英語句子的基本成分

ThebasiccomponentsofEnglishsentences目錄OverviewofpresencecomponentsSubjectandpredictObjectandcompletionAttributiveandAdverbial目錄ExpressionsandattitudesIndependentcomponentsandcommittedcomponents01OverviewofpresencecomponentsSubjectThesubjectisthepartofthepresencethatperformstheactionorisinastateofbeingItistypicallyanounorapronoonPredictionThepredictionisthepartofthepresencethatexpressestheactionorstateofbeingofthesubjectIttypicallyincludestheverbandanyobjectsorcompletenessObjectTheobjectisthepartofthepresencethatreceivestheactionoftheverbItistypicallyanounorapronoonComplexAcompletionisawordorphrasethatcompletesthemeaningofthepredicateItcanbeanobjective,noun,orhypotheticalphrase01020304DefinitionandFunctionTypesofpresencecomponentsPhrases:PhrasesaregroupsofwordsthatactasasingleunitwithinasenseTheycanbenounphrases,verbphrases,objectivephrases,verbphrases,orpositionalphrasesClaims:ClaimsaregroupsofwordsthatcontainasubjectandapredicateandcanstandaloneasacompletethoughtTheycanbeindependentclaims(completeintentions)ordependentclaims(incompleteintentions)Modifiers:ModifiersarewordsorphrasesthatdescribeorlimitotherwordsinasentenceTheycanbeobjections,advertisements,orpreliminaryphrasesPuncture:PuncturemarksareusedtoseparatepresencecomponentsandclarifymeaningTheyincludecommas,periods,questionmarks,exceptionpoints,colons,phenomenons,dashes,parentses,andquotamarks02SubjectandpredictThesubjectisthemainpartofasensethatperformstheactionorisinastateofbeingItistypicallyanounorpronounandanswersthequestion"who?"or"what?"inasenseDefinitionThesubjectfunctionsasthedoorstepoftheactionorthebeinginastateItiscloselyrelatedtotheverbandhelpstocompletethemeaningofthepresenceFunctionTheDefinitionandFunctionofSubjectDefinitionThepredicateisthepartofapresencethatincludestheverbandanymodifiers,objects,orcompletenessthatcompletestheverb'smeaningItexpressestheaction,state,oroccurrenceinasenseFunctionThepredictivefunctionstodescribetheactionorstateofthesubjectItprovidesmoreinformationaboutwhatthesubjectisdoingorwhatstateitisinThedefinitionandfunctionofpredictionsDefinition:SubjectverbconsistencyreferstotheagreementbetweenthesubjectandtheverbinasenseTheverbmustagreewiththesubjectintermsofperson(first,second,orthird)andnumber(singularorplural)TheprincipleofsubjectverbconsistencyRules1.Asingularsubjecttakesasingularverb,andapluralsubjecttakesapluralverb2.Whentwoormoresingularsubjectsareconnectedby"and,"theyaretreatedasapluralsubjectandtakeapluralverbTheprincipleofsubjectverbconsistency3.Whentwosubjectsareconnectedby"or"or"nor,"theverbagreementswiththesubjectthatisclosedtoit4.Inintentionsstartingwith"thereis"or"thereare,"theverbagreementswiththenounornounphrasethatfollowsitTheprincipleofsubjectverbconsistencyExceptionsCollectivenounssuchas"family,""team,"or"group"cantakeeitherasingularorpluralverbdependingonthecontextandwherethemembersareactingindividuallyorasaunitSomedefinepronounssuchas"all,""some,""any,""none,""most,"etc.,cantakeeitherasingularorpluralverbdependingonwhichtheyarereferringtosomethingcountableoruncountableTitlesofbooks,movies,orotherworksofarttakeasingularverbregularityofwhichtheyendin"s"ornotTheprincipleofsubjectverbconsistency03ObjectandcompletionDefinitionTheobjectisanounorpronouninasensethatreceivestheactionoftheverbItanswersthequestion"what?"or"who?"aftertheverbFunctionTheobjectcompletesthemeaningoftheverbbyidentifyingthepersonorthingaffectedbytheactionorstateexpressedbytheverbTheDefinitionandFunctionofObjectVSAcompletionisawordorgroupofwordsthatcompletesthemeaningofapredicateverboralinkingverbItprovidesadditionalinformationaboutthesubjectortheobjectofthepresenceFunctionThecompletionhelpstoclarifythemeaningoftheverbbyspecifyingitscharacteristics,identity,orstateItcanbeeitherasubjectcompletionoranobjectcompletion,dependingonitspositioninthepresenceDefinitionThedefinitionandfunctionofcompletionPositioninthepresenceTheobjectfollowstheverbandreceivestheaction,whilethecompletionfollowstheverbandcompletesitsmeaningFunctionTheobjectisaffectedbytheactionoftheverb,whilethecompletionprovidesadditionalinformationaboutthesubjectorobjectTypesObjectscanbedirectorindirect,whilecompletioncanbesubjectcompletionorobjectcompletionThedistinctionbetweenobjectsandcompletion04AttributiveandAdverbialAnattributeisawordorphrasethatmodifiesanounorpronoun,addinginformationaboutitsqualities,characteristics,oridentityItiscommonlyplacedbeforethenounorpronounitmodificationsCommontypesofattributesincludeobjectives,particles,andpreliminaryphrasesTheDefinitionandFunctionofAttributiveCommontypesofadvertisementsincludeadvertisements,preliminaryphrases,andsuborderclausesAnadvisoryisawordorphrasethatmodifiesaverb,objective,oranotherverb,addinginformationabouttime,place,Manner,cause,orothercirculationsItcanbeplacedbeforeoraftertheworditmodifications,dependingonthecontextandthespecificadvisorybeingusedTheDefinitionandFunctionofAdvancementsAttributivesmodifynounsorpronouns,addinginformationabouttheirqualityoridentity,whileadvertisementsmodifyverbs,objectives,orotheradvertisements,addinginformationaboutcirculationssuchastime,place,ormanAttributionsaretypicallyplacedbeforethenounorpronountheymodify,whileadvertisementscanbeplacedbeforeorafterthewordtheymodify,dependingonthecontextCommontypesofattributesincludeobjectives,particles,andpreliminaryphrases,whilecommontypesofadvertisementsincludeadvertisements,preliminaryphrases,andboundaryclausesThedistinctionbetweenattributesandadvertisements05ExpressionsandattitudesExpressionsaregroupsofwordsthatfunctionasasingleunitwithinasense,ofexpressingacompletethoughtorideaExpressionscanservearangeoffunctionswithinasense,includingactingasthesubject,predicate,object,completion,oradvisoryTheycanincludeavarietyofdifferenttypesofphrases,suchasnounphrases,verbphrases,objectivephrases,andverbphrasesTheDefinitionandFunctionofExpressionsTheyprovideadditionalinformationaboutthenountheymodify,oftenclarifyingorspecifyingitsmeaningAppeositivescanbeessentialornonessentialtothemeaningofthepresence,dependingonwhichtheyarenecessaryforunderstandingthemainideaAppeositivesarenounsornounphrasesthatrenameoridentifyanyothernounornounphraseinasenseThedefinitionandfunctionofappearancesThepredicateisthepartofapresencethatcontainstheverbandexpressestheactionorstateofbeingofthesubjectAnapparent,ontheotherhand,isanounornounphrasethatprovidesadditionalinformationaboutanothernounornounphraseinthepresenceWhileboththepredicateandapparentcancontainimportantinformationaboutthesubject,theirfunctionsandobjectivesaredistinctThepredictexpressionsactionorstateofbeing,whiletheapparentoffersclarifyingorspecifyinginformationaboutanounThedistinctionbetweenpredicateandapparent06IndependentcomponentsandcommittedcomponentsIndependentcomponents,alsoknownasmainclauses,arecompletethoughtsthatcanstandaloneasseparateintentionsTheycontainasubjectandaverbandexpressacompleteideaIndependentcomponentsserveasthemainpartofasense,conveyingtheprimaryinformationormessageTheycanstandaloneorbecombinedwithotherclaimsorphrasestoformmorecomplexsentencesDefinitionFunctionThedefinitionandfunctionofindependentcomponentsOmittedcomponents,alsocalledellipticalconstructions,arepartsofsensesthatareleftoutbecausetheyareimplied