PMI培訓(xùn)資料：空氣冷卻器Air cooler

空氣冷卻器Aircooler加氫分部空冷器簡述

空氣冷卻器是以環(huán)境空氣作為冷卻介質(zhì)，橫掠翅片管外，使管內(nèi)高溫工藝流體得到冷卻或冷凝的設(shè)備，簡稱“空冷器”。采用空氣冷卻器代替水冷卻器進(jìn)行介質(zhì)的冷凝冷卻不僅可以節(jié)約用水，還可以減少水污染。此外還具有維護(hù)費(fèi)用低、運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)安全可靠、使用壽命長等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。在煉油廠和石油化工廠的冷換設(shè)備中，空氣冷卻器成為不可或缺的一類設(shè)備。其應(yīng)用范圍包含了塔頂油氣冷凝到汽油、柴油冷卻的各種不同工況。在化學(xué)工業(yè)、電力、冶金等行業(yè)，空氣冷卻器也有著廣泛的應(yīng)用。BriefdescriptionofaircoolerAircooleristheambientairasacoolingmedium,crossedthefinnedtube,thetubeofhightemperatureprocessfluidtobecooledorcondensedequipment,referredtoas"aircooler."

Theuseofaircoolersinsteadofwatercoolersformediumcoolingcannotonlysavewater,butalsocanreducewaterpollution.Inaddition,ithastheadvantagesoflowmaintenancecost,safeandreliableoperationandlongservicelife.

Inoilrefineriesandpetrochemicalplantsinthecoldreplacementequipment,aircoolersbecomeanindispensableclassofequipment.Itsscopeofapplicationincludesthetoweroilandgascondensedtogasoline,dieselcoolingavarietyofdifferentconditions.Inthechemicalindustry,electricity,metallurgyandotherindustries,aircooleralsohasawiderangeofapplications.空冷器的基本部件管束：由管箱、翅片管和框架的組合件組成。需要冷卻或冷凝的流體在管內(nèi)通過，空氣在管外橫掠流過翅片管束，對熱流體進(jìn)行冷卻或冷凝換熱；軸流風(fēng)機(jī)：一個或幾個為一組的軸流風(fēng)機(jī)，驅(qū)使空氣的流動；構(gòu)架：空氣冷卻器管束及風(fēng)機(jī)的支撐部件；

附件：有百葉窗、蒸汽盤管、梯子、平臺等。ThebasiccomponentsoftheaircoolerTubebundle:consistsofacombinationofatubebox,afinnedtubeandaframe.

Thefluidthatneedstobecooledorcondensedpassesthroughthetube,

Theairispassingthroughthefinsofthetube,againsttheheat

Fluidforcoolingorcondensingheattransfer;

Axialfans:oneorseveralforagroupofaxialfans,driven

Airflow;

Frame:aircoolertubebundleandfansupportcomponents;

Accessories:ablind,steamcoil,ladder,platformandsoon.空氣冷卻器部件示意

Aircoolercomponentsareindicated空冷器的分類按空冷器管束布置型式分類：水平式空冷器斜頂式空冷器立式空冷器圓環(huán)式空冷器ClassificationofaircoolersAccordingtotheaircoolertubelayouttype:

Horizontalaircooler

Slantingtypeaircooler

Verticalaircooler

Circleaircooler空冷器的分類按空冷器通風(fēng)方式分類：自然通風(fēng)式空冷器鼓風(fēng)式空冷器引風(fēng)式空冷器ClassificationofaircoolersAccordingtotheaircoolerventilationclassification:

Naturalventilationtypeaircooler

Bloweraircooler

Ventilatedaircooler空冷器的分類按空冷器冷卻方式分類：干式空冷器濕式空冷器干－濕聯(lián)合空冷器兩側(cè)噴淋聯(lián)合空冷器；ClassificationofaircoolersAccordingtotheaircoolercoolingmethodclassification:

Dryaircooler

Wetaircooler

Dry-wetcombinedaircooler

Sprayonbothsidesofthejointaircooler;空冷器的分類按空冷器風(fēng)量控制方式分類：百葉窗調(diào)節(jié)式空冷器可變角調(diào)節(jié)式空冷器電機(jī)調(diào)速式空冷器ClassificationofaircoolersAccordingtotheaircoolerairflowcontrolclassification:

ShutterAdjustableAirCooler

Variableangleadjustableaircooler

Motorspeedcontrolaircooler空冷器的基本類型

Thebasictypeofaircooler水平式的結(jié)構(gòu)型式Horizontaltypeofstructure水平引風(fēng)式Induceddraft-Horizontalstyle水平鼓風(fēng)式Blowertype-Horizontalstyle結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)及使用場合

Structuralfeaturesanduseoftheoccasion結(jié)構(gòu)形式structuretype適用場合及特點(diǎn)Applicableoccasionsandcharacteristics優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)Advantagesanddisadvantages水平鼓風(fēng)式Blowertype-Horizontalstyle

適用于任何場合。管束水平放置，為了防止冷凝液停留在管中，管子應(yīng)有3°或1％的傾斜。鼓風(fēng)式風(fēng)機(jī)葉輪是水平放置，置于管束下方，進(jìn)入葉片的是冷空氣。Applytoanyoccasion.Horizontallydisposedtubebundle,inordertopreventcondensatestaysinthetube,thetubeshouldbe1%or3°inclination.

Blowerfanimpellerisplacedhorizontally,placedunderthetubebundle,intotheleavesofthecoldair.優(yōu)點(diǎn)是：

結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，安裝方便，管內(nèi)熱流體和管外空氣分布比較均勻。缺點(diǎn)是：

占地面積比較大，管內(nèi)流動阻力較斜頂式大。Advantagesare:?Simplestructure,easyinstallation,thetubeheatfluidandtubeoutsidetheairdistributionisrelativelyuniform.Disadvantagesare:?Areaisrelativelylarge,theflowresistancewithinthetubethantheslopingroof.水平引風(fēng)式Induceddraft-Horizontalstyle引風(fēng)式風(fēng)機(jī)葉輪是水平放置，置于管束上方，進(jìn)入葉片的是熱空氣。Thewindturbineimpellerisplacedhorizontally,placedabovethetubebundle,intotheleavesofthehotair.空冷器的基本類型

Thebasictypeofaircooler直立式的結(jié)構(gòu)形式Theverticalstructure風(fēng)機(jī)水平放置式Fansplacedhorizontally風(fēng)機(jī)垂直放置式Thefanisplacedvertically結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)及使用場合

Structuralfeaturesanduseoftheoccasion結(jié)構(gòu)形式structuretype適用場合及特點(diǎn)Applicableoccasionsandcharacteristics優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)Advantagesanddisadvantages風(fēng)機(jī)葉輪水平放置Fanimpellerplacedhorizontally

管束立放。風(fēng)機(jī)葉輪可垂直或水平放置。多用于濕式空冷，干濕聯(lián)合空冷。安置方向應(yīng)于平時的風(fēng)向配合，一般用于氣體冷凝冷卻，也適用于真空系統(tǒng)。進(jìn)入葉片的是熱空氣或增濕后的熱空氣。Tubebundle.Thefanimpellercanbeplacedverticallyorhorizontally.Usedforwetair-cooled,dryandwetair-cooled.Placementshouldbeintheusualwinddirection,generallyusedforgascondensationcooling,alsoappliestothevacuumsystem.Intotheleavesarehotairorhotairafterhumidification.優(yōu)點(diǎn)是：結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，占地面積小。管內(nèi)熱流體阻力較水平式小。缺點(diǎn)是：

管束內(nèi)空氣分布不均勻，易受到外界自然風(fēng)的干擾；管束不易太長，否則其剛度下降。另外結(jié)構(gòu)略微復(fù)雜。Theadvantageis:

Compactstructure,smallfootprint.Tubeheat

Fluidresistanceissmallerthanhorizontal.

Disadvantagesare:

Theairdistributionwithinthetubeisunevenandsusceptible

Outsidethenaturalwindinterference;tubebundleisnoteasytoolong,

Otherwiseitsstiffnessdecreases.Inadditionthestructureisslightlycomplicated.風(fēng)機(jī)葉輪垂直放置Thefanimpellerisplacedvertically空冷器的基本類型

Thebasictypeofaircooler斜置式的結(jié)構(gòu)型式Obliquestructuretype風(fēng)機(jī)為引風(fēng)式Fortheinduceddraftfan風(fēng)機(jī)為鼓風(fēng)式Fortheforceddraftfan結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)及使用場合

Structuralfeaturesanduseoftheoccasion結(jié)構(gòu)形式適用場合及特點(diǎn)優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)風(fēng)機(jī)為鼓風(fēng)式Fortheforceddraftfan適用于任何場合。鼓風(fēng)式風(fēng)機(jī)葉輪是水平放置，置于管束下方，進(jìn)入葉片的是冷空氣。Applytoanyoccasion.Blowerfanimpellerisplacedhorizontally,placedunderthetubebundle,intotheleavesofthecoldair.優(yōu)點(diǎn)是：

管內(nèi)熱流體和管外空氣分布比較均勻。傳熱系數(shù)比水平式略高。管內(nèi)流動阻力小。占地面積較小。缺點(diǎn)是：

結(jié)構(gòu)略復(fù)雜。Advantagesare:pipeheatfluidandtubeoutsidetheairdistributionisrelativelyuniform.Theheattransfercoefficientisslightlyhigherthanthehorizontal.Tubeflowresistanceissmall.Smallfootprint.

Thedownsideisthatthestructureisslightlycomplicated.風(fēng)機(jī)為引風(fēng)式Fortheinduceddraftfan管束斜放呈人字形，夾角一般在60°左右，百葉窗至于管束上方，風(fēng)機(jī)置于管束上方空間的中央。Tubebundleobliquewasherringbone,theangleisgenerallyaround60°,blindsasthetopofthetube,thefanplacedinthemiddleofthespaceabovethetubebundle.空冷器的翅片管

空冷器翅片管類型有：有L型翅片管LL型翅片管G型（鑲嵌式）翅片管KL滾花型翅片管DR型雙金屬軋制翅片管TC型橢圓管套矩形片翅片管T60型板翅片翅片管等結(jié)構(gòu)形式。CoolerfinnedtubeAircoolerfinnedtubetype:

ThereareL-finnedtubes

LLtypefinnedtube

Gtype(mosaic)finnedtube

KLknurledfinnedtube

DRtypebimetallicrollingfinnedtube

TCTypeOvalSleeveRectangularFinFinnedTube

T60-typefinnedfinsandotherstructuralforms.空冷器的管箱空冷器管箱型式有：絲堵型管箱可卸蓋板管箱集合管式管箱可卸帽蓋板管箱全焊接圓帽管箱整體鍛造管箱等結(jié)構(gòu)形式AircoolertubeboxAircoolertubeboxtype:

Headertypeplugs

Removablecovertubebox

Settubetube

Removablecapplate

Fullyweldedroundcaptubebox

Thewholeforgingpipeboxandotherstructuralforms空冷器的風(fēng)機(jī)基本型式

空冷器的風(fēng)機(jī)按運(yùn)行方式主要分為：

1）引風(fēng)式空氣先經(jīng)過管束再至風(fēng)機(jī)。引風(fēng)式風(fēng)機(jī)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)有：

1.氣流分布均勻，

2.噪音較小，

3.管束下部空間可以利用，缺點(diǎn)有：

1.風(fēng)機(jī)安裝在管束的上部，受管束高溫的影響，不利于維護(hù)風(fēng)機(jī)。

2.經(jīng)管束后進(jìn)入風(fēng)機(jī)的空氣溫度較高，故引風(fēng)式比鼓風(fēng)式消耗功率約大10%。3.管束需從下部檢修，操作不方便。BasictypeofairblowerfanAircoolerfanbyoperatingmodeisdividedinto:

1)windstyle

Theairpassesthroughthetubeandthenthefan.

Theadvantagesofwind-drivenfansare:

1.Airdistributionevenly,

2.Noiseissmall,

3.Tubebundlelowerspacecanbeused,

Disadvantagesare:

1.Faninstalledintheupperpartofthetubebundle,theimpactofhightemperaturetube,isnotconducivetomaintainingthefan.

2.Afterthetubeintothefanaftertheairtemperatureishigher,sothewindtypethantheblastpowerconsumptionofabout10%.3.Tubebundlefromthelowermaintenance,operationisnotconvenient.空冷器的風(fēng)機(jī)基本型式2）鼓風(fēng)式空氣先經(jīng)過風(fēng)機(jī)再至管束。鼓風(fēng)式風(fēng)機(jī)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)有：

1.易于產(chǎn)生湍流，對傳熱有利。

2.操作費(fèi)用較低。

3.可以從上部檢修管束，操作方便。缺點(diǎn)有：

1.氣流分布不均勻。

2.管束上部敞開容易受日光和雨水的影響。Basictypeofairblowerfan2)blaststyle

Theairpassesthroughthefanandthenthetube.

Theadvantagesoftheblastfanare:

1.Easytoproduceturbulence,goodforheattransfer.

2.Lowoperatingcosts.

3.Canbemanagedfromtheuppertubebundle,easytooperate.

Disadvantagesare:

1.Airdistributionisuneven.

2.Theupperpartofthetubebundleissusceptibletosunlightandrain.空冷器風(fēng)機(jī)的基本型式空冷器的風(fēng)機(jī)按調(diào)節(jié)方式主要分為：

1）調(diào)角式停機(jī)手調(diào)；運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中手調(diào)；運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中以壓縮空氣遙控或以儀表自控。

2）調(diào)速式運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中遙控，或以儀表自控?？绽淦鞯娘L(fēng)機(jī)按聯(lián)接方式方式主要分為：

1）直接傳動效率最高，適用于調(diào)速控制風(fēng)機(jī)。

2）齒輪傳動運(yùn)行可靠、效率較高，構(gòu)造較復(fù)雜，噪聲較大。

3）皮帶輪傳動調(diào)速式結(jié)構(gòu)較簡單、效率略低，噪聲忽略不計，但皮帶需要更換ThebasictypeofaircoolerfanAircoolerfanaccordingtotheadjustmentmethodisdividedinto:

1)angle

Shutdownthehandle;operationinthehand;operationtocompressedairremotecontrolorinstrumentationcontrol.

2)speedcontrol

Runningremotecontrol,orinstrumentationcontrol.

Aircoolerfanbywayofconnectionisdividedinto:

1)directdrive

Thehighestefficiency,suitableforspeedcontrolfan.

2)geartransmission

Reliableoperation,highefficiency,morecomplexstructure,thelargernoise.

3)pulleydrivespeedcontrol

Thestructureissimpler,theefficiencyisslightlylower,thenoiseisnegligible,butthebeltneedstobereplaced表面蒸發(fā)式空冷器表面蒸發(fā)式空冷器，其結(jié)構(gòu)由水箱、光管管束、噴淋除霧、預(yù)冷、風(fēng)機(jī)等零部件組成，是一種將水冷與空冷，傳熱與傳質(zhì)過程融為一體，且兼有兩者之長的新型、高效冷卻設(shè)備，具有結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、傳熱效率高、投資省、操作費(fèi)用低、安裝維護(hù)方便、占地面積小等特點(diǎn)，適用于煉油、化工、冶金、制冷、輕工、電力等行業(yè)，其原理是管外水膜的蒸發(fā)強(qiáng)化傳熱，即從目前普通空冷的顯熱傳熱升華為潛熱傳熱。SurfaceevaporativeaircoolerSurfaceevaporativeaircooler,itsstructureconsistsofwatertank,lightpipebundle,sprayde-fog,pre-cooling,fanandothercomponents,isawater-cooledandair-cooled,heattransferandmasstransferprocessintegration,andbothThenew,efficientcoolingequipment,withacompactstructure,highheattransferefficiency,investmentintheprovince,lowoperatingcosts,easyinstallationandmaintenance,smallfootprintandothercharacteristics,suitableforrefining,chemical,metallurgical,refrigeration,lightindustry,Powerandotherindustries,theprincipleisthetubeoutsidethewaterfilmevaporationenhancedheattransfer,thatis,fromthecurrentordinaryair-cooledheattransfersublimationlatentheattransfer表面蒸發(fā)式空冷器結(jié)構(gòu)圖

SurfaceEvaporativeAirCoolerStructure表面蒸發(fā)式空冷器的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)

其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是：可使介質(zhì)冷卻至環(huán)境溫度+5℃；占地面積節(jié)省1倍以上；操作費(fèi)用節(jié)省35.5%；投資費(fèi)用節(jié)省15%；傳熱效率提高40%以上；適用于溫度<170℃，壓力<20MPa的場合；節(jié)水、節(jié)電效果顯著；特別適合于目前全球氣溫變暖、水源緊張的情況；適應(yīng)于常減壓、氣分、催化、烷基化、酮苯、丙烷、乙烯、重整、加氫、天然氣等裝置塔頂及側(cè)線的冷凝冷卻場合。缺點(diǎn)：1.必須采用軟化水；2.壓降<0.001MPa的場合不能使用，如減頂冷凝、冷卻。AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofSurfaceEvaporativeAirCoolersItsadvantagesare:

a)Themediumcanbecooledtoambienttemperature+5°C;

b)Coversanareaofmorethan1times;

c)Operatingcostsavingsof35.5%;

d)15%savingsininvestmentcosts;

e)Heattransferefficiencyincreasedby40%ormore;

f)Applicabletothetemperature<170℃,thepressure<20MPaoftheoccasion;

g)Saving,energysavingeffectisremarkable;

h)Especiallyforthecurrentglobalwarming,watershortagesituation;

i)Itissuitableforcondensingandcoolingoftowertopandsidelineofnormaldecompression,gas,catalytic,alkylation,ketone,propane,ethylene,reforming,hydrogenationandnaturalgas.

Disadvantages:

1.mustusesoftenedwater;

2.Pressuredrop<0.001MPaoccasionscannotbeused,suchasreducedcondensation,cooling板式空冷器

板式空冷器，是由板束、風(fēng)機(jī)、水箱、噴淋等零部件組成，是國際領(lǐng)先技術(shù)水平的空冷器，具有國內(nèi)自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的技術(shù)，是一種將板式換熱器與空冷器優(yōu)點(diǎn)相結(jié)合的新型高效空冷器，即具有節(jié)水效果好、環(huán)境污染小，又具有傳熱效率高、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、壓降小、體積小、占地小、重量輕、流通面積大等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，特別適合于煉油化工、乙烯、電力、冶金、核能、城市集中供熱等領(lǐng)域，它采用分體式撬狀組合式結(jié)構(gòu)，制造安裝、運(yùn)輸、檢修均較方便。PlateaircoolerPlateaircooler,iscomposedofplatebundle,fan,watertank,sprayandothercomponents,istheleadinginternationaltechnicallevelofaircooler,withindependentdomesticintellectualpropertyrightstechnology,isaplateheatexchangerandaircooleradvantagesphaseCombinedwithanewtypeofefficientaircooler,thatis,withgoodwater-savingeffect,environmentalpollutionissmall,butalsohasahighheattransferefficiency,compactstructure,smallpressuredrop,smallsize,smallfootprint,lightweight,largecirculationarea,especiallysuitableforInthefieldofrefinerychemical,ethylene,electricity,metallurgy,nuclearenergy,urbancentralheating,itusessplittypepry-typemodularstructure,manufacturinginstallation,transportation,maintenancearemoreconvenient.板式空冷器結(jié)構(gòu)圖

Plateaircoolerstructure板式空冷器的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)優(yōu)點(diǎn)：傳熱系數(shù)提高2倍以上；單臺（3×3規(guī)格）面積可達(dá)860㎡；壓降小，可達(dá)3.23㎜Hg；占地小，是普通空冷的1/6；重量輕，是普通空冷的1/3；設(shè)備造價低，可節(jié)省10%以上；框架投資節(jié)省2倍以上；操作費(fèi)用可節(jié)省2倍以上；清洗方便，操作靈活；壽命提高3倍以上；適用于減壓塔頂?shù)人斃淠鋮s場合；屬國際領(lǐng)先技術(shù)水平。缺點(diǎn)：承壓≤1.0MPaAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofPlateAirCoolerAdvantage:

Heattransfercoefficientincreasedmorethan2times;

Single(3×3specifications)areaofupto860㎡;

Pressuredropissmall,upto3.23mmHg;

Smallfootprint,istheordinaryair-cooled1/6;

Lightweight,istheordinaryair-cooled1/3;

Equipmentcostislow,cansavemorethan10%;

Frameinvestmentsavingsofmorethan2times;

Operatingcostscansavemorethan2times;

Easytoclean,flexibleoperation;

Lifeexpectancymorethan3times;

Applicabletothetopofthetoweratthetopofthedecompressionandcooling;

Isaleadinginternationaltechnicallevel.

Disadvantages:

Pressure≤1.0MPa空冷器常見的失效型式及檢修維護(hù)空冷器的常見失效型式：空冷器冷卻效果差泄漏風(fēng)機(jī)故障葉片損壞CommonfailuretypeandmaintenanceofaircoolerCommonfailuretypeofaircooler:

Aircoolercoolingeffectispoor

leakage

Fanfailure

Bladeisdamaged1、空冷器冷卻效果差的原因及處理

空冷器冷卻效果差有以下幾個原因：翅片管內(nèi)壁結(jié)垢翅片管堵塞介質(zhì)不流動翅片結(jié)垢翅片管彎曲變形翅片倒伏濕式空冷或聯(lián)合空冷的翅片管翅片間距過密等對于冷卻效果差這類故障主要采取將空冷器切除進(jìn)行吹掃或清洗（化學(xué)清洗或物理清洗）、修復(fù)損壞的翅片等方法來解決。1,aircoolercoolingeffectofpoorcausesandtreatmentAircoolercoolingeffectdifferenceforthefollowingreasons:

Finnedtubewallfouling

Thefinnedtubedoesnotflow

Finsfouling

Finnedtubebendingdeformation

Thefinsarelodging

Wetair-cooledorcombinedair-cooledfinnedfinsaretootight

Forthecoolingeffectofsuchfailuremainlytotaketheaircoolercutinto

Linepurgeorcleaning(chemicalcleaningorphysicalcleaning),repairdamage

Ofthefinsandothermethodstosolve.2、空冷器換熱管泄漏的原因及處理

空冷器換熱管泄漏的主要原因：腐蝕在石油煉制過程中，對設(shè)備產(chǎn)生腐蝕的物質(zhì)主要有：硫的化合物、無機(jī)鹽類、環(huán)烷酸、氮的化合物等。這些雜質(zhì)雖然含量很少，但危害卻極大。此外在原油加工過程中加入的溶劑及酸堿化學(xué)劑也會形成腐蝕介質(zhì)，加速設(shè)備的腐蝕。對于空冷器來說最典型的腐蝕類型就是常減壓裝置初、常頂冷凝冷卻系統(tǒng)及加氫裝置分餾塔頂系統(tǒng)的低溫(t<120℃)HCl-H2S-H2O形腐蝕。空冷器管束腐蝕（翅片管均勻腐蝕除外）可能發(fā)生的部位有：翅片管介質(zhì)入口處、翅片管向下彎曲變形部位的內(nèi)壁、濕式空冷器翅片管靠近管箱部位無翅片的外壁、帶襯管的翅片管在襯管末端的內(nèi)壁、有可能產(chǎn)生介質(zhì)渦流的部位等。干式空冷、聯(lián)合空冷的管束內(nèi)壁；濕式空冷翅片管外無翅片部位等管束材質(zhì)缺陷、選擇不當(dāng)

隨著原油性質(zhì)的不斷劣化，近年來原油中的硫含量越來越高，從而也導(dǎo)致了設(shè)備的腐蝕不斷加劇，因此設(shè)備的選材也變得越來越重要，材質(zhì)選擇不當(dāng)將會導(dǎo)致設(shè)備的使用壽命大大降低。管束使用時間較長2,aircoolerheatexchangerleakagecausesandtreatmentAircoolerheatexchangerleakageofthemainreasons:

corrosion

Intheprocessofoilrefining,theequipmenttoproducecorrosionofthemainsubstancesare:sulfurcompounds,inorganicsalts,naphthenicacid,nitrogencompounds.Althoughtheseimpuritiesareverysmall,buttheharmisgreat.Inaddition,thesolventandacid-basechemicalsaddedduringtheprocessingofcrudeoilalsoformcorrosivemediatoacceleratethecorrosionofequipment.Fortheaircooler,themosttypicaltypeofcorrosionisthelowtemperature(t<120°C)HCl-H2S-H2Ocorrosionatthebeginningoftheatmosphericandvacuumdistillationunitandthehydrogenationunit.

Aircoolertubebundlecorrosion(exceptfinnedtubeuniformcorrosion)mayoccuratthelocationofthefinnedtubeattheentranceofthefinnedtubetothebottomofthecurveddeformationoftheinnerwallofthewetaircoolerfintubenearthetubepartofthefinlessTheouterwall,thefinnedtubewiththefinnedtubeattheendoftheinnerwalloftheliner,wheretheeddycurrentmayoccur.Dryair-cooled,combinedair-cooledtubebundlewall;wetair-cooledfinsoutsidethewing-freepartsTubebundlematerialdefects,improperselection

Withthecontinuousdeteriorationofthenatureofcrudeoil,crudeoilinrecentyears,thesulfurcontentisgettinghigherandhigher,whichalsoledtothecorrosionoftheequipmentisincreasing,sotheequipmentselectionhasbecomeincreasinglyimportant,impropermaterialselectionwillleadtoequipmentGreatlyreducedtheservicelife.Tubeusetimeislonger管束泄漏的處理方法1.換熱管堵漏空冷器管束經(jīng)過一段時間的運(yùn)行后，由于腐蝕等原因造成穿漏，可以采用化學(xué)粘補(bǔ)、打卡注膠和堵管等修理方法處理。當(dāng)換熱管泄漏量小時，可在不停車的情況下將管外的翅片除去，然后再進(jìn)行化學(xué)粘補(bǔ)包扎或打卡注膠堵漏；如果不能用上述方法消漏，則應(yīng)將管束停車吹掃干凈，拆開管箱上的絲堵，在換熱管兩端用角度3°～5°的金屬圓臺體堵塞，以達(dá)到消漏。2.換管當(dāng)空冷器管束非均勻腐蝕或制造缺陷而泄漏時，可采用換管消漏。首先將要更換的管子拆下，清洗管箱管孔。更換新管時，將管子中間稍拉彎曲，即可從兩端管板孔穿入，穿入后進(jìn)行脹接或焊接。Treatmentofleaks1.Heatexchangerplugging

Aircoolertubeafteraperiodoftimeaftertheoperation,duetocorrosionandotherreasonscausedbyleakage,youcanusechemicalsticky,punchingglueandpluggingandotherrepairmethods.Whentheheattransfertubeleakageissmall,canbeinthecaseofnon-stopthetubetoremovethefins,andthenchemicalstickydressingorpunchingpluggingplugging;ifyoucannotusetheabovemethodtoleak,youshouldstopthetubeClean,openthetubeonthewireblock,intheheattransfertubeatbothendswiththeangleof3°~5°metalringbodyblockage,inordertoachieveleakage.

2.Replacethetube

Whentheaircoolertubebundlenon-uniformcorrosionormanufacturingdefectsandleakage,canbeusedforleakageleakage.Firstremovethetubetobereplaced,cleanthetubetubehole.Replacethenewtube,themiddleofthetubeslightlybent,youcanpenetratefromthetubeholeatbothends,aftertheexpansionoftheexpansionorwelding.空冷器翅片管的管子材料如何選用？

一般來說，翅片管的基管和翅片可采用各種金屬材料進(jìn)行組合，但在具體選用時既要考慮被冷介質(zhì)的性質(zhì)，操作條件，也要考慮材料本身的工藝性能、價格等因素。管子的材料一般用碳鋼、不銹鋼、銅、鋁、鈦、鎳、銅合金、蒙乃爾合金以及碳鋼-不銹鋼雙金屬管，也有在碳鋼管內(nèi)襯一層搪瓷。管子材料適用管內(nèi)介質(zhì)管子材料適用管內(nèi)介質(zhì)碳鋼10鉻鉬鋼Cr5Mo、15CrMo、15CrMo不銹鋼1Cr18Ni19Ti鋁L4

一般油品（汽油、煤油、柴油……）和溶劑含H2S、H2的介質(zhì)酸性腐蝕介質(zhì)碳酸介質(zhì)（含CO、CO2的水溶液等）

應(yīng)用最多的是無縫鋼管。在工作壓力和溫度較低而對防腐要求又不高的空冷器中，可采用高頻焊接的有縫碳鋼管，以降低造價。鋁和鋁合金管子只在低于0.2MPa和150℃條件下使用。Howdoesthetubematerialoftheaircoolerfinnedtubebeused?Ingeneral,thefinnedtubeandfinscanbecombinedwithavarietyofmetalmaterials,butinthespecificselectionofboththenatureofthecoldmediumshouldbeconsidered,operatingconditions,butalsoconsiderthematerialitself,processperformance,price,etc.factor.Thematerialofthepipeisgenerallymadeofcarbonsteel,stainlesssteel,copper,aluminum,titanium,nickel,copperalloy,Monelalloyandcarbonsteel-stainlesssteelbimetallictube.TubematerialMaterialinsidethetubeCarbonsteel10

ChromemolybdenumsteelCr5Mo,15CrMo,15CrMo

Stainlesssteel1Cr18Ni19Ti

AluminumL4Generaloil(gasoline,kerosene,diesel...)andsolvents

ContainsH2S,H2medium

Acidiccorrosivemedia

Carbonicacidmedium(includingCO,CO2aqueoussolution,etc.)Themostwidelyusedisseamlesssteelpipe.Intheworkpressureandtemperatureislowandtheanti-corrosionrequirementsarenothighaircooler,canbeusedhigh-frequencyweldedseamsteelpipetoreducethecost.Aluminumandaluminumalloytubesareusedonlyattemperaturesbelow0.2MPaand150°C.3、風(fēng)機(jī)系統(tǒng)故障原因及處理方法故障表現(xiàn)形式故障原因排除方法電流計指示異常·葉片角度有異常變化；校正安裝角后緊固；·自調(diào)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)失靈；排除定位器和氣源線故障；·風(fēng)機(jī)輪轂平衡破環(huán)；補(bǔ)校平衡；·皮帶松動跳槽；調(diào)整皮帶張緊力；電機(jī)電流過大或溫度升高·葉片角度有異常變化；校正安裝角后緊固；·軸承座劇烈振動；重新調(diào)整正；·電機(jī)本身原因；查明原因；·電流單線斷電；檢查電源是否正常；傳動部件異常振動·驅(qū)動部件螺釘松動；擰緊螺釘，緊固松動部位；·旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)偏心；調(diào)整偏心；運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)部件有異常聲音·軸承磨損；更換軸承；·缺少潤滑油；補(bǔ)充潤滑油；·回轉(zhuǎn)部件與固定件接觸；調(diào)整相反位置；·緊固螺釘松動；擰緊螺釘；回轉(zhuǎn)部位過熱·缺少潤滑油；補(bǔ)充潤滑油；·回轉(zhuǎn)部位與非回轉(zhuǎn)部位接觸摩察；調(diào)整間隙；軸承溫升過高·軸承座劇烈振動；重新調(diào)整正；·缺少潤滑油；補(bǔ)充潤滑油；·潤滑油變質(zhì)；更換潤滑油；·軸承損環(huán)；更換軸承；3,fansystemfailurecausesandtreatmentmethodsFaultformscauseofissueeliminationmethodTheammeterindicatesanabnormality·Bladeangleabnormalchange;Correcttheinstallationangleafterfastening;·Self-regulatedactuatorfailure;Eliminatelocatorandairsupplylinefailure;·Fanhubbalancedamage;Makeupthebalance;·Beltloosening;Adjustthebelttension;Themotorcurrentistoohighorthetemperaturerises·Bladeangleabnormalchange;Correcttheinstallationangleafterfastening;·Seismicvibrationofbearing;Re-adjust·Thecauseofthemotoritself;Identifythecause;·Currentsingle-wirepowerfailure;Checkwhetherthepowersupplyisnormal;Transmissionpartsabnormalvibration·Loosenthedrivepartscrew;Tightenthescrew,fastenthelooseparts;·Rotationmechanismeccentricity;AdjusteccentricityTheoperatingpartshaveabnormalsound·Bearingwear;Replacementofbearings;·LackoflubricantSupplementallubricants;·Therotarymemberisincontactwiththefixingmember;Adjusttheoppositeposition;·Fasteningscrewsloose;Tightenthescrews;Rotatepartsoverheat·LackoflubricantSupplementallubricants;·Rotatingpartsareincontactwithnon-rotatingparts;AdjustthegapBearingtemperatureriseistoohigh·Seismicvibrationofbearing;Re-adjust·Lackoflubrication;Supplementallubricants;·Lubricantdeterioration;Oilchange;·Bearinglossring;Replacementofbearings;4、風(fēng)機(jī)葉片損壞的原因及處理

空冷器風(fēng)機(jī)的葉片制造材料主要有兩種：

1.鑄鋁葉片強(qiáng)度及耐溫性均好，但總量因素使其只能用于薄翼型葉片，空氣效率較低。

2.玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)塑料（玻璃鋼）葉片強(qiáng)度好，耐溫性差，一般為空腔薄壁結(jié)構(gòu)或泡沫塑料填充，適用于各種葉型截面，制造精度高，空氣效率亦高。葉片損壞原因：葉片安裝不當(dāng)葉片材質(zhì)缺陷處理方法：重新裝配葉片并調(diào)整好葉片的角度；每臺風(fēng)機(jī)葉片的安裝角度應(yīng)按空冷器單元或組的設(shè)計總裝圖規(guī)定的角度，或按操作工況要求的角度安裝。葉片角度誤差不得大于±0.5°，安裝角度的測量部位在葉片的標(biāo)線位置（葉片出廠時，一般在葉片上涂有黃色或其他顏色標(biāo)線位置標(biāo)記）。更換葉片4,fanbladedamagecausesandtreatmentTherearetwomaintypesofblademanufacturingmaterialsforaircoolerfans:

1.castaluminumleaves

Strengthandtemperatureresistancearegood,butthetotalfactorssothatitcanonlybeusedforthinwingblades,airefficiencyislow.

2.Glassfiberreinforcedplastic(FRP)leaves

Goodstrength,poortemperatureresistance,generallyforthecavitythin-walledstructureorfoamfilled,suitableforavarietyofleaf-typecross-section,manufacturinghighprecision,airefficiencyisalsohigh.

BladedamageReason:

Improperbladeinstallation

Leafbladematerialdefects

Approach:

Reassemblethebladesandadjusttheangleoftheblades;theinstallationangleofeachfanbladeshouldbeinstalledattheanglespecifiedbythedesignoftheaircoolerunitorgroup,orattheanglerequiredbytheoperatingconditions.Thebladeangleerrorshouldnotbegreaterthan±0.5°.Themountingangleofthemeasuringpartisatthemarkingpositionoftheblade(leavesareusuallyfactoryedwithyelloworothercolormarkingsontheblade).

Replacetheblade空冷器的檢修維護(hù)空冷器檢修包括哪些主要內(nèi)容：清掃檢查管箱及管束。更換腐蝕嚴(yán)重的管箱絲堵、管箱法蘭的聯(lián)接螺栓及絲堵、法蘭墊片。檢查修復(fù)風(fēng)筒、百葉窗及噴水設(shè)施。處理泄漏的管子。校驗(yàn)安全附件。整體更換管束。對管束進(jìn)行試壓。檢查修理軸流風(fēng)機(jī)。AircoolermaintenanceWhatarethemaincontentsoftheaircoolermaintenance:

Cleaningcheckboxandtubebundle.

Replacethecorrosionofthetubeboxwireblock,pipeboxflangeconnectionboltandwireplug,flangegasket.

Checktherepairhairdryer,shuttersandwatersprayfacilities.

Handletheleakedpipe.

Verifysafetyaccessories.

Theoverallreplacementtubebundle.

Testthetubebundle.

Checkandrepairtheaxialfan.空冷器管束的維護(hù)注意事項1.檢查管束各密封面不得有泄漏現(xiàn)象.如有泄漏時,絲堵式管箱可將絲堵適當(dāng)擰緊,仍無效果時,應(yīng)停機(jī)更換墊圈或換絲堵（凡需更換墊片或螺接緊固件時,應(yīng)先停機(jī)并將介質(zhì)防空,然后進(jìn)行）.2.翅片管端泄漏時,允許將管子重脹.重脹次數(shù)不得超過2次,并注意不要過脹.無法用脹接修復(fù)時應(yīng)更換翅片管.作為臨時措施,也允許用金屬塞堵塞.3.如需到管束表面上檢查時,應(yīng)在翅片管上墊以木板或橡膠板,以免損壞翅片.4.鋁翅片如被碰倒時,應(yīng)用專用工具（扁口鉗）扶直.Maintenanceofaircoolertubebundleprecautions1.Checkthetubebundleofthesealingsurfaceshallnotleakphenomenon.Ifthereisleakage,silkplug-typeboxcanbeproperlytightenedsilkplug,stillnoeffect,shouldstopthereplacementofgasketorwireplug(wheretheneedtoreplacethegasketorsnailWhenthefirmwareisconnected,itshouldstopandstoptheairplaneandthenproceed.

2.Whenthefinsareleaked,allowthetubingtobeinflated.Thenumberoftimesofre-inflationshouldnotexceed2timesandbecarefulnottobeinflated.Thefinnedtubecannotbereplacedwithexpansionjoints.Asaninterimmeasure,Clogged.

3.Ifyouwanttocheckthesurfaceofthetube,thefintubeshouldbepadontheboardorrubberplate,soasnottodamagethefins.

4.Whenthealuminumfinsareknockeddown,applyspecialtools(flatpliers)tohelpstraight.空冷器管束的維護(hù)注意事項5.定期清除翅片上的塵垢以減少空氣阻力,保持冷卻能力.清除方法用壓力水或壓縮蒸汽沖刷.6.檢查管束熱償結(jié)構(gòu)工作是否正常,浮動管箱移動必須靈活,不允許有滯卡現(xiàn)象.7.定期維護(hù)時,應(yīng)用蒸汽及水沖刷管束內(nèi)部,務(wù)必將污垢除凈.并應(yīng)檢查腐蝕厚度,其值不應(yīng)超過規(guī)定值（碳鋼為3毫米）.檢查后重新安裝時.應(yīng)更換絲堵墊片及法蘭.8.定期維護(hù)時,應(yīng)在管束外表面（不包括翅片表面）涂一層銀粉漆.Maintenanceofaircoolertubebundleprecautions5.Regularlyremovethedustonthefinstoreduceairresistanceandkeepthecoolingcapacity.Removethemethodwithwaterorcompressedsteamflushing.

6.Checkthetubebundleheatcompensationstructureisnormal,floatingtubeboxmovementmustbeflexible,notallowedtoslowcardphenomenon.

7.Periodicmaintenance,theapplicationofsteamandwatertowashtheinsideofthetubebundle,besuretoremovethedirtandshouldcheckthecorrosionthickness,thevalueshouldnotexceedthespecifiedvalue(carbonsteelis3mm.)Checkafterre-installationshouldreplacethewireBlocksandflanges.

8.Periodicmaintenance,shouldbeinthetubeoutsidethesurface(notincludingthefinsurface)coatedwithalayerofsilverpaint.空冷器管束操作時應(yīng)注意的事項1.管內(nèi)介質(zhì)、溫度、壓力均應(yīng)符合設(shè)計條件,嚴(yán)禁超壓,超溫操作.2.管內(nèi)升壓、升溫時,應(yīng)緩慢逐級遞升,以免因沖擊驟熱而損壞設(shè)備.3.空冷器正常操作時,應(yīng)先開啟風(fēng)機(jī),再向管束內(nèi)通入介質(zhì).停止操作時,應(yīng)先停止向管束內(nèi)通入介質(zhì),后停風(fēng)機(jī).4.易凝介質(zhì)于冬季操作時,其程序與3條相反.Airconditionertubebundleoperationshouldpayattentiontomatters1.Tubemedium,temperature,pressureshouldmeetthedesignconditions,isstrictlyprohibitedoverpressure,over-temperatureoperation.

2.Tubestep-up,heating,shouldbegraduallyincreasedstepbystep,soastoavoidtheimpactofsuddendamagetotheequipment.

3.Normaloperationoftheaircooler,youshouldfirstopenthefan,andthenintothetubebundleintothemedia.Tostoptheoperation,youshouldfirststopthetubeintothemedia,afterthefan.

4.Easytoclearthemediainthewinteroperation,theprogramandtheoppositeofthree.空冷器管束操作時應(yīng)注意的事項5.負(fù)壓操作的空冷器開機(jī)時,應(yīng)先開啟抽氣器,管內(nèi)達(dá)到規(guī)定的真空度時再啟動風(fēng)機(jī),然后通入管內(nèi)介質(zhì),停機(jī)時,按相反程序操作.冬季操作時,開啟抽氣器達(dá)到規(guī)定真空度后,先通入管內(nèi)介質(zhì),再啟動風(fēng)機(jī),以免管內(nèi)凍結(jié)無法運(yùn)行.6.停車時,應(yīng)用低壓蒸汽吹掃并排凈凝液,以免凍結(jié)和腐蝕.7.開車前應(yīng)將浮動管箱兩端的緊定螺釘卸掉,保證浮動管箱在運(yùn)行過程中可自由移動,以補(bǔ)償翅片管熱脹冷說的變形量.Airconditionertubebundleoperationshouldpayattentiontomatters5.Thenegativepressureoperationoftheairco