中考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí) 考點詳解+真題練習(xí)專項突破40 閱讀理解之議論文（含解析）

專項40閱讀理解之議論文議論文往往有觀點，有事實，邏輯性強，命題往往從事實的有關(guān)細節(jié)及文章的主旨或作者的表達意圖等方面著手，考查我們的思維能力和判斷能力。所以考生要培養(yǎng)根據(jù)上下文猜詞的能力，或者說根據(jù)情境能揣測作者的意圖。議論文的閱讀同其他體裁文章的閱讀理解一樣，可以有主旨大意、細節(jié)理解、推理判斷、詞義猜測等幾種出題方式。二、解題方法：一、重視文章標題，找準全文主題句，把握文章主旨標題往往是全文的主題，審視標題，有利于理解全文，提高解題效率。主題句對全文起提示、啟迪、概括、歸納之作用。根據(jù)主題句既可以知道文章議論的是什么，也可以知道作者希望讀者了解主題方面的哪些內(nèi)容。議論文題材偏難，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用總—分—總的結(jié)構(gòu)，交替使用正面和反面的論證方式。通常，先總說現(xiàn)象或觀點；其次，正面陳述、反面論證；最后作者表明自己的態(tài)度，再次總結(jié)文章。通常主題句會出現(xiàn)在文章的首句或句末，在這些地方要多留意表示歸納的詞匯，也可以在具體事例之后或之前的表示觀點的陳述句中尋找。二、細讀文章，注意文章細節(jié)理解除主旨題外，細節(jié)理解題也是閱讀理解題中的基礎(chǔ)題，它主要考查學(xué)生對文中的具體事例、數(shù)字、時間、地點等的理解。經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)排序題(按事情發(fā)展順序排序)，圖表題(按文章內(nèi)容找出正確圖形)，正誤題(依據(jù)文章內(nèi)容對所列的陳述進行正誤判斷)。對這種題型，無論細節(jié)題如何變化形式，立足點都應(yīng)是從文章中找出相應(yīng)詞句作為依據(jù)。雖然答案中有的細節(jié)在文中很清楚，但可能與問題無關(guān)。細節(jié)題的破解一般用尋讀法，即先看試題，再讀文章。對有關(guān)信息進行快速定位，再將相關(guān)信息進行整合、分析、對比，有根據(jù)地排除干擾項，選出正確答案。假如問題采用的是反向思維，題中含有not或except等表示否定意義的詞，則需要更加留意。此法可以加強閱讀的針對性，提高做題的準確率。做此類題目還要特別注意句子的邏輯關(guān)系。三、理解整體語篇，掌握作者意圖做推理判斷題要求考生在閱讀理解整體語篇的同時，對作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細節(jié)的發(fā)展作正確的推理判斷，站在作者的視角，而不是主觀臆斷、憑空想象，從而走入誤區(qū)。英語文章講究使用主題段與主題句，段與段之間通常有過渡性詞語連接，承上啟下，使文章行文連貫。有時文章還會在時間順序、空間順序或邏輯推理上運用較高級的手段進行組編。要想準確、深刻地理解文章，必須對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有所了解，把握全篇的文脈，即句內(nèi)、句間和段落間的修辭手段或邏輯關(guān)系。作者往往在構(gòu)思語篇前會進行預(yù)先設(shè)定：讀者知道什么，不知道什么，讀者可能與自己共同擁有什么樣的生活經(jīng)驗、思想見地和需求欲望等，然后設(shè)計一些隱藏在語篇深層的＂潛臺詞＂。因此，這類試題要求考生利用主題句進行推測，揣摩文字背后作者的意圖，運用背景知識去挖掘文章的深層含義，從而正確理解作者的言外之意，同時認真體會文章的語氣與感情基調(diào)。四、多讀多背，擴大詞匯量，掌握猜詞技巧由于當今的閱讀文章題材廣泛，體裁多樣，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一詞多義，甚至出現(xiàn)沒學(xué)過的詞匯。許多學(xué)生感到困擾很大，有的甚至煩躁得難以堅持閱讀下去。要解決閱讀中的生詞問題，一是要擴大英語詞匯量，二是要學(xué)習(xí)并掌握一些猜測生詞詞義的方法，如：利用同義、反義、上義、下義、詞的集合、詞的搭配等關(guān)系；利用照應(yīng)、替代、省略、定義、舉例等情境關(guān)系；利用詞綴、轉(zhuǎn)化、合成等構(gòu)詞法；利用后置定語或同位語等語法結(jié)構(gòu)；利用前后對比或因果推理法等。總之，想要提高閱讀能力，尤其是對考生來說難度較大的議論文閱讀，學(xué)生應(yīng)能從篇章和試題雙方面入手。通過觀察、體驗、探究等積極主動的學(xué)習(xí)方法，優(yōu)化閱讀理解中議論文的解題思路和方法策略，提高學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力。A（2022·湖北黃石·中考真題）閱讀材料，選擇最佳選項。Nowadays,expertscallonhighschoolstudentstoreadasmanyliteraryclassics(文學(xué)名著)aspossible.Whatdoyouthinkofit?Linda:Wedon’thaveenoughlifeexperiences,sowemayhavedifficultyunderstandingthedeeperclassics.Butthisshouldn’tbeareasontogiveupreadingclassics.AsFrancisBaconsaid,“Readingmakesafullman;conference(談話)areadyman;andwritinganexactman.”Curry:Classicsarethetreasuresourancestorsleftus.Weshouldreadthemandpassthemdown.AstheoldChinesesayinggoes,“Onewhoisfilledwithknowledgealwaysbehaveswell.”Classicscanopenupourmindsanddevelopourinterestinculture.Frank:Withoutbackgroundandlifeexperiences,studentscan’tunderstandwhatwriterswanttoexpressintheirclassics.Whilereading,somestudentsmainlypayattentiontowordsandexpressionsratherthanthehiddenideas.Forthisreason,readingclassicsmightbeawasteoftime.Mary:Ontheonehand,notallclassicsaresuitable(合適的)forallstudents,astherearemanydifficultexpressionsanddeepideas.Ontheotherhand,thespecialwritingstylesmakeitdifficultforstudentstounderstand.Sotheywon’tprobablychoosethem.1．Whoagreeswiththeideaofreadingliteraryclassics?A．Linda&Curry. B．Linda&Mary. C．Curry&Frank. D．Frank&Mary.2．WhatdoesCurrythinkofliteraryclassics?A．Theyimprovestudents’readingskills. B．Theydevelopstudents’interestinculture.C．Theyhelpstudentslearnmorewords. D．Theycanchangestudents’personalities(個性).3．Frankthinksclassicsarenotworthreadingbecause________.A．thewritersliveindifferentcountriesB．studentsprefertoreadaboutlifeexperiencesC．studentsmightpaymoreattentiontowordsandexpressionsD．studentsmightnotunderstandthewritingstyles4．BothLindaandCurryexplaintheirideasby________.A．listingexamples B．showingnumbersC．givingquotes(引語) D．makingcomparisons(對比)5．Whatdoesthepassagetalkabout?A．Whyliteraryclassicsbecomepopularinhighschools.B．Whetherhighschoolstudentsshouldreadliteraryclassics.C．Whyhighschoolstudentsshouldreadliteraryclassics.D．Howhighschoolsshouldhelpstudentsimprovereadingskills.【答案】1．A

2．B

3．C

4．C

5．B【導(dǎo)語】本文主要談?wù)摿烁咧猩欠駪?yīng)該讀文學(xué)名著。四個人給出他們各自的觀點。1．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Linda:Wedon’thaveenoughlifeexperiences,sowemayhavedifficultyunderstandingthedeeperclassics.Butthisshouldn’tbeareasontogiveupreadingclassics.”（Linda：我們沒有足夠的生活經(jīng)驗，所以我們可能難以理解更深層次的經(jīng)典。但這不應(yīng)該成為放棄閱讀經(jīng)典的理由。）以及“Curry:Classicsarethetreasuresourancestorsleftus.Weshouldreadthemandpassthemdown.”（Curry：經(jīng)典是我們祖先留給我們的財富。我們應(yīng)該閱讀它們并將其傳下去。）可知Linda和Curry同意閱讀文學(xué)名著，故選A。2．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Classicscanopenupourmindsanddevelopourinterestinculture.”可知Curry認為經(jīng)典培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對文化的興趣。故選B。3．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Withoutbackgroundandlifeexperiences,studentscan’tunderstandwhatwriterswanttoexpressintheirclassics.Whilereading,somestudentsmainlypayattentiontowordsandexpressionsratherthanthehiddenideas.Forthisreason,readingclassicsmightbeawasteoftime.”（沒有背景和生活經(jīng)歷，學(xué)生們無法理解作家想要在他們的經(jīng)典作品中表達什么。在閱讀時，一些學(xué)生主要關(guān)注單詞和表達，而不是隱藏的思想。因此，閱讀經(jīng)典可能是浪費時間。）可知Frank認為經(jīng)典名著不值得讀，因為學(xué)生可能會更注意單詞和表達，故選C。4．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“AsFrancisBaconsaid,‘Readingmakesafullman;conference(談話)areadyman;andwritinganexactman.’”以及“AstheoldChinesesayinggoes,‘Onewhoisfilledwithknowledgealwaysbehaveswell.’”可知Linda和Curry都通過引用名言來解釋他們的想法，故選C。5．主旨大意題。根據(jù)“Nowadays,expertscallonhighschoolstudentstoreadasmanyliteraryclassics(文學(xué)名著)aspossible.Whatdoyouthinkofit?”可知本文主要談?wù)摿烁咧猩欠駪?yīng)該讀文學(xué)名著。故選B。B（2022·四川廣安·中考真題）Youmayknowabout“junkfood”likeFrenchfries.Butdoyouknowabout“junksleep”?Recently,aBritishsurvey（調(diào)查）showsthattherearemanyelectronicproductsinteenagers’bedrooms.Theyareinfluencingteenagers’sleepbadly.Thesurveywasdoneamong1,000Britishkidsfrom12to16.Itfoundthat50%ofthemgotjust4to7hours’sleepeveryday.Butdoctorssaytheyneed8to9hours.Almost25%ofthekidssaidtheyoftenfellasleepwhiletheywerewatchingTV,listeningtomusicorusingotherelectronicproducts.“Thisisveryworrying,”saidDr.Chris,aBritishprofessor（教授）.“Wecallit‘junksleep’.Itmeansyoudon’tgetenoughsleepandthequality（質(zhì)量）ofthesleepislow,too.Ifyoudon’tgetagoodrest,youwon’tdowellinschoolthenextday.”Thesurveyfoundthatquiteafewofthekidsfelttiredeachdaybecauseofthejunksleep,especiallygirlsbetween13and16feelingtheworst.Nearlyalltheteenagershaveaphone,MP5orTVintheirbedrooms.Andlotsofthemevenhaveallthethree.Dr.Chrissuggestedthatparentsshouldhelptheirchildrenkeepawayfromelectronicproducts,andteenagersshouldspendlesstimeontheelectronicproducts.6．Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?A．Junkfood. B．Junksleep.C．Electronicproducts. D．Theimportanceofsleep.7．Howmanyofthechildrensleeponly4to7hoursadayinthesurvey?A．200. B．250. C．500. D．1000.8．“Junkfood”and“junksleep”aresimilartoeachotherbecause________.A．theyarebothlowinquality B．theyarebothneededinourlifeC．theyarebothenjoyedatweekends D．theyarebothnecessaryforpeople’shealth9．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A．Teenagersof12to16onlyneed4to7hours’sleepeachday.B．Fewoftheteenagershaveelectronicproductsintheirbedrooms.C．Teenagersspendtoomuchtimeonelectronicproducts.D．Girlsbetween13and16spendtheleasttimeonelectronicproducts.10．Whichofthefollowingshouldbethebestwaytosolvetheproblem?A．Parentsmusttaketheelectronicproductsawayfromtheirchildren.B．Parentsstoptheteenagersfromusinganyelectronicproduct.C．Teenagersshoulddecidenottousetheelectronicproducts.D．Teenagersshouldspendlesstimeontheelectronicproducts.【答案】6．B

7．C

8．A

9．C

10．D【導(dǎo)語】本文講述青少年床上的電子產(chǎn)品會影響到他們的睡眠，導(dǎo)致垃圾睡眠。6．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“junksleep”及“therearemanyelectronicproductsinteenagers’bedrooms.Theyareinfluencingteenagers’sleepbadly”，可知文章主要介紹了垃圾睡眠。故選B。7．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Thesurveywasdoneamong1,000Britishkidsfrom12to16.Itfoundthat50%ofthemgotjust4to7hours’sleepeveryday”可知，有1000個孩子參與調(diào)查，其中50%的孩子每天只睡4到7小時，可知只睡四到七個小時的人數(shù)是1000×50%=500人。故選C。8．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Wecallit‘junksleep’.Itmeansyoudon’tgetenoughsleepandthequalityofthesleepisbad,too”可知，垃圾睡眠指睡眠質(zhì)量不好，垃圾食品指的是質(zhì)量不好的食品，可推斷兩者質(zhì)量都不好。故選A。9．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“parentsshouldhelptheirchildrenkeepawayfromelectronicproducts,andteenagersshouldspendlesstimeontheelectronicproducts”父母應(yīng)該幫助孩子遠離電子產(chǎn)品，青少年花費在電子產(chǎn)品上的時間應(yīng)該更少。可知，青少年花費在電子產(chǎn)品上的時間太多了。故選C。10．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“parentsshouldhelptheirchildrenkeepawayfromelectronicproducts,andteenagersshouldspendlesstimeontheelectronicproducts”可知，電子產(chǎn)品影響青少年的睡眠，解決問題的最好的辦法是花更少的時間在電子產(chǎn)品上。故選D。C（2022·廣西貴港·二模）WhenanItalianmanwenttoworkwithamask(口罩)toprotecthimselffromtheCOVID-19,hewascriticized(批評)byhisworkmatesforcausingpanic(恐慌).ButinChinaandotherAsiancountries,almosteveryonewearsamaskduringoutbreaks(爆發(fā)).WhydotheEastandtheWesthavedifferentideasaboutwearingmasks?IntheWest,peoplewearmasksonlywhentheygetsick.Peopleseemasksasatooltoprotectsickpeopleandstopdisease(疾病)fromspreading,sohealthypeopledon’tneedtowearthem.Ifapersongoesoutwithamask,otherpeoplemaylookathimlikeavirus(病毒)spreader.Eventheirfriendstriedtostayawayfromthem.SomeWesternpeoplesaywearingamaskinpublicmakesthemfeel“worried”,“shy”,and“afraidofbeinglookedatdifferently”.ButasthenumberofCOVID-19cases(病例)keepsgrowingaroundtheworld,moreandmorehealthypeoplearestartingtowearmaskstoprotectthemselves,peopleintheWestarechangingtheirideas.InAsiancountrieslikeChinaandJapan,wearingmasksiscommon.In1910,ChinesedoctorWuLiandeinventedthemodernmedicalmask.Duringthe2003SARS,peopleusedmaskswidelyinChinaandEastAsia.ManyChinesealsowearmaskstokeepwarminwinterorprotectagainstairpollution.InJapan,someyoungwomenmaywearmaskswhentheydon’thavetheirmakeup(化妝)on.ManypopstarsinAsiaalsowearmaskstoprotecttheirprivacy(隱私)whentheygoout.ThisculturalbackgroundhasmadeiteasierforpeopleintheEasttowearmasksduringtheCOVID-19outbreak.11．HowdidtheItalianman’sworkmatesfeelabouthim?A．Hecausedpanic. B．Hewastooworriedtowork.C．Hedidn’twanttogotowork. D．Hewantedtoprotecthimself.12．WhydoWesternpeoplerefusetowearmasks?A．Becausetheyareafraidtolookuglywithfacemasks.B．Becausetheydon’twantotherstoknowtheyareill.C．Becausetheyhopetocomfortotherpeopleinthisway.D．Becausetheydon’tthinkhealthypeopleneedmasks.13．Wherewasthemodernmedicalmaskinvented?A．InEngland. B．InChina. C．InJapan. D．IntheUSA．14．WhichofthefollowingisNotTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A．Asianpeoplewearmaskstoprotecttheirprivacy.B．Asianpeoplewearmaskstoprotectagainstairpollution.C．Asianpeoplewearmaskstostopdiseasefromspreading.D．Asianpeoplewearmaskstomakethemlookfashionable(時尚的).15．Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A．Westernpeople’stroubleofwearingmasks.B．ThereasonswhymasksarepopularinAsianculture.C．DifferentideasofusingmasksinEasternandWesterncountries.D．TheimportanceofwearingmasksduringtheCOVID-19outbreak.【答案】11．A

12．D

13．B

14．D

15．C【導(dǎo)語】本文主要介紹了東西方國家對于戴口罩的不同觀點。11．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“WhenanItalianmanwenttoworkwithamasktoprotecthimselffromtheCOVID-19,hewascriticizedbyhisworkmatesforcausingpanic.”可知，這個意大利男人的同事認為他佩戴口罩的行為引起了恐慌。故選A。12．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Peopleseemasksasatooltoprotectsickpeopleandstopdiseasefromspreading,sohealthypeopledon’tneedtowearthem.”可知，西方國家的人們認為健康人不需要戴口罩，所以他們拒絕戴口罩。故選D。13．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“In1910,ChinesedoctorWuLiandeinventedthemodernmedicalmask.”可知，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)用口罩在中國被發(fā)明。故選B。14．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“ManypopstarsinAsiaalsowearmaskstoprotecttheirprivacywhentheygoout…ManyChinesealsowearmaskstokeepwarminwinterorprotectagainstairpollution.…Duringthe2003SARS,peopleusedmaskswidelyinChinaandEastAsia.”可知，亞洲人戴口罩保護個人隱私，亞洲人戴口罩為了防止空氣污染，亞洲人戴口罩為了防止疾病的傳播。文中沒有提到亞洲人戴口罩使自己看起來時尚。故選D。15．主旨大意題。根據(jù)“WhydotheEastandtheWesthavedifferentideasaboutwearingmasks?”及全文可知，本文主要介紹了東西方國家對于佩戴口罩的不同觀點。故選C。D（2022·遼寧遼陽·一模）Atthecrossroads“WHYDIDN’Tthechickencrosstheroad?”“BecausetherewasaKFContheotherside.”ThiswasoneofmyfavoritejokeswhenIwasgrowingup.ButnowIwonderifthechickenwouldwanttocrosstheroadeveniftherewerenoKFCs.Rulesforwhen,whereandhowweshouldusethestreetsareimportantforsafetyandorderinsociety.Wearetaughtinprimaryschoolthatweshouldalwaysfollowthem.Butthesedays,weseemtolivelifeattopspeed.Manytimes,Ihaveseenpeoplecrossthestreetunsafely.“Speedy”,deliverymen（送貨員）runtheredlightsandgetdangerouslyclosetopedestrians（行人）.Thesepeoplethink“speed”ismoreimportantthan“safety”.Theyareputtingthecart（馬車）beforethehorse.Shanghaihasnowintroducednewtrafficrules.Peoplewillbefinedforjaywalkingorjayriding.Forsure,thisiswelcome.However,theremaybeproblems.Beforegivingafine,thepolicemustwitness（當場看到）thepersonjaywalkingorjay-riding,buttherearenotenoughpoliceofficerstokeepaneyeonallthestreets.Thatmeanssomelawbreakerswillnotbecaughtandfined.Also,somesaythefineistoosmall（20yuanforjaywalkersand50yuanforjay-riders）tostoppeoplefrombreakingtherules.Iapplaud（稱贊）Shanghaiforintroducingthenewrules,butIthinkthecitycandoevenbetter.Otherwise,smart“chickens”mightstillbealittlescaredaboutcrossingtheroad.16．Ajay-ridermight________whilecrossingthestreet.A．driveslowly B．letpedestri