閱讀理解【知識(shí)精研】 理解文中具體信息 高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)

考點(diǎn)1：理解文中具體信息文章主題和中心思想的闡述往往需要大量細(xì)節(jié)信息的支持，這些細(xì)節(jié)對(duì)于理解全文內(nèi)容來(lái)說(shuō)至關(guān)重要，同時(shí)是歸納和概括文章中心思想的基礎(chǔ)。具體信息有時(shí)可以直接從文章中獲取，有時(shí)則需要進(jìn)行歸納、概括或推斷后才能得到。

在考題中，答題信息可以直接在文中獲取的，我們稱之為直接信息題，這類試題主要出現(xiàn)在每年每套題的閱讀理解A篇的信息類文本中。

正確選項(xiàng)是對(duì)文中信息進(jìn)行了同義轉(zhuǎn)換，我們稱之為語(yǔ)意轉(zhuǎn)換題。

需要對(duì)文中兩個(gè)或多個(gè)信息點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納概括的，我們稱之為歸納概括題。

需要對(duì)文中提供的數(shù)字進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算才可得出答案的，我們稱之為數(shù)字計(jì)算題。

不論哪類細(xì)節(jié)題，我們?cè)谂孱}目所問(wèn)之后，第一步，在題干中選定定位詞(如專有名詞、數(shù)字、縮略詞，以及能體現(xiàn)問(wèn)題中心的名詞或動(dòng)詞等)；第二步，用選定的定位詞(一般用1或2個(gè))去文中尋找答題信息句，即信息定位；第三步，仔細(xì)閱讀找到的信息句及其上下句，將信息句與各選項(xiàng)比較，選出正確答案。即“一定二找三比較”。

CanyonTalksatArtistPoint(June9toSeptember2)

Fromaclassicviewpoint,enjoyLowerFalls,theYellowstoneRiver,andthebreathtakingcolorsofthecanyon(峽谷)whilelearningaboutthearea’snaturalandhumanhistory.Discoverwhyartistsandphotographerscontinuetobedrawntothisspecialplace.MeetonthelowerplatformatArtistPointontheSouthRimDriveforthisshorttalk.直接信息［典型例題］(2023年新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷·22)

WhatistheshorttalkatArtistPointabout?A.Worksoffamousartists.B.Protectionofwildanimals.C.Basicphotographyskills.D.Historyofthecanyonarea.60s

CanyonTalksatArtistPoint(June9toSeptember2)

Fromaclassicviewpoint,enjoyLowerFalls,theYellowstoneRiver,andthebreathtakingcolorsofthecanyon(峽谷)whilelearningaboutthearea’snaturalandhumanhistory.Discoverwhyartistsandphotographerscontinuetobedrawntothisspecialplace.MeetonthelowerplatformatArtistPointontheSouthRimDriveforthisshorttalk.

WhatistheshorttalkatArtistPointabout?第一步，讀題干，確定定位詞第二步，信息定位可知，在ArtistPoint的小型報(bào)告的主題是關(guān)于峽谷地區(qū)的自然和人文歷史的第三步，對(duì)比各選項(xiàng)只有D.Historyofthecanyonarea.正確1.(2023年全國(guó)甲卷·22)

Bo.lan

Bo.lanhasbeenmakingwavesinBangkok’sculinaryscenesinceitopenedin2009.Servinghard-to-findThaidishesinanelegantatmosphere,therestaurantistruetoThaicuisine’sroots,yetstillmanagestoaddaspecialtwist.Thisplaceisgoodforacandle-litdinneroraworkmeetingwithcolleagueswhoappreciatefinefood.Forthoseextremelyhungry,there’salargesetmenu.［對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)］

Whichrestaurantoffersalargesetmenu?A.Gaggan. B.Bo.lan.C.IssayaSiameseClub. D.Nahm.60s

Bo.lan

Bo.lanhasbeenmakingwavesinBangkok’sculinaryscenesinceitopenedin2009.Servinghard-to-findThaidishesinanelegantatmosphere,therestaurantistruetoThaicuisine’sroots,yetstillmanagestoaddaspecialtwist.Thisplaceisgoodforacandle-litdinneroraworkmeetingwithcolleagueswhoappreciatefinefood.Forthoseextremelyhungry,there’salargesetmenu.讀題干，確定定位詞

Whichrestaurantoffersalargesetmenu?由此可知，Bo.lan提供大份額的套餐故選B.Bo.lan.2.(2023年全國(guó)甲卷·23)

Gaggan

Earningfirstplaceonthelatest“Asia’s50bestrestaurants”list,progressiveIndianrestaurantGagganisoneofthemostexcitingvenues(場(chǎng)所)toarriveinBangkokinrecentyears.ThebesttableinthistwostorycolonialThaihomeoffersawindowrightintothekitchen,whereyoucanseechefGagganandhisstaffinaction.Culinarytheateratitsbest.

WhatisspecialaboutGaggan?A.IthiresstafffromIndia.B.Itputsonaplayeveryday.C.Itserveshard-to-findlocaldishes.D.Itshowsthecookingprocesstoguests.

Gaggan

Earningfirstplaceonthelatest“Asia’s50bestrestaurants”list,progressiveIndianrestaurantGagganisoneofthemostexcitingvenues(場(chǎng)所)toarriveinBangkokinrecentyears.ThebesttableinthistwostorycolonialThaihomeoffersawindowrightintothekitchen,whereyoucanseechefGagganandhisstaffinaction.Culinarytheateratitsbest.讀題干，確定定位詞

WhatisspecialaboutGaggan?可知，在Gaggan餐廳你可以看到廚師Gaggan和他的員工工作的情形即Gaggan餐廳的特別之處在于它向客人展示了烹飪的過(guò)程故選D.Itshowsthecookingprocesstoguests.3.(2023年全國(guó)乙卷·23)

RebeccaLeeCrumpler(1831-1895)workedasanurseforeightyearsbeforestudyinginmedicalcollegeinBostonin1860.Fouryearslater,shewasthefirstAfricanAmericanwomantoreceiveamedicaldegree.ShemovedtoVirginiain1865,wheresheprovidedmedicalcaretofreedslaves.

WhowasthefirstAfricanAmericanwithamedicaldegree?A.JacquelineFelicedeAlmania. B.TanYunxian.C.JamesBarry. D.RebeccaLeeCrumpler.

RebeccaLeeCrumpler(1831-1895)workedasanurseforeightyearsbeforestudyinginmedicalcollegeinBostonin1860.Fouryearslater,shewasthefirstAfricanAmericanwomantoreceiveamedicaldegree.ShemovedtoVirginiain1865,wheresheprovidedmedicalcaretofreedslaves.

WhowasthefirstAfricanAmericanwithamedicaldegree?讀題干，確定定位詞由此可知，RebeccaLeeCrumpler是第一位獲得醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)位的非洲裔美國(guó)人故選D.RebeccaLeeCrumpler.

WhyMacBike

MacBikehasbeenaroundforalmost30yearsandisthebiggestbicyclerentalcompanyinAmsterdam.Withover2,500bikesstoredinourfiverentalshopsatstrategiclocations,wemakesurethereisalwaysabikeavailableforyou.Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,includingbasicbikeswithfootbrake(剎車),bikeswithhandbrakeandgears(排擋),bikeswithchildseats,andchildren’sbikes.語(yǔ)意轉(zhuǎn)換［典型例題］(2023年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷·21)

WhatisanadvantageofMacBike?A.Itgiveschildrenadiscount.B.Itoffersmanytypesofbikes.C.Itorganizesfreecycletours.D.Ithasover2,500rentalshops.

WhyMacBike

MacBikehasbeenaroundforalmost30yearsandisthebiggestbicyclerentalcompanyinAmsterdam.Withover2,500bikesstoredinourfiverentalshopsatstrategiclocations,wemakesurethereisalwaysabikeavailableforyou.Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,includingbasicbikeswithfootbrake(剎車),bikeswithhandbrakeandgears(排擋),bikeswithchildseats,andchildren’sbikes.故選B項(xiàng)可知，“我”們提供各式最新款的自行車B.Itoffersmanytypesofbikes.屬于同義轉(zhuǎn)換1.(2023年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷·27)“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoselfrepair.”［對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)］A.Naturecanrepairitself.B.Organismsneedwatertosurvive.C.LifeonEarthisdiverse.D.Mosttinycreaturesliveingroups.

WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?

1.(2023年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷·27)“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”可知，把有機(jī)體放在新的關(guān)系中并觀察發(fā)生了什么。然后，讓這些新系統(tǒng)發(fā)展出自己的自我修復(fù)方式。由此可見，約翰的工作基于對(duì)自然界自我修復(fù)能力的認(rèn)識(shí)故選A.Naturecanrepairitself.同義

2.(2023年新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷·35)“We’retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,”saidPeterKahn,aseniorauthorofthestudy.A.Languagestudy. B.Environmentalconservation.C.Publiceducation.D.Interculturalcommunication.

WhatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractwithnatureaccordingtoKahn?

2.(2023年新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷·35)“We’retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,”saidPeterKahn,aseniorauthorofthestudy.讀題干，確定定位詞

WhatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractwithnatureaccordingtoKahn?B.Environmentalconservation.同義故選B

數(shù)字計(jì)算題一般涉及年齡、時(shí)間、價(jià)格、距離等的簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算。一般而言，此類題只要找到原文出處，經(jīng)過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單換算就可找出正確答案，但命題者往往會(huì)采取偷換概念、變更細(xì)節(jié)等手段設(shè)置干擾項(xiàng)，考生若不仔細(xì)比較，很容易失分。數(shù)字計(jì)算特殊數(shù)據(jù)加減乘除法一定:將題干中的數(shù)字、名詞等確定為定位詞二找:在文中找到相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)三運(yùn)算:將相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行計(jì)算，選出答案

特殊數(shù)字double兩倍,couple兩個(gè),fortnight兩周,dozen十二,score二十,decade十年特殊詞匯freeofcharge/forfree免費(fèi),

off減價(jià),discount打折解法步驟［典型例題］(2023年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷·22)PricesHandBrake,ThreeGearsFootBrake,NoGears1hour€7.50€5.003hours€11.00€7.501day(24hours)€14.75€9.75Eachadditionalday€8.00€6.00A.15.75. B.19.50. C.22.75. D.29.50.

Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewithhandbrakeandthreegearsfortwodays?PricesHandBrake,ThreeGearsFootBrake,NoGears1hour€7.50€5.003hours€11.00€7.501day(24hours)€14.75€9.75Eachadditionalday€8.00€6.00

Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewithhandbrakeandthreegearsfortwodays?14.75+8=22.75歐元故選C.22.75.

1.(2023年全國(guó)乙卷·30)Accordingtoanewstudyfrommarketanalysts,1in5BritonssaythatwatchingcookeryprogrammesonTVhasencouragedthemtotrydifferentfood.Almostonethirdsaytheynowuseawidervarietyofingredients(配料)thantheyusedto,andjustunder1in4saytheynowbuybetterqualityingredientsthanbefore.OneinfouradultssaythatTVchefshavemadethemmuchmoreconfidentaboutexpandingtheircookeryknowledgeandskills,andyoungpeoplearealsogettingmoreinterestedincooking.［對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)］

Whichisthepercentageofthepeopleusingmorediverseingredientsnow?A.20%.B.24%.C.25%.D.33%.60s

1.(2023年全國(guó)乙卷·30)Accordingtoanewstudyfrommarketanalysts,1in5BritonssaythatwatchingcookeryprogrammesonTVhasencouragedthemtotrydifferentfood.Almostonethirdsaytheynowuseawidervarietyofingredients(配料)thantheyusedto,andjustunder1in4saytheynowbuybetterqualityingredientsthanbefore...因此，使用更多不同配料的人的比例為接近三分之一可知，約三分之一的人表示他們現(xiàn)在比過(guò)去使用更多樣化的配料故選D.33%.2.(2023年1月浙江卷·23)

ExplorersCamp

·Fulldaycampforkidsaged5-13.

·Monday-Friday,July8-26,9am-4pm.

Week1|July8-12

Week2|July15-19

Week3|July22-26

·Registerforasingleweekormultipleweeks.

·Fees:＄365perweek.

·Thelastdaytocancelregistrationandreceiveafullrefund(退款)isJune15.CampStructureThedayisdividedintotwothematicsessionsperagegroup.Campershaveathree-hourmorningclassengagingwithamorningtheme(9amto12noon)andaone-hourlunchbreak,followedbyanotherthree-hourclassengagingwithanafternoontheme(1pmto4pm).Snackperiodsareheldthroughouttheday.Allcampersshouldbringtheirownbaggedlunchandsnacks.A.15. B.21. C.30. D.42.

Howmanyhoursofclasswillyouhavealtogetherifyouregisterforasingleweek?2.(2023年1月浙江卷·23)

ExplorersCamp

·Fulldaycampforkidsaged5-13.

·Monday-Friday,July8-26,9am-4pm.

Week1|July8-12

Week2|July15-19

Week3|July22-26

·Registerforasingleweekormultipleweeks.

·Fees:＄365perweek.

·Thelastdaytocancelregistrationandreceiveafullrefund(退款)isJune15.可知，一周安排五天的活動(dòng)CampStructureThedayisdividedintotwothematicsessionsperagegroup.Campershaveathree-hourmorningclassengagingwithamorningtheme(9amto12noon)andaone-hourlunchbreak,followedbyanotherthree-hourclassengagingwithanafternoontheme(1pmto4pm).Snackperiodsareheldthroughouttheday.Allcampersshouldbringtheirownbaggedlunchandsnacks.因此，如果你注冊(cè)一周，你總共有30個(gè)(5×6)小時(shí)的課程可知，上午和下午均有一個(gè)三小時(shí)的課程，即全天共有6個(gè)小時(shí)的課程故選C.30

WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.歸納概括［典型例題］(2023年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷·24)

Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria(細(xì)菌)?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?Withtherightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastethewaynaturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.

WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?60sA.Hewasfondoftraveling.B.Heenjoyedbeingalone.C.Hehadaninquiringmind.D.Helongedtobeadoctor.

WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?

WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.第一段:JohnTodd從小喜歡探索周圍的樹林，觀察大自然是如何解決問(wèn)題的。長(zhǎng)大后，他開始思考是否可以利用這個(gè)過(guò)程來(lái)清理人類制造的污染。

Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria(細(xì)菌)?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?Withtherightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastethewaynaturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.探索精神第二段:在大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)了農(nóng)業(yè)、醫(yī)學(xué)和漁業(yè)后，John繼續(xù)觀察大自然并提出問(wèn)題。概括：John具有探索精神和好奇心，對(duì)自然有著濃厚的興趣故選C.Hehadaninquiringmind.［對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)］

1.(2023年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷·30)Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.

Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?A.Theoreticalmodels.B.Statisticalmethods.C.Practicalexamples.D.Historicalanalyses.60s

1.(2023年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷·30)Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.作者將指導(dǎo)讀者進(jìn)行自己的數(shù)字凈化作者參考了他在2018年進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)，該實(shí)驗(yàn)有1600多人參與了數(shù)字凈化概括：第一部分的最后一章介紹了數(shù)字凈化的實(shí)驗(yàn)參與者的實(shí)例故選C.Practicalexamples.

2.(2023年新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷·32)Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.Ifyou’relucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive,butit’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild.

Whatphenomenondoestheauthordescribeattheb