R語言入門和使用技巧課件

R語言入門和

使用技巧

LijunJinR語言入門和使用技巧

ContentsR語言入門和使用技巧Chapter1.IntroductionR語言入門和使用技巧

Introduction

R語言的概述定義：R是用于統(tǒng)計分析、繪圖的語言和操作環(huán)境。R是屬于GNU系統(tǒng)的一個自由、免費(fèi)、源代碼開放的軟件，它是一個用于統(tǒng)計計算和統(tǒng)計制圖的優(yōu)秀工具。功能:R是一套完整的數(shù)據(jù)處理、計算和制圖軟件系統(tǒng)。R語言的發(fā)展1980年（貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室）R完善（MathSoft公司的統(tǒng)計科學(xué)部）R系統(tǒng)（Auckland大學(xué)的RobertGentleman和RossIhaka）Risfree！R語言的運(yùn)用免費(fèi)，開源，統(tǒng)計模塊齊全避免了像商業(yè)軟件在固定的分析過程中存在的問題用戶可以得知其中的計算會暗含著何種漏洞或錯誤可自由計算任何想計算的統(tǒng)計量（包括圖形）R語言入門和使用技巧

Introduction資源網(wǎng)站資源：R主頁：

統(tǒng)計之都：

TheRGraphGallery：

Bioconductor：

RGraphicalManua：

書籍資料：統(tǒng)計建模與R軟件（推薦）顏色卡片：R超級卡片：Notepad++下載：StatisticswithRRforBeginners(中文版）StatisticsandRReadingNotes(統(tǒng)計學(xué)與R讀書筆記)R語言入門和使用技巧

RchartsR語言入門和使用技巧

基本運(yùn)算符號

符號 > 命令或運(yùn)算提示符 + 續(xù)行符基本算術(shù)運(yùn)算

例子 + >4+5 - >5-4 * >5*4 / >4/5 ^ >4^5賦值符

例子 = >x=5 <- >x<-5 -> >x->5 assign >assign(“x”,5)求助符

例子 ? >?par help() >help(par)整除 %/% >5%/%3余數(shù) %% >5%%3R語言入門和使用技巧

向量數(shù)值型 &整型 &單精度實(shí)型 &雙精度實(shí)型邏輯型復(fù)值型字符型向量構(gòu)建 >c() 沒有什么規(guī)律 >seq() seq(from,to,by,length.out) >rep() rep(x,...)R語言入門和使用技巧

數(shù)值型向量例子>1:10[1]12345678910>x<-c(10.4,5.6,3.1,6.4,21.7)[1]10.45.63.16.421.7>seq(10) #sameas1:10[1]12345678910>seq(1,10,by=1.5)

#步長為1.5[1]1.02.54.05.57.08.510.0>seq(1,6,by=3)

#步長為3[1]14>seq(0,5,length.out=11)

#生成向量長度為11[1]0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.0>rep(1:10)[1]12345678910>rep(1:10,2)

#整個向量重復(fù)2次[1]1234567891012345678910>rep(1:3,each=5)

#每個元素重復(fù)5次[1]111112222233333>rep(1:3,1:3)

#每個元素分別重復(fù)1、2、3次[1]122333>rep(1:4,each=2,len=10)[1]1122334411R語言入門和使用技巧數(shù)組>x=array(1:24,3)[1]123>x=array(1:24,3,4)[1]123>x=array(1:24,c(3,4))[,1][,2][,3][,4][1,]14710[2,]25811[3,]36912>t(x)[,1][,2][,3][1,]123[2,]456[3,]789[4,]101112>x=array(1:24,c(3,4,2)),,1[,1][,2][,3][,4][1,]14710[2,]25811[3,]36912,,2[,1][,2][,3][,4][1,]13161922[2,]14172023[3,]15182124R語言入門和使用技巧矩陣>

matrix(1:15,nrow=3,ncol=5,byrow=TRUE)[,1][,2][,3][,4][,5][1,]12345[2,]678910[3,]1112131415>

x<-matrix(1:15,nrow=3)[,1][,2][,3][,4][,5][1,]1471013[2,]2581114[3,]3691215>

is.matrix(x)[1]TRUE>

x=array(1:24,c(3,4,2))>

is.matrix(x)[1]FALSE>y<-matrix(x,nrow=3)[,1][,2][,3][,4][,5][,6][,7][,8][1,]1471013161922[2,]2581114172023[3,]3691215182124R語言入門和使用技巧

數(shù)據(jù)框與列表

數(shù)據(jù)框是一種矩陣形式的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)。數(shù)據(jù)框內(nèi)含的數(shù)據(jù)可以是不同類型的數(shù)據(jù)。每一列的數(shù)據(jù)必須是同一類型，且每一列的長度必須相同。數(shù)據(jù)框可以由data.frame()

構(gòu)建。數(shù)據(jù)框的構(gòu)建：方法1:讀文件read.table() 表格式文件read.csv() 逗號分隔的文件read.delim() tab鍵分隔的文件方法2：讀變量>x=c(42,7,64,9)>y=1:4>z.df=data.frame(INDEX=y,VALUE=x)INDEXVALUE1142227336449>as.data.frame(z.df)INDEXVALUE11422273364449R語言入門和使用技巧

XmingusageStep1:installXminginWindowStep2:clinkXminginLinuxStep3:displaypictureR語言入門和使用技巧XmingusageR語言入門和使用技巧Chapter2.ParametersR語言入門和使用技巧

Drawelementpar()函數(shù)的參數(shù)詳解plot()及相關(guān)函數(shù)的參數(shù)說明parplotadj,bg,lendbty,cex,col,font,las,lty,family,lwd,ann,new,mar,mex,mgp,mfool,mfrow,oma,pch,pty,tck,tcl,las,xaxt,yaxt,lab,srt,xpdtype,main,sub,xlab,ylab,xlim,ylim,axes,asp,log,col,pch,cex,lty,lwd,R語言入門和使用技巧

ParchartsR語言入門和使用技巧

ParchartsCol:圖中符號（點(diǎn)、線等）的顏色,col.axis坐標(biāo)軸刻度標(biāo)記的顏色col.lab坐標(biāo)軸標(biāo)題的顏色col.main圖主標(biāo)題的顏色col.sub圖副標(biāo)題的顏色R語言入門和使用技巧

Parchartsmfrow,mfcolmar,oma

x<-c(1:5)par(ann=F,mar=c(4,4,4,6))plot(x,pch=10,col=4,cex=3,axes=F)mtext('side=1,line=0',side=1,line=0,cex=2)mtext('side=2,line=1',side=2,line=1,cex=2)mtext('side=3,line=2',side=3,line=2,cex=2)mtext('side=4,line=3',side=4,line=3,cex=2)box()R語言入門和使用技巧

plotcharts

plot(c(10,20),c(1,13),col="white",xlab="",ylab="",main="type=",xaxt="n",yaxt="n",cex.main=2.5)ltypes=c("l","p","b","c","o","s","S","h")lpos=c(seq(0,10,2),13,15)for(iinseq_along(ltypes)){lines(lpos[i]+1:20,1:20,type=ltypes[i],lwd=3)}text(9.5+1:8,12-1:8,c("l","p","b","c","o","s","S","h"),cex=2,col="red")

plot(c(10,20),c(0,10),col="white",xlab="",ylab="",main="lty=",xaxt="n",ylim=c(0,9.6),cex.main=2.5)lnames=c("blank","solid","dashed","dotted","dotdash","longdash","twodash","51","9396","848481")for(iin1:10){abline(h=i-1,lty=lnames[i],lwd=3)text(15,i-0.5,lnames[i],cex=2)}R語言入門和使用技巧

plotcharts

plot(c(0.5,1.5),c(0,3),col="white",xlab="",ylab="",main="cex=",xaxt="n",yaxt="n",cex.main=2.5)for(iinseq(0,3,0.2)){points(0,i,pch=16,cex=i)text(1,i,paste(i),cex=i)}

plot(c(10,20),c(2^3,2^5.5),col="white",xlab="",ylab="",main="lwd=",xaxt="n",log="y",cex.main=2.5,yaxp=c(0.1,50,2))for(iin1:9){lines(c(11,19),c(2^(i-4),2^(i-4)),lwd=2^(i-4))text(15,2^(i-4+0.5),2^(i-4),cex=2)}Cex:圖上元素（文本和符號等）的縮放倍數(shù)；取值為一個相對于1的數(shù)值cex.axis坐標(biāo)軸刻度標(biāo)記的縮放倍數(shù)cex.lab坐標(biāo)軸標(biāo)題的縮放倍數(shù)cex.main圖主標(biāo)題的縮放倍數(shù)cex.sub圖副標(biāo)題的縮放倍數(shù)R語言入門和使用技巧

plotcharts

plot(c(0,4.5),c(0,4),col="white",xlab="",ylab="",main="pch=",xaxt="n",yaxt="n",cex.main=2.5)for(iin0:24){points(i%%5,i%/%5,pch=i,cex=2)text(0.3+i%%5,i%/%5,i,cex=2)}R語言入門和使用技巧

Texttitletitle(main=NULL,sub=NULL,xlab=NULL,ylab=NULL,line=NA,outer=FALSE,...)texttext(x,y=NULL,labels=seq_along(x),adj=NULL,pos=NULL,offset=0.5,vfont=NULL,cex=1,col=NULL,font=NULL,...)mtextmtext(text,side=3,line=0,outer=FALSE,at=NA,adj=NA,padj=NA,cex=NA,col=NA,font=NA,...)R語言入門和使用技巧

Text

plot(1:10,(-4:5)^2,main="ParabolaPoints",xlab="xlab")mtext("10ofthem")for(sin1:4)+mtext(paste("mtext(...,line=-1,{side,col,font}=",s,+",cex=",(1+s)/2,")"),line=-1,+side=s,col=s,font=s,cex=(1+s)/2)mtext("mtext(...,line=-2)",line=-2)mtext("mtext(...,line=-2,adj=0)",line=-2,adj=0)plot(-1:1,-1:1,type="n",xlab="Re",ylab="Im")K<-16;text(exp(1i*2*pi*(1:K)/K),col=2,cex=2)par(ann=F,new=T)plot(1:10,1:10,main="text(...)examples\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~",+sub="RisGNU?,butnot?...")mtext("?Latin-1accentedchars?:éè???<??<?",side=3)points(c(6,2),c(2,1),pch=3,cex=5,col="green")text(6,2,"thetextisCENTEREDaround(x,y)=(6,2)bydefault",col=4,cex=.8)text(2,1,"orLeft/Bottom-JUSTIFIEDat(2,1)by'adj=c(0,0)'",+adj=c(0,0))text(4,9,expression(hat(beta)==(X^t*X)^{-1}*X^t*y),col=8)text(4,8.4,"expression(hat(beta)==(X^t*X)^{-1}*X^t*y)",col=11,cex=2)text(4,7,expression(bar(x)==sum(frac(x[i],n),i==1,n)),col=12,cex=2)title('text(...)examples\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~')R語言入門和使用技巧

legendandgridlegend(x,y=NULL,legend,fill=NULL,col=par("col"),lty,lwd,pch,angle=45,density=NULL,bty="o",bg=par("bg"),box.lwd=par("lwd"),box.lty=par("lty"),box.col=par("fg"),pt.bg=NA,cex=1,pt.cex=cex,pt.lwd=lwd,xjust=0,yjust=1,ersp=1,ersp=1,adj=c(0,0.5),text.width=NULL,text.col=par("col"),merge=do.lines&&has.pch,trace=FALSE,plot=TRUE,ncol=1,horiz=FALSE,title=NULL,inset=0,xpd,title.col=text.col)

plot(1:3)grid(NA,5,lwd=4,col=3,lty=6)grid(5,NA,lwd=4,col=3,lty=6)grid(nx=NULL,ny=nx,col="lightgray",lty="dotted",lwd=par("lwd"),equilogs=TRUE)R語言入門和使用技巧

axisplot(1:7,rnorm(7),main="axis()examples",type="s",xaxt="n",frame=FALSE,col="red")axis(1,1:7,LETTERS[1:7],col.axis="blue")#unusualoptions:axis(4,col="violet",col.axis="darkviolet",lwd=2)axis(3,col="gold",lty=2,lwd=0.5)plot(1:10,xaxt="n")axis(1,xaxp=c(2,9,7))R語言入門和使用技巧Chapter3.GraphicsamplesR語言入門和使用技巧

Graphicspiepie3Dvennrect1linesdensityhistmatplotbarplotboxplotpointslogsegmentsablinearrowspolygon342

CommonfunctionsR語言入門和使用技巧

Piechartspie.sales<-c(0.12,0.3,0.26,0.16,0.04,0.12)names(pie.sales)<-c("Blueberry","Cherry","Apple","BostonCream","Other","VanillaCream")pie(pie.sales,col=c("purple","violetred1","green3","cornsilk","cyan","white"))

a<-c(58.13,21.64,20.24)ratio<-sprintf("%.2f",100*a/sum(a))label=paste(ratio,"%",sep="")pie(a,col=c("red","blue","green"),labels=label)legend("topright",c("mCG","mCHG","mCHH"),col=c(2,4,"green"),pch=15,bty="n")R語言入門和使用技巧

Pie3Dcharts

library("plotrix")a<-c(58.13,21.64,20.24)c<-paste(a,"%",sep="")label=paste(c('mCG','mCHG','mCHH'),c,sep="\n")pie3D(a,labels=label,explode=0.1,radius=0.9,border="black")explodeborderlabelsradiusclockwisecolangledensityinit.angle……….R語言入門和使用技巧

Venncharts

install.packages("plotrix")library("plotrix")par(ann=F)plot(0:10,seq(0,10,length=11),type="n",axes=F)draw.circle(2,5,2)draw.circle(4,5,2)text(1,5,labels="10.12%",col="black",font=2)text(3,5,labels="49.5%",col="black",font=2)text(5,5,labels="40.38%",col="black",font=2)text(2,2,"Sample1")text(5,2,"Samlpe2")text(3.5,8.5,labels="Vennpicture“,font=2,cex=1.5)R語言入門和使用技巧

axischarts

x<-c(0.00,0.40,0.86,0.85,0.69,0.48,0.54,1.09,1.11,1.73,2.05,2.02)par(bg="lightgray")plot(x,type="n",axes=FALSE,ann=FALSE)usr<-par("usr")rect(usr[1],usr[3],usr[2],usr[4],col="cornsilk",border="black")lines(x,col="blue")points(x,pch=21,bg="lightcyan",cex=1.25)axis(2,col.axis="blue",las=1)axis(1,at=1:12,lab=month.abb,col.axis="blue")box()title(main="TheLevelofInterestinR",font.main=4,col.main="red")title(xlab="1996",col.lab="red")axis(side,at=NULL,labels=TRUE,tick=TRUE,line=NA,pos=NA,outer=FALSE,font=NA,lty="solid",lwd=1,lwd.ticks=lwd,col=NULL,col.ticks=NULL,hadj=NA,padj=NA,...)

plot(1:7,rnorm(7),main="axis()examples",type="s",xaxt="n",frame=FALSE,col="red")axis(1,1:7,LETTERS[1:7],col.axis="blue")axis(4,col="violet",col.axis="darkviolet",lwd=2)axis(3,col="gold",lty=2,lwd=0.5)R語言入門和使用技巧

Rectchartsplot(c(100,200),c(300,450),type="n",xlab="",ylab="")rect(100,300,125,350)#transparentrect(100,400,125,450,col="green",border="blue“)rect(115,375,150,425,col=par("bg"),border="transparent")rect(150,300,175,350,density=10,border="red")rect(150,400,175,450,density=30,col="blue",angle=-30,border="transparent")legend(180,450,legend=1:4,fill=c(NA,"green",par("fg"),"blue"),density=c(NA,NA,10,30),angle=c(NA,NA,30,-30))rect(xleft,ybottom,xright,ytopdensityanglecolborderltylwd………..)R語言入門和使用技巧

pointcharts

plot(1,col="white",xlab="",ylab="",main="curve(),abline(),points(),lines()",xaxt="n",yaxt="n",type="n",xlim=c(-pi,pi),ylim=c(-pi,pi),cex.main=2.5)arrows(c(-3,0),c(0,-3),c(3,0),c(0,3),lwd=3)curve(sin,-pi,pi,add=T,lwd=3,col="red")curve(cos,-pi,pi,add=T,lwd=3,col="green")curve(tan,-pi/2,pi/2,add=T,lwd=3,col="blue")abline(0,-1,lwd=3,lty=2,col="grey80")abline(0,1,lwd=3,lty=2,col="grey80")abline(1,0,lwd=3,lty=2,col="grey80")abline(-1,0,lwd=3,lty=2,col="grey80")points(3.2*cos(pi*(1:50)/25),3.2*sin(pi*(1:50)/25),pch=19)line(x,ytype)points(pchcexcollwdbg)R語言入門和使用技巧

ablinecharts

plot(c(-2,3),c(-1,5),type="n",xlab="x",ylab="y",asp=1)abline(h=0,v=0,col="gray60")text(1,0,"abline(h=0)",col="gray60",adj=c(0,-.1))abline(h=-1:5,v=-2:3,col="lightgray",lty=3)abline(a=1,b=2,col=2)text(1,3,"abline(1,2)",col=2,adj=c(-.1,-.1))abline(a,b,untf=FALSE,...)abline(h=,untf=FALSE,...)abline(v=,untf=FALSE,...)abline(coef=,untf=FALSE,...)abline(reg=,untf=FALSE,...)R語言入門和使用技巧histcharts直方圖寬度-----組距高度-------頻數(shù)，頻率，頻率/組距注：高度---------頻率/組距，矩形的面積是數(shù)據(jù)落入?yún)^(qū)間的頻率，可估計總體的概率密度。hist(x,breaks="Sturges",freq=NULL,probability=!freq,include.lowest=TRUE,right=TRUE,density=NULL,angle=45,col=NULL,border=NULL,main=paste("Histogramof",xname),xlim=range(breaks),ylim=NULL,xlab=xname,ylab,axes=TRUE,plot=TRUE,labels=FALSE,nclass=NULL,...)breaks-------組距freq：TRUE-------頻率直方圖FALSE------密度直方圖例子：>hist(sqrt(islands),breaks=12,+col="lightblue",border="pink")R語言入門和使用技巧

histcharts

w<-c(75.0,64.0,47.4,66.9,62.2,62.2,58.7,63.5,66.6,64.0,57.0,69.0,56.9,50.0,72.0)par(mfrow=c(2,2),ann=F)hist(w,freq=F,col="blue",main='freq=F')hist(w,freq=T,col="green",main='freq=T')

hist(w,freq=T,col="red",main='breaks=3,density=10',breaks=3,density=10)

hist(w,freq=T,col="red",main='breaks=20',breaks=20)R語言入門和使用技巧

densitycharts核密度估計函數(shù)

已知樣本，估計其密度。density(x,bw="nrd0",adjust=1,kernel=c("gaussian","epanechnikov","rec"triangular","biweight","cosinwindow=kernel,width,give.Rkern=FALSE,n=512,from,to,cut=3,na.rm=FALSE)例子：(kernels<-eval(formals(density.default)$kernel))plot(density(0,bw=1),xlab="",main="R'sdensity()kernelswithbw=1")for(iin2:length(kernels))lines(density(0,bw=1,kernel=kernels[i]),col=i,lwd=2)legend("topright",legend=kernels,col=seq(kernels),lty=1,cex=.8,ersp=1,lwd=2)R語言入門和使用技巧

densitychartspar(ann=F)m<-read.table('Inbred.0.8',head=T)n<-read.table('Wild.0.8',head=T)x<-m[,10][m[,10]0]y<-n[,10][n[,10]0]plot(density(x,bw=0.02),col=2,axes=F)par(ann=F,new=T)plot(density(y,bw=0.02),col=3)mtext("Methylationlevelofgene",side=1,line=3,cex=1.3)mtext("Density",side=2,line=3,cex=1.3)legend("topright",lwd=c(2,2),cex=1,col=c(2:3),legend=c("Inbred","Wild"))title('Oyster')R語言入門和使用技巧

barplotchartslibrary(RColorBrewer)par(mfrow=c(2,2),mar=c(3,2.5,0.5,0.1))death=t(VADeaths)[,5:1]barplot(death,col=brewer.pal(4,"Set1"))barplot(death,col=brewer.pal(4,"Set1"),beside=TRUE,legend=TRUE)x<-c(1,2,-3,4,-9,10,-1,2,0,-8)r<-barplot(x,col=rainbow(20))tN<-c(6,6,19,16,17,14,8,8,3,3)r<-barplot(tN,col=rainbow(20),horiz=T)R語言入門和使用技巧

barplotchartsmt<read.table(‘overlap.CF_ANT.Methylation.level.region.relation',head=F);pdf(‘overlap.CF_ANT.Methylation.level.region.relation.pdf',height=8,width=12);x=0:10y=4+8*xpar(bty='7',mar=c(9,8,2,0.5),mgp=c(5,1,0));n<-data.frame(mt[,c(2:8)])barplot(t(as.matrix(n)),col=c(2:8),axes=F,ylim=c(0,0.12),width=1,beside=T,ylab='Relativemethylaionlevel',cex.lab=2);axis(1,at=y,lab=F)text(y-1,-0.017,labels=mt[,1],srt=45,xpd=T,cex=1.7,font.lab=2,cex.lab=2)axis(2,las=1,cex.axis=1.8,font.axis=2)legend('topright',legend=c("CF_Egg","CF_larva","CF_Major","CF_Minor","CF_male","CF_Q","CF_VQ"),pch=15,col=c(2:8),cex=1.5);R語言入門和使用技巧

barplot2chartsci.u=upperboundci.l=lowerboundlibrary(gplots)hh<-t(VADeaths)[1,1]mybarcol<-"gray20"ci.l<-hh*0.85ci.u<-hh*1.15barplot2(hh,ci.l=ci.l,ci.u=ci.u,plot.ci=TRUE,col=3,axes=F)R語言入門和使用技巧

barplot2charts

library(gplots)hh<-t(VADeaths)[,5:1]mybarcol<-"gray20"ci.l<-hh*0.85ci.u<-hh*1.15mp<-barplot2(hh,beside=TRUE,col=c("lightblue","mistyrose","lightcyan","lavender"),legend=colnames(VADeaths),ylim=c(0,100),main="DeathRatesinVirginia",font.main=4,sub="Faked95percenterrorbars",col.sub=mybarcol,s=1.5,plot.ci=TRUE,ci.l=ci.l,ci.u=ci.u,plot.grid=TRUE)mtext(side=1,at=colMeans(mp),line=2,text=paste("Mean",formatC(colMeans(hh))),col="red")box()RuralMaleRuralFemaleUrbanMaleUrbanFemale50-5411.78.715.48.455-5918.111.724.313.660-6426.920.337.019.365-6941.030.954.635.170-7466.054.371.150.0R語言入門和使用技巧

boxplotcharts箱線圖

直接簡潔的展示數(shù)據(jù)分布的特征。boxplot(x,...,range=1.5,width=NULL,varwidth=FALSE,notch=FALSE,outline=TRUE,names,plot=TRUE,border=par("fg"),col=NULL,log="",pars=list(boxwex=0.8,staplewex=0.5,outwex=0.5),horizontal=FALSE,add=FALSE,at=NULL)例子：Notch:凹槽所表示的實(shí)際上是中位數(shù)的一個區(qū)間估計.計算式：Q2+/1.58IQR/區(qū)間置信水平:95%在比較兩組數(shù)據(jù)中位數(shù)差異時，我們只需要觀察箱線圖的凹槽是否有重疊部分，若兩個凹槽互不交疊，那么說明這兩組數(shù)據(jù)的中位數(shù)有顯著差異（P值小于0.05).x<-c(1,2,3,4,9,10,-1,2,0,-8)boxplot(x,notch=T,col='blue',outline=T)最大值------Q4最小值--------Q0上四分位數(shù)----------Q3中位數(shù)-------------Q2下四分位數(shù)----------Q1離散點(diǎn)R語言入門和使用技巧

boxplotchartst=read.table("CF_Egg.sum_len.txt",header=T)par(font=2,cex.axis=1.2,font.lab=2,font.axis=2)boxplot(list(t[,1],t[,2],t[,3],t[,4],t[,5],t[,6],t[,7],t[,8],t[,9],t[,10]),notch=T,outline=F,names=c('1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9','10'),col=2:11)mtext("Methylationlevel",side=1,line=3,cex=1.3)mtext("Genelength",side=2,line=3,cex=1.3)title("CF_EggDistribution")box()R語言入門和使用技巧

Clusterchart系統(tǒng)聚類分析法：最短距離法("single"):最長距離法("complete")：中間距離法("median")：類平均法("average")：重心法("centroid")：離差平方和("ward”):相似分析法(“Mcquitty”):>x<-c(1,2,6,8,11);dim(x)<-c(5,1);d<-dist(x)>hc1<-hclust(d,"single");hc2<-hclust(d,"complete")>hc3<-hclust(d,"median");hc4<-hclust(d,"mcquitty")>opar<-par(mfrow=c(2,2))>plot(hc1,hang=-1);plot(hc2,hang=-1)>plot(hc3,hang=-1);plot(hc4,hang=-1)>par(opar)>d<-dist(x)Dij表示第i個樣本與第j個樣本的距離，G1,G2…..表示類，DKL表示GK與GL的距離R語言入門和使用技巧

heatmapchartlibrary(pheatmap)test=matrix