（有著敏銳的目光）以及下文第二段“Hewasstillstaringather．”（他仍然盯著她看。）可知，中年男子一直在看著女子，故選C?！?題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：女人的目光落在了男人的臉上，她立刻低下頭，整理了一下圍巾。A.adjusted調(diào)整；B.changed改變；C.packed包裝；D.waved揮動(dòng)，根據(jù)空格處and前的動(dòng)詞低下頭和空格后的圍巾，可知女人因?yàn)楦械綄擂味皖^故意整理圍巾，故選A?！绢}詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：夜?jié)u漸深了，人們開始閉上眼睛，但座位太不舒服了，只有睡得很沉的人才能設(shè)法休息。A.air空氣；B.joy娛樂；C.space空間；D.rest休息。根據(jù)空格前點(diǎn)明時(shí)間是夜晚了和后面睡得很沉的人，可知是為了獲得一些休息。故選D?！?題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：我也開始生氣了。A.nervous緊張的；B.embarrassed尷尬的；C.angry生氣的；D.disappointed失望的。根據(jù)withfireinhereyes以及空格后too，可知“我”和女人的情緒是一樣憤怒生氣的，故選C?！?題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：小男孩躺在媽媽的腿上還醒著，但是媽媽已經(jīng)睡著了。A.almost幾乎；B.still仍然；C.hardly幾乎不；D.even甚至。根據(jù)butthewomandroppedofftosleep，可知母親已經(jīng)睡著，男孩是醒著的，推斷出來(lái)是仍然醒著的。故選B?！?題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：過(guò)了一會(huì)兒，他開始爬上半開著的窗戶——一條腿跨過(guò)了窗戶。A.drag拖拉；B.climb爬上；C.knock敲打；D.push推動(dòng)。根據(jù)空格后onelegwentoverit，可知小孩是在爬窗戶，腳才邁了出去，故選B?！?題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：就在孩子掉下去之前，那人跳起來(lái)抓住了他。A.grabbed抓著；B.rocked搖晃；C.touched接觸；D.picked挑選。根據(jù)beforehefellout可知，男人跳起來(lái)是為了阻止孩子掉下去，所以要抓住他，故選A?！?題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：噪音把那個(gè)女人吵醒了。A.alarm鬧鐘；B.quarrel吵架；C.risk風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；D.noise噪音。根據(jù)上文Themanjumpedupandgrabbedthechildjustbeforehefellout可知，男人和孩子一定是弄出了很大動(dòng)靜和聲音，故選D?！?題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：她似乎在恐慌，然后明白過(guò)來(lái)。A.sorrow悲傷；B.relief減輕；C.panic恐慌；D.pain痛苦。根據(jù)上文可知，女人一醒來(lái)看到男人抓著自己的孩子，女人對(duì)男人的印象不好，因此作為母親一定是很恐慌的，故選C?！?題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：女人很驚訝，我也很驚訝。A.astonished驚訝；B.confused困惑的；C.concerned關(guān)心的；D.inspired受到鼓舞的。根據(jù)空格前的對(duì)話“Yourchildhasbeenlookingforanopportunitytoclimboutofthewindow，”themansaidashegavethechildbacktoher..“SoIhavebeenwatchingthewholetime.”(“你的孩子一直在找機(jī)會(huì)爬出窗戶，”男人說(shuō)著把孩子還給了她?！八晕乙恢痹诳??！?,可知女人對(duì)男人的印象不好，但是男人卻救了他們的孩子，所以最后女人是感到意外和驚訝的，故選A。第二節(jié)（共0小題；每小題.5分，共5分）A閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空．在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Whydowedream？Scientistsaren'tpletelysure,andtheyhavediverse________(idea)．Dreamsmightbeasideeffectofmemoryyousleep,yourbrainsortsthrougheverything____2____happenedduringtheday，tryingtolinknewexperiencestooldit________(connect)things，yourbraintumsthemintoastory,andyougetadream．【答案】.ideas2.that.connects【解析】【分析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章解釋了我們?yōu)槭裁磿?huì)做夢(mèng)的原因?！绢}詳解】考查可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)。句意：科學(xué)家們還不能完全確定，他們有不同的想法。diverse“不同的，多種多樣的”，形容詞作定語(yǔ)，后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)；idea想法，可數(shù)名詞。故填ideas?！?題詳解】考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：當(dāng)你睡覺時(shí)，你的大腦會(huì)整理白天發(fā)生的一切，試圖將新經(jīng)歷與舊記憶聯(lián)系起來(lái)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處需用連接詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是不定代詞everything，關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，所以此處需用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。故填that?！绢}詳解】考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意：當(dāng)它連接事物時(shí)，你的大腦將它們變成一個(gè)故事，然后你就得到了一個(gè)夢(mèng)。由主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞tums可知，空處從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)it，所以空處謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用單數(shù)。故填connects。B閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空．在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Samisanin-real-lifestreamer（播主），andhelivestreamshimselfjustgoingabouthisday．Whileridinghisbikehome____4____acoldnight，hecameacrossasad-lookingelderlywomanwanderingthestreetsbyherself．Thepoorwomanwasn'tabletogivehimanyinformationabout____5____shelived．Samwalkedhertoanearbyconveniencestoresothatshecould____6____（safe）waitforthepolicetotakeherhome．【答案】4.on5.where6.safely【解析】【分析】本文是記敘文。講述了生活博主Sam救助一個(gè)老婦人的故事?！?題詳解】考查介詞。句意：在一個(gè)寒冷的夜晚，當(dāng)他騎著自行車回家時(shí)，他遇到了一個(gè)看起來(lái)悲傷的老婦人獨(dú)自在街上游蕩。表示“在具體的某一天”或“（在具體的某一天的）早上、中午、晚上”等，須用介詞on。故填on?！?題詳解】考查賓語(yǔ)從句。句意：這個(gè)可憐的老婦人不能說(shuō)清楚她住在哪里。介詞about后是賓語(yǔ)從句，根據(jù)句意，此處用where“在哪里；……的地方”符合句意，從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故填where?！?題詳解】考查副詞。句意：山姆帶她去了附近的一家便利店，這樣她就可以安全地等警察帶她回家了。修飾動(dòng)詞wait用副詞作狀語(yǔ)，故填safely。C閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空．在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。There____7____(be)adramaticriseinthenumberofextremeweathereventsoverthepast20years,____8____(cause)largelybyrisingglobaltemperatures,accordingtoanewreportfromtheUnitedNations.From2000to209,therewere7,48majornaturaldisastersaroundtheworld,____9____(result)inUSD2,970billionineconomicloss．Muchofthisincreasecanbeduetoclimatechange.Thefindingsshowacriticalneed____20____(invest)indisasterprevention.【答案】7.hasbeen8.caused9.resulting20.toinvest【解析】【分析】本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道。文章指出過(guò)去20年里，極端天氣事件的數(shù)量急劇增加，這在很大程度上是由全球氣溫上升造成的，引發(fā)重大自然災(zāi)害，造成了極大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，因此人們急需投資于災(zāi)害預(yù)防?！?題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。句意：根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)的一份新報(bào)告，過(guò)去20年里，極端天氣事件的數(shù)量急劇增加，這在很大程度上是由全球氣溫上升造成的。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)overthepast20years可知，此處使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，adramaticrise是單數(shù)感念，助動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。故填hasbeen?！?題詳解】考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意同上。adramaticriseinthenumberofextremeweatherevents與cause是邏輯動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞，表被動(dòng)。故填caused?！?題詳解】考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：2000年至209年，全球共發(fā)生重大自然災(zāi)害748起，造成經(jīng)濟(jì)損失2.97萬(wàn)億美元。7,48majornaturaldisastersaroundtheworld與result是邏輯主謂關(guān)系，且表示一種自然的結(jié)果，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞，作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。故填resulting?！?0題詳解】考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：研究結(jié)果表明，急需投資于災(zāi)害預(yù)防。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此處表示未來(lái)的動(dòng)作，應(yīng)用不定式，作后置定語(yǔ)。故填toinvest。第二部分閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，8分）第一節(jié)（共4小題；每小題2分，共28分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑．AIfyouareplanningtostartacareerinthefieldofeducation，science，orculture，thenaninternship（實(shí)習(xí)）atUNESCOwillbeidealforyou．Whocanapply？Youhavepletedyourfull-timeuniversitystudies；or．Youarestudyinginagraduateprogramforamaster'sdegree．Applicantsintechnicalassignmentsmusthavereachedthelastyearoftheirstudiesinatechnicalinstitution．Whataretherequirements？Youmustbeatleast20yearsold．Youshouldhaveagoodmand（掌握）ofeitherEnglishorFrench．Youmusthaveanexcellentknowledgeofoffice-relatedsoftware．Youshouldbeabletoworkwellinateamandadapttoaninternationalworkingenvironment．Youshouldpossessstronginterpersonalandmunicationskills．Whatdoyouneedtoprepare？Visa：Youshouldobtainthenecessaryvisas．Travel：Youmustarrangeandfinanceyourtraveltoandfromthelocationwhereyouwilldoyourinternship．Medicalinsurance：Youmustshowproofofaprehensivehealthinsurancevalid（有效的）inthetargetcountryfortheentireperiodoftheinternship．UNESCOwillprovidelimitedinsurancecoverageuptoUSD0,000fortheinternshipperiod．Medicalcertificate：Youmustprovideamedicalcertificateindicatingyouarefittowork．Motivationletter：Youshouldhaveyourmotivationletterreadybeforefillingouttheapplicationform．YourapplicationwillbeaccessedbyUNESCOmanagersandwillstayinourdatabaseforsixmonths．Wedonotrespondtoeverycandidate．Ifselected，youwillbecontactedbyamanager．Ifyoudonotreceiveanyupdatewithinsixmonths，itmeansthatyourapplicationhasnotbeensuccessful．2.Accordingtothispassage，applicantsarerequiredto________．A.holdamaster'sdegreeinscienceB.haveinternationalworkexperienceC.befluentineitherEnglishorFrenchD.presentaletterfromatechnicalinstitution22.WhatwillUNESCOprovidefortheinternshipperiod？A.Limitedmedicalinsurancecoverage．B.Traininginmunicationskills．C.Amedicalcertificateforwork．D.Financialsupportfortravel．2.Whatshouldapplicantsdobeforefillingouttheapplicationform？A.ContactUNESCOmanagers． B.Getaccesstothedatabase．C.Keepamotivationletterathand． D.Workinateamforsixmonths．【答案】2.C22.A2.C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文，主要講的是聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織的實(shí)習(xí)項(xiàng)目?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Whataretherequirements？部分的Youshouldhaveagoodmand（掌握）ofeitherEnglishorFrench（你應(yīng)該精通英語(yǔ)或法語(yǔ)）可知，申請(qǐng)者必須精通英語(yǔ)或法語(yǔ)，故選C?！?2題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Whatdoyouneedtoprepare？部分的UNESCOwillprovidelimitedinsurancecoverageuptoUSD0,000fortheinternshipperiod（聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織將為實(shí)習(xí)期間提供不超過(guò)萬(wàn)美元的有限保險(xiǎn)）可知，教科文組織為實(shí)習(xí)期間提供有限的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)，故選A?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的Youshouldhaveyourmotivationletterreadybeforefillingouttheapplicationform（在填寫申請(qǐng)表之前，你應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)備好你的動(dòng)機(jī)信）可知，在填寫申請(qǐng)表之前，申請(qǐng)人應(yīng)將動(dòng)機(jī)信放在手邊，故選C。BIrememberthedayduringourfirstweekofclasswhenwewereinformedaboutoursemester（學(xué)期）projectofvolunteeringatanon-profitorganization．Whentheteacherintroducedustothedifferentorganizationsthatneededourhelp，mylastchoicewasOperationIraqiChildren（OIC）．MyfirstimpressionoftheorganizationwasthatitwasnotgoingtomakeenoughofadifferencewiththeplansIhadinmind．Then，anOICrepresentativegaveussomedetails，whichsomewhatinterestedme．Afterdoingsomeresearch，Ibelievedthatwecouldreallydosomethingforthosekids．WhenIwentonlinetotheOICwebsite，IsawpicturesoftheIraqichildren．Theirfacesweresopowerfulinsendingamessageoftheirdespair（絕望）andneedthatIjoinedthisprojectwithouthesitation．Wedecidedtocollectasmanyschoolsuppliesaspossible，andmakethemintokits——onekit，onechild．Themostrewardingdayforourgroupwasprojectday，whenalltheeffortsweputintocollectingtheitemsfinallycametogether．WhenIsawthevarioussupplieswehadcollected，ithitmethateverykitweweretobuildthatdaywouldeventuallybeinthehandsofanIraqichild．Overthepastfourmonths，IhadneverimaginedhowIwouldfeelonceourprojectwaspleted．Whilemakingthekits，IrealizedthatIhadlostsightofthetruemeaningbehindit．IhadonlyfocusedonthefactthatitwasanotherschoolprojectandoneIwantedtogetagoodgradeon．Whenthekitswerepleted，andreadytobesentoverseas，thewarmfeelingIhadwasoneIwouldneverforget．Inthebeginning，Idaredmyselftomakeadifferenceinthelifeofanotherperson．Nowthatourprojectisover，IrealizethatIhaveaffectednotonlyonelife，butten．Withourefforts，tenyoungboysandgirlswillnowbeabletofurthertheireducation．24.HowdidtheauthorfeelaboutjoiningtheOICprojectinthebeginning？A.Itwouldaffecthis/herinitialplans．B.Itwouldinvolvetravelingoverseas．CItwouldnotbringhim/heragoodgrade．D.Itwouldnotliveuptohis/herexpectations．25.Whatmainlyhelpedtheauthorchangehis/herattitudetowardtheproject？A.ImagesofIraqichildren． B.Researchbyhis/herclassmates．C.Ateacher'sintroduction． D.Arepresentative'sments．26.Theauthor'sOICprojectgroupwouldhelptenIraqichildrento________．.A.beeOICvolunteers B.furthertheireducationC.studyinforeigncountries D.influenceotherchildren27.Whatcanweconcludefromthispassage？A.One'spotentialcannotalwaysbeunderrated．B.Firstimpressioncannotalwaysbetrusted．C.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords．D.Hewhohesitatesislost．【答案】24.D25.A26.B27.B【解析】【分析】本文是記敘文。講述了作者一開始認(rèn)為加入伊拉克兒童行動(dòng)項(xiàng)目不會(huì)達(dá)到他的期望，但是最后通過(guò)努力對(duì)自己和他人帶來(lái)影響，說(shuō)明第一印象不總是可信的。【24題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Whentheteacherintroducedustothedifferentorganizationsthatneededourhelp，mylastchoicewasOperationIraqiChildren（OIC）．MyfirstimpressionoftheorganizationwasthatitwasnotgoingtomakeenoughofadifferencewiththeplansIhadinmind．”（當(dāng)老師向我們介紹了需要我們幫助的不同組織時(shí)，我最后的選擇是伊拉克兒童行動(dòng)(OIC)。我對(duì)這個(gè)組織的第一印象是，它不會(huì)對(duì)我心中的計(jì)劃產(chǎn)生足夠的影響。）可知，一開始作者認(rèn)為加入伊拉克兒童行動(dòng)項(xiàng)目不會(huì)達(dá)到他的期望。故選D?！?5題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“WhenIwentonlinetotheOICwebsite，IsawpicturesoftheIraqichildren．Theirfacesweresopowerfulinsendingamessageoftheirdespair（絕望）andneedthatIjoinedthisprojectwithouthesitation．”（當(dāng)我上網(wǎng)訪問(wèn)OIC網(wǎng)站時(shí)，我看到了伊拉克兒童的照片。他們的臉上傳遞的信息是絕望和需要幫助，我毫不猶豫地加入了這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。）可知，伊拉克兒童圖片幫助作者改變了他對(duì)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的態(tài)度。故選A?！?6題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Nowthatourprojectisover，IrealizethatIhaveaffectednotonlyonelife，butten．Withourefforts，tenyoungboysandgirlswillnowbeabletofurthertheireducation．”（現(xiàn)在我們的項(xiàng)目結(jié)束了，我意識(shí)到我不僅影響了一個(gè)人的生活，而且影響了十個(gè)人的生活。在我們的努力下，0名男孩和女孩現(xiàn)在將能夠繼續(xù)接受教育。）可知，作者的伊拉克兒童行動(dòng)組織幫助十個(gè)伊拉克兒童繼續(xù)接受教育。故選B?！?7題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“MyfirstimpressionoftheorganizationwasthatitwasnotgoingtomakeenoughofadifferencewiththeplansIhadinmind．”（我對(duì)這個(gè)組織的第一印象是，它不會(huì)對(duì)我心中的計(jì)劃產(chǎn)生足夠的影響。）和最后一段“Inthebeginning，Idaredmyselftomakeadifferenceinthelifeofanotherperson．Nowthatourprojectisover，IrealizethatIhaveaffectednotonlyonelife，butten．Withourefforts，tenyoungboysandgirlswillnowbeabletofurthertheireducation．”（一開始，我鼓勵(lì)自己去改變另一個(gè)人的生活?，F(xiàn)在我們的項(xiàng)目結(jié)束了，我意識(shí)到我不僅影響了一個(gè)人的生活，而且影響了十個(gè)人的生活。在我們的努力下，十名男孩和女孩現(xiàn)在將能夠繼續(xù)接受教育。）可知，一開始作者認(rèn)為加入伊拉克兒童行動(dòng)不會(huì)達(dá)到他的期望，但是最后通過(guò)努力對(duì)自己和他人帶來(lái)影響，說(shuō)明第一印象不總是可信的。故選B?！军c(diǎn)睛】CHundredsofscientists,writersandacademicssoundedawarningtohumanityinanopenletterpublishedlastDecember:Policymakersandtherestofusmustengageopenlywiththeriskofglobalcollapse.Researchersinmanyareashaveprojectedthewidespreadcollapseas“acrediblescenario(情景)thiscentury”.Asurveyofscientistsfoundthatextremeweatherevents,foodinsecurity,andfreshwatershortagesmightcreateglobalcollapse.Ofcourse,ifyouareanon-humanspecies,collapseiswellunderway.Thecallforpublicengagementwiththeunthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomentofstill-uncontrolledpandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworld'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.Notverylongago,itwasalsounthinkablethataviruswouldshutdownnationsandthatsafetynetswouldbeprovensodisastrouslylackinginflexibility.Theinternationalscholars’warningletterdoesn'tsayexactlywhatcollapsewilllooklikeorwhenitmighthappen.Collapseology,thestudyofcollapse,ismoreconcernedwithidentifyingtrendsandwiththemthedangersofeverydaycivilization.Amongthesignatories(簽署者)ofthewarningwasBobJohnson,theoriginatorofthe“ecologicalfootprint”concept,whichmeasuresthetotalamountofenvironmentalinputneededtomaintainagivenlifestyle.Withthecurrentfootprintofhumanity,“itseemsthatglobalcollapseiscertaintohappeninsomeform,possiblywithinadecade,certainlywithinthiscentury,”Johnsonsaidinanemail.“Onlyifwediscusstheconsequencesofourbiophysicallimits,”theDecemberwarninglettersays,“canwehavethehopetoreducetheirspeed,severityandharm”.Andyetmessengersoftheingdisturbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.Asapoetwrote,Manisavictimofdope(麻醉品)Intheincurableformofhope.Thehundredsofscholarswhosignedtheletterareintent(執(zhí)著)onquietinghopethatignorespreparedness.“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,”theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“germane”inParagraphprobablymean?A.Scientific. B.Credible.C.Original. D.Relevant.29.Asforthepublicawarenessofglobalcollapse,theauthoris________.A.worried B.puzzledC.surprised D.scared0.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Thesignatoriesmaychangethebiophysicallimits.B.Theauthoragreeswiththemessageofthepoem.C.Theissueofcollapseisbeingprioritized.D.Theglobalcollapseiswellunderway.【答案】28.D29.A0.B【解析】【分析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文，文章闡述了全球崩塌（globalcollapse）的概念。數(shù)百名科學(xué)家、作家和學(xué)者在去年2月發(fā)表的一封公開信中向全人類發(fā)出了警告：政策制定者和我們每個(gè)人必須直面“全球崩塌”的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。文章具體闡釋了學(xué)者們對(duì)這一概念的定義、理解和它的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義?！?8題詳解】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)該詞所在的具體語(yǔ)境，第三段第一句“Thecallforpublicengagementwiththeunthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomentofstill-uncontrolledpandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworld'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.”（呼吁公眾對(duì)世界不確定性的關(guān)注，尤其與此時(shí)此刻的情況密切相關(guān)：此時(shí)此刻，在世界上技術(shù)最先進(jìn)的國(guó)家，仍處于無(wú)法控制流行病和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的泥潭中），下文也提到，一場(chǎng)病毒肆虐，一個(gè)國(guó)家社會(huì)停止了運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，大流行無(wú)法控制，經(jīng)濟(jì)下行，這樣的事情在不久之前都是無(wú)法想象，不可思議（unthinkable）的，即世界充滿了不確定性。而此時(shí)此刻呼吁人們對(duì)這種unthinkable加以關(guān)注，正是和此時(shí)此刻的世界實(shí)況密切相關(guān)。A.Scientific科學(xué)的；B.Credible可信的，可靠的；C.Original原來(lái)的，原創(chuàng)的；D.Relevant相關(guān)的，有重大關(guān)系的。根據(jù)上面的分析，僅有D符合語(yǔ)境，故選D?！?9題詳解】推理判斷題。本題要求判斷作者的情感態(tài)度，根據(jù)原文第五段“yetmessengersoftheingdisturbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.”（然而未來(lái)崩潰的先行信號(hào)很可能被忽略，我們都希望事情在未來(lái)會(huì)變好）和倒數(shù)最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,”theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”（他們說(shuō)，“讓我們直面全球崩塌的議題，真正去解決我們看到的可能的糟糕情況，以便使未來(lái)沒那么糟?！保┛芍?，作者認(rèn)為公眾對(duì)“全球崩塌”的重視意識(shí)不夠，比較擔(dān)心，A.worried擔(dān)憂的；B.puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C.surprised驚訝的；D.scared害怕的，綜合以上的分析，可見作者對(duì)此是“擔(dān)憂的”，故選A?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。原文詩(shī)歌“Manisavictimofdope;Intheincurableformofhope.”（人類是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于無(wú)可救藥的幻想中）表達(dá)的是，人類無(wú)視未來(lái)全球崩塌的巨大危險(xiǎn)，把頭埋進(jìn)沙子里，假裝不知道，充滿不切實(shí)際的幻想和希望。而詩(shī)歌前面的段落就提到“yetmessengersoftheingdisturbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.”（然而未來(lái)崩潰的先行信號(hào)很可能被忽略，我們都希望事情在未來(lái)會(huì)變好），結(jié)合上下文，這里指的是人們都幻想著未來(lái)就會(huì)變好。詩(shī)歌之后的最后一段則提到執(zhí)著于“quietinghopethatignorespreparedness.”（掐滅不做準(zhǔn)備的空有幻想），接著又借學(xué)者之口，提到“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,”theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”（他們說(shuō)，“讓我們直面全球崩塌的議題，真正去解決我們看到的可能的糟糕情況，以便使未來(lái)沒那么糟?！保┛梢?，上下文一脈相承，表達(dá)相同的一方觀點(diǎn)，未對(duì)另一方的觀點(diǎn)有任何呈現(xiàn)，理解文章后可知，作者有明顯的態(tài)度傾向，作者對(duì)于這首詩(shī)表達(dá)的信息是贊同的，故選B。DEarlyfifth-centuryphilosopherSt．Augustinefamouslywrotethatheknewwhattimewasunlesssomeoneaskedhim．AlbertEinsteinaddedanotherwrinklewhenhetheorizedthattimevariesdependingonwhereyoumeasureit．Today'sstate-of-the-artatomic（原子的）clockshaveprovenEinsteinright．Evenadvancedphysicscan'tdecisivelytelluswhattimeis,becausetheanswerdependsonthequestionyou'reasking．Forgetabouttimeasanabsolute．Whatif，insteadofconsideringtimeintermsofastronomy,werelatedtimetoecology？Whatifweallowedenvironmentalconditionstosetthetempo（節(jié)奏）ofhumanlife？We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswithengineeringalone，andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（調(diào)節(jié)）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance．Whatifourdefinitionoftimereflectedthat？Recently，Iconceptualizedanewapproachtotimekeepingthat'sconnectedtocircumstancesonourplanet，conditionsthatmightchangeasaresultofglobalwarming．We'renowbuildingaclockattheAnchorageMuseumthatreflectsthetotalflowofseveralmajorAlaskanrivers，whicharesensitivetolocalandglobalenvironmentalchanges．We'veprogrammedittomatchanatomicclockifthewaterwayscontinuetoflowattheirpresentrate．Iftheriversrunfasterinthefutureonaverage，theclockwillgetaheadofstandardtime．Iftheyrunslower，you'llseetheoppositeeffect．Theclockregistersbothshort-termirregularitiesandlong-termtrendsinriverdynamics．It'sasortofobservatorythatrevealshowtheriversarebehavingfromtheirowntemporalframe（時(shí)間框架），andallowsustowitnessthosechangesonoursmartwatchesorphones．AnyonewhooptstogoonAlaskaMeanRiverTimewillliveinharmonywiththeplanet．Anyonewhoconsidersrivertimeinrelationtoatomictimewillencounteramajorimbalanceandmaybemotivatedtocounteractitbyconsuminglessfuelorsupportinggreenerpolicies．Evenifthismethodoftimekeepingisnovelinitsparticulars，earlyagriculturalsocietiesalsoconnectedtimetonaturalphenomena．Inpre-ClassicalGreece，forinstance，people“corrected”officialcalendarsbyshiftingdatesforwardorbackwardtoreflectthechangeofseason．Temporalconnectiontotheenvironmentwasvitaltotheirsurvival．Likewise，rivertimeandothertimekeepingsystemswe'redevelopingmayencourageenvironmentalawareness．WhenSt．Augustineadmittedhisinabilitytodefinetime，hehighlightedoneoftime'smostnoticeablequalities：Timebeesmeaningfulonlyinadefinedcontext．Anytimekeepingsystemisvalid，andeachisaspraiseworthyasitspurpose．WhatisthemainideaofParagraph？A.Timekeepingisincreasinglyrelatedtonature．B.Everyonecandefinetimeontheirownterms．C.Thequalitiesoftimevarywithhowyoumeasureit．D.Timeisamajorconcernofphilosophersandscientists．2.TheauthorraisesthreequestionsinParagraph2mainlyto________．A.presentanassumption B.evaluateanargumentC.highlightanexperiment D.introduceanapproach.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage？A.Thosewhodonotgoonrivertimewillliveanimbalancedlife．B.NewwaysofmeasuringtimecanhelptocontrolEarthsystems．C.Atomictimewillgetaheadofrivertimeiftheriversrunslower．D.Moderntechnologymayhelptoshapetherivers’temporalframe．4.Whatcanweinferfromthispassage？A.Itiscrucialtoimprovethedefinitionoftime．B.Afixedframewillmaketimemeaningless．C.Weshouldliveinharmonywithnature．D.Historyisamirrorreflectingreality．【答案】.B2.D.C4.C【解析】【分析】本文是議論文。文章通過(guò)討論時(shí)間的定義，講述了人們應(yīng)該和大自然和諧相處，保護(hù)環(huán)境?！绢}詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Evenadvancedphysicscan'tdecisivelytelluswhattimeis,becausetheanswerdependsonthequestionyou'reasking．(即使是先進(jìn)的物理學(xué)也不能決定性地告訴我們時(shí)間是什么，因?yàn)榇鸢溉Q于你要問(wèn)的問(wèn)題)”以及上文列舉的哲學(xué)家St．Augustine和愛因斯坦對(duì)于時(shí)間的定義可推斷，第一段主要講述每個(gè)人都可以用自己的話來(lái)定義時(shí)間。故選B項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswithengineeringalone，andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（調(diào)節(jié)）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance．(我們?cè)絹?lái)越意識(shí)到，我們不能只是用工程學(xué)來(lái)控制地球系統(tǒng)，意識(shí)到，如果我們希望保持平衡，我們就需要調(diào)節(jié)我們的行動(dòng)。)”進(jìn)而提出問(wèn)題“Whatifourdefinitionoftimereflectedthat？(如果時(shí)間的定義反映那些會(huì)怎么樣呢)”，結(jié)合前兩個(gè)問(wèn)題“Whatif，insteadofconsideringtimeintermsofastronomy,werelatedtimetoecology？Whatifweallowedenvironmentalconditionstosetthetempo（節(jié)奏）ofhumanlife？(如果我們不考慮天文學(xué)方面的時(shí)間，而是將時(shí)間與生態(tài)學(xué)聯(lián)系起來(lái)呢？如果我們?cè)试S環(huán)境條件來(lái)設(shè)定人類生活的節(jié)奏呢)”可推斷，第二段提出的三個(gè)問(wèn)題是為了介紹方法。故選D項(xiàng)?！绢}詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“We'veprogrammedittomatchanatomicclockifthewaterwayscontinuetoflowattheirpresentrate．Iftheriversrunfasterinthefutureonaverage，theclockwillgetaheadofstandardtime．Iftheyrunslower，you'llseetheoppositeeffect．（如果水道繼續(xù)以目前的速度流動(dòng)，我們對(duì)它進(jìn)行了編程，匹配了一個(gè)原子時(shí)間。如果河流在未來(lái)的平均運(yùn)行速度更快，時(shí)間就會(huì)超過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間。如果它們的運(yùn)行速度較慢，你就會(huì)看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流運(yùn)行速度得較慢，原子時(shí)間將超過(guò)河流時(shí)間。故選C項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswithengineeringalone，andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（調(diào)節(jié)）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance．(我們?cè)絹?lái)越意識(shí)到，我們不能只是用工程學(xué)來(lái)控制地球系統(tǒng)，意識(shí)到，如果我們希望保持平衡，我們就需要調(diào)節(jié)我們的行動(dòng)。)”和倒數(shù)第二段的“Temporalconnectiontotheenvironmentwasvitaltotheirsurvival．Likewise，rivertimeandothertimekeepingsystemswe'redevelopingmayencourageenvironmentalawareness(時(shí)間與環(huán)境的暫時(shí)聯(lián)系對(duì)它們的生存至關(guān)重要。同樣，河流時(shí)間和我們正在開發(fā)的其他時(shí)間保護(hù)系統(tǒng)也可能會(huì)鼓勵(lì)人們提高環(huán)境意識(shí))”可推斷，從這篇文章中我們知道我們應(yīng)該與自然和諧共處，保護(hù)環(huán)境。故選C。第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2分，共0分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑．選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)．Musichaslongbeenconsideredtobeanenjoyablepastimeformanypeople．____5____Thementalhealthbenefitsfrommusiccan'tbeargued．Musiccouldalsobehelpingyouwithmanyotherhealthproblemsbehindthescenes．____6____However，forthesamereason，musiccanbeverybeneficialifoneisinpain．Bydistracting（分心）themindfromthepain，music，peoplesay，canlowerstressandanxietylevels．This，ofcourse，canleadtolesspain．Manypeopleenjoyrelaxingmusicintheeveningpriortogoingtobed．____7____Whilethevalidityoftheideaisstillbeingassessed，theloweredstresscanevenbetiedbacktobloodpressure．Similarly,accordingtoresearchers，listeningtojust0minutesofsoftmusiceverydaymayhelpwithhealthybloodsugarlevels，throughtheloweringofstressandanxiety．Whenitestohearthealth，thereisspeculation（推測(cè)）thatit'snotthestyleofmusic，butratherthetempothatmakesitsogoodforyourhearthealth．InoneEuropeanstudy，participantslistenedtomusicastheresearchersmonitoredtheirheartratesandbloodpressure．____8____Ontheotherhand，whenthemusicslowed，theparticipants'stressandanxietylevelsbecamelowerandtheeffectsonheartratesappearedtofollowsuit．____9____Butthereisawholerangeofotherhealthissuesthatturninguptheradiocouldbebeneficialfor，whichiswhatmakesmusicsovaluable．A.Thisfeelingcanalsoresultinmanyotherhealthproblems．B.Someexpertssaythatmusiccanbeharmfulifitistooloud．C.Thisideaisalittleoff-the-wallbutstillhasscientificbacking．D.Theysayitcanplayabigroleincalmingthebrainenoughtosleep．E.Theimplicationsofmusiconoverallwell-beingarereallyimpressive．F.Itisalsohighlypopularduetotheindividualizedeffectsonstressandanxiety．G.Interestingly，themorecheerfulthemusicwas，thefastertheirheartrateswere．【答案】5.F6.B7.D8.G9.E【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要講的是音樂對(duì)身體的好處?！?題詳解】空格后說(shuō)“Thementalhealthbenefitsfrommusiccan'tbeargued”（音樂對(duì)心理健康的益處是毋庸置疑的），F(xiàn)選項(xiàng)Itisalsohighlypopularduetotheindividualizedeffectsonstressandanxiety中的stressandanxiety照應(yīng)了mentalhealthbenefits，因此F選項(xiàng)切合題意，故選F?！?題詳解】空格后說(shuō)“However，forthesamereason，musiccanbeverybeneficialifoneisinpain”（然而，出于同樣的原因，當(dāng)一個(gè)人處于痛苦中時(shí)，音樂是非常有益的），However表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此空格處為對(duì)音樂的負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià)，B選項(xiàng)Someexpertssaythatmusiccanbeharmfulifitistooloud中的harmful就是負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià)，因此B選項(xiàng)切合題意，故選B?！?題詳解】空格前說(shuō)“Manypeopleenjoyrelaxingmusicintheeveningpriortogoingtobed”（許多人喜歡在晚上睡覺前聽些輕松的音樂），D選項(xiàng)Theysayitcanplayabigroleincalmingthebrainenoughtosleep中的sleep和goingtobed相呼應(yīng)，因此D選項(xiàng)切合題意，故選D?！?題詳解】空格前說(shuō)“InoneEuropeanstudy，participantslistenedtomusicastheresearchersmonitoredtheirheartratesandbloodpressure”（在歐洲的一項(xiàng)研究中，參與者聽音樂，研究人員監(jiān)測(cè)他們的心率和血壓），G選項(xiàng)Interestingly，themorecheerfulthemusicwas，thefastertheirheartrateswere中的heartrates和前面的heartrates相照應(yīng)，因此G選項(xiàng)切合題意，故選G?！?題詳解】空格后說(shuō)“Butthereisawholerangeofotherhealthissuesthatturninguptheradiocouldbebeneficialfor，whichiswhatmakesmusicsovaluable”（但是，開著收音機(jī)還可以對(duì)一系列其他的健康問(wèn)題有益，這就是音樂如此有價(jià)值的原因），因此本段講的是音樂對(duì)身體總的好處，E選項(xiàng)Theimplicationsofmusiconoverallwell-beingarereallyimpressive講的是音樂對(duì)整體健康的影響是非常令人印象深刻的，因此E選項(xiàng)切合題意，故選E。第三部分書面表達(dá)（共兩節(jié)，2分）第一節(jié)（共4小題；第40、4題各2分，第42題分，第4題5分，共2分）閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)題目要求用英文回答問(wèn)題。Recentresearch