專(zhuān)題05閱讀理解C篇(二次開(kāi)發(fā)微技能名校模擬)原卷版

《2024年1月“九省聯(lián)考”英語(yǔ)真題解讀與考后變式訓(xùn)練》原題呈現(xiàn)專(zhuān)題05閱讀理解C篇(二次開(kāi)發(fā)+微技能+名校模擬)原卷版原題呈現(xiàn)變式方向：詞形轉(zhuǎn)換;高考考點(diǎn);熟詞新意;態(tài)度推斷題技巧;人際關(guān)系話題閱讀理解關(guān)鍵詞：說(shuō)明文,人與社會(huì),爭(zhēng)論的意義,人際關(guān)系,人際溝通,和諧相處,社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:“Ihaveetotheconclusionthatthereisonlyonewaytogetthebestofanargument—andthatistoavoidit.”Thisdistasteforargumentsismon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives—andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbal(言語(yǔ)的)fightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Youwouldbefeelingalmostasbadifargumentswereevenjustpetitions—like,say,tennistournaments.Pairsofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneresoutfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingexplainswhysomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments.However,therearewaystowinanargumenteverytime.Whenyoustateyourposition,formulate(闡述)anargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Whenyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirviewandspellouttheirargumentfully.Assessitsstrengthandweakness.Raiseobjections(異議)andlistencarefullytotheirreplies.Thismethodwillrequireeffort,butpracticewillmakeyoubetteratit.Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument—notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningaboutwhatdividespeople,learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments—fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainrespectandunderstandingfromeachother—thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto“win”anargument.28.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardCarnegie’sunderstandingofargument?A.Critical. B.Supportive. C.Tolerant. D.Uncertain. 29.Whydomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments?A.Theylackdebatingskills. B.Theymayfeelbadeveniftheywin. C.Theyfearbeingignored. D.Theyarenotconfidentinthemselves.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“spellout”inparagraph3probablymean?A.Defend. B.Explain. C.Conclude. D.Repeat. 31.Whatisthekeyto“winning”anargumentaccordingtotheauthor?A.Senseoflogic. B.Solidsupportingevidence. C.Propermanners. D.Understandingfrombothsides. 核心詞匯核心詞匯背誦一、綱內(nèi)詞匯（酌情刪減）1.conclusionn.結(jié)論2.argument n.爭(zhēng)論3.distaste n.不喜歡；反感4.mistaken a.錯(cuò)誤；不正確5.social a.社會(huì)的；社交的6.physical a.身體的；物理的7.bloodied a.血染的；有血的8.petitionn.競(jìng)賽；競(jìng)爭(zhēng)9.say vt.說(shuō)話；比方說(shuō)10.tournamentn.錦標(biāo)賽11.opponentn.對(duì)手12.position n.位置；姿勢(shì)；立場(chǎng)13.claim vt.聲稱(chēng)；認(rèn)領(lǐng)；奪取生命14.honestly ad.誠(chéng)實(shí)地15.stand n.立場(chǎng)；觀點(diǎn)16.fully ad.充分地17.assess vt.評(píng)估18.strength n.力量；優(yōu)勢(shì)19.weakness n.弱點(diǎn)20.divide vt.分割21.disagree vi.不同意22.readjust vt.重新調(diào)整23.verbal a.文字的；言語(yǔ)的24.critical a.批判的；關(guān)鍵的；嚴(yán)重的25.supportivea.支持的 26.tolerant a.寬容的 27.uncertaina.無(wú)把握的28.lack vt.缺乏29.ignore vt.不理睬；忽視30.conclude vt.推斷出；結(jié)束31.solid a.堅(jiān)硬的；結(jié)實(shí)的32.evidence n.證據(jù)，證詞33.proper a.合適的二、高頻詞塊（酌情刪減）1.etotheconclusion得出結(jié)論2.getthebestof 占上風(fēng)，戰(zhàn)勝3.dependon 依賴(lài)于4.missthepoint 抓不著要點(diǎn)5.endup 最后落得6.bewelloff 經(jīng)濟(jì)富裕7.backandforth 來(lái)來(lái)回回地8.spellout 詳加說(shuō)明9.disagreewithsb不同意某人（的觀點(diǎn)）10.one’sattitudetowards…對(duì)……態(tài)度11.beconfidentin…對(duì)……有信心二、高頻詞塊（酌情刪減）1.inthewild 在野外2.feedon 以……為食物3.playafunctionin在…中起作用4.watchoutfor 小心提防5.reactto 對(duì)……作出反應(yīng)6.takeflight 逃跑；起飛7.bereactiveto 對(duì)…有反應(yīng)8.besubjecttosth 受支配；常遭受…9.expose…to… 暴露于10.atayoungage 在年輕時(shí)11.avoinddoing 避免做某事12.callfor 要求，需要考點(diǎn)變式訓(xùn)練考點(diǎn)變式訓(xùn)練一、詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換（酌情刪減）1.concludevt.推斷→n.結(jié)論2.mistaken.錯(cuò)誤→a.錯(cuò)誤；不正確3.petevi.競(jìng)賽；競(jìng)爭(zhēng)→n.競(jìng)賽；競(jìng)爭(zhēng)→n.對(duì)手4.full a.圓滿(mǎn)的→fullyad.充分地5.stronga.力量；優(yōu)勢(shì)→n.力量；優(yōu)勢(shì)6.supportivevt.支持→a.支持的7.toleratevt.容忍→a.容的8.evidentn.明顯的→n.證據(jù)，證詞二、綱內(nèi)詞匯翻譯（酌情刪減）1.conclusionn.2.argument n.3.distaste n.4.mistaken a.5.social a.6.physical a.7.bloodied a.8.petitionn.9.say vt.10.tournamentn.11.opponentn.12.position n.13.claim vt.14.honestly ad.15.stand n.16.fully ad.17.assess vt.18.strength n.19.weakness n.20.divide vt.21.disagree vi.22.readjust vt.23.verbal a.24.critical a.25.supportivea. 26.tolerant a.27.uncertaina.28.lack vt.29.ignore vt.30.conclude vt.31.solid a.32.evidence n.33.proper a.三、高頻詞塊翻譯（酌情刪減）1.etotheconclusion2.getthebestof 3.dependon 4.missthepoint 5.endup 6.bewelloff 7.backandforth 8.spellout 9.disagreewithsb10.one’sattitudetowards…11.beconfidentin…四、單句填空（核心考點(diǎn)習(xí)題化）1.Inhis1936work,DaleCarnegiewrote:“Ihaveetothe____________(conclude)thatthereisonlyoneway____________(get)thebestofanargument—andthatistoavoidit.”2.Thisdistasteforargumentsismon,butitdependsona____________(mistake)viewofargumentsthat____________(cause)problemsforourpersonalandsociallives.3.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,____________ishowweoftenthinkofthem.4.Likephysicalfights,verbal(言語(yǔ)的)fightscanleavebothsides____________(bloody).5.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupno____________(well)off.6.Youwouldbefeelingalmostasbadifargumentswereevenjust____________(petition)—like,say,tennistournaments.7.Pairsofopponentshittheballbackandforth____________onewinneresoutfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.8.Thiskindofthinkingexplains____________somanypeopletrytoavoidarguments.9.However,therearewaystowinan____________(argue)everytime.10.Whenyoustateyourposition,formulate(闡述)anargumentforwhatyouclaimand____________(honest)askyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.11.Whenyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirviewandspellouttheirargument____________(full).12.Assessits____________(strong)andweakness.Raiseobjections(異議)andlistencarefullytotheirreplies.13.Thismethodwillrequireeffort,____________practicewillmakeyoubetteratit.五、熟詞新意(defend用法)1.Scientistsareclaimingamajorbreakthroughinthefightagainstcancer.2.Alotoflostpropertyisneverclaimed.3.Thecarcrashclaimedthreelives.4.Shewastooweaktostand.5.Istoodthelittlegirlonachairsothatshecouldsee.6.Thecastlestandsonthesiteofanancientbattlefield.7.Thetowerstands30metreshigh.8.Shecouldn'tstandbeingkeptwaiting.9.Modernplasticscanstandveryhighandverylowtemperatures.10.Hewascriticizedforhistoughstandonimmigration.11.Theysetupastandtosellcookedsausages.六、長(zhǎng)難句分析（括號(hào)法+標(biāo)記法）1.Thisdistasteforargumentsismon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofarguments[thatcausesproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives—andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace].【翻譯】這種對(duì)爭(zhēng)論的厭惡是常見(jiàn)的，但它取決于對(duì)爭(zhēng)論的錯(cuò)誤看法，這會(huì)給我們的個(gè)人和社會(huì)生活帶來(lái)問(wèn)題，而且在很多方面都沒(méi)有抓住爭(zhēng)論的重點(diǎn)?！痉治觥縯hatcausesproblems…引導(dǎo)________從句，修飾先行詞arguments；定語(yǔ)從句由________連接兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞；主句部分是________連接的并列句。2.Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument[—notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningaboutwhatdividespeople,learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem].【翻譯】這些工具可以幫助你贏得每一場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論——不是從擊敗對(duì)手的無(wú)益意義上，而是從更好的意義上了解人們的分歧，了解他們?yōu)槭裁床煌馕覀兊挠^點(diǎn)，并學(xué)會(huì)與他們交談和合作?！痉治觥縏hesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument是一個(gè)“________”結(jié)構(gòu)的簡(jiǎn)單句；后邊破折號(hào)部分期解釋說(shuō)明作用，not…but….連接兩個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)；but之后由三個(gè)learning,learn…andlearning…是________結(jié)構(gòu)。3.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments[—fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainrespectandunderstandingfromeachother—]thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto“win”anargument.【翻譯】如果我們重新調(diào)整我們對(duì)爭(zhēng)論的看法——從一場(chǎng)口頭斗爭(zhēng)或網(wǎng)球比賽到一場(chǎng)理性的交流，通過(guò)這種交流我們都能獲得彼此的尊重和理解——那么我們就改變了“贏得”爭(zhēng)論的本質(zhì)。【分析】?jī)蓚€(gè)破折號(hào)部分相當(dāng)于插入語(yǔ)，throughwhichweallgainrespectandunderstandingfromeachother是________從句，修飾先行詞exchange；主體部分是一個(gè)if引起的條件狀語(yǔ)從句+主句結(jié)構(gòu)的主從復(fù)合句。2023年四省聯(lián)考2023年四省聯(lián)考Foryears,DavidJames,whostudiesinsectsatWashingtonStateUniversity,hadwantedtoexaminethemigration(遷徙)patternsofWestCoastmonarchbutterflies(黑脈金斑蝶).Theroutethebutterfliestravelhasbeenhardlyknownbecausethepopulationsaretoosmalltofollow.Forevery200monarchstagged(打標(biāo)簽)byaresearcher,onlyoneisusuallyrecoveredattheendofitstrip,Jamessays,andfindingeven200inthewildtotagisunlikely.Knowingtherouteisvitaltoconservationefforts,butJameshadnowaytofigureitoutuntilhegotaphonecallfromWashingtonStatePenitentiaryinWallaWalla.Theprisonwaslookingfornewactivitiestoimprovethementalhealthofthoseservinglongtermsentences.SoJamesbeganworkingwithprisonerstoraisemonarchsthroughthewholeprocessoftheirtransformation.Theadultinsectswerethentaggedandreleasedfromtheprison.Overfiveyears,nearly10,000monarchsflewfromthefacility.ElsewhereinWashington,OregonandIdaho,researchersreleasedanotherfewthousand.Thetagsincludedemailaddresses,andsoonafterthefirstbutterfliestookoff,Jamesstartedreceivingmessagesfrompeoplewhohadspottedthem.Thebutterflies,thereportsconfirmed,winteredincoastalCalifornia.TwelveofthemlandedatLighthouseFieldStateBeachinSantaCruz.SeveralmoreheadedtoBolinasandMorroBay.TheworkhelpsresearchersidentifyidealplacestoplantmilkweedandothervegetationthatareimportanttothelifecycleofWestCoastmonarchbutterflies.Italsobroughtoutthegentlersideofsomeoftheprisoners.“Theywereveryworriedthattheyweregoingtoharmthebutterflies,”Jamessays.Watchingthemonarchchangetheirformalsotouchedthemen.“Thisbutterflychanged,”Jamesrecallsprisonerstellinghim,“andmaybewecantoo.”28.WhatwashardforDavidtodoinhisstudy?A.Gainfinancialsupport. B.Hirequalifiedworkers.C.Buildanewlaboratory. D.Findenoughmonarchs.29.Whyarethebutterfliestaggedbeforebeingreleased?A.Toguaranteetheirsafety.B.Toenablethemtoflylongerdistances.C.Totracktheirtravelroutes.D.Todistinguishthemfromotherspecies.30.Whatmakestheprisonersfeelthattheycanchange?A.Thepatiencethebutterfliesshowed.B.Thehardshipthebutterfliesunderwent.C.Thetransformationofthebutterflies.D.ThedevotionofJamestothebutterflies.31.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theimpactoftheresearch.B.ThefindingsofJames’study.C.Thereleaseoftheprisoners.D.Thelifecycleofthebutterflies.解題指導(dǎo)解題指導(dǎo)態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度類(lèi)試題解題指導(dǎo)態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度類(lèi)試題的解題方法：第一：結(jié)合題干人物和內(nèi)容定位原文出現(xiàn)在哪一（些）段；然后仔細(xì)比對(duì)該句言外之意；第二：加入自己的態(tài)度。要注意區(qū)分試題考查的是作者的態(tài)度還是作者引用別人的態(tài)度；第三：態(tài)度沒(méi)有明確提出時(shí)，要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)作者在文章中所運(yùn)用詞匯的褒貶性去判斷作者的態(tài)度，尤其是動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞，如wonderfully,successfully,unfortunately,doubtfully等。樂(lè)觀支持類(lèi)詞匯：optimistic樂(lè)觀的；positive肯定的；favorable支持的，贊同的；supportive支持的；approving贊成的客觀中立類(lèi)詞匯：objective客觀的；neutral中立的；cautious謹(jǐn)慎的消極反對(duì)類(lèi)詞匯：negative否定的；opposite相反的；unfair公正的；doubtful懷疑的；indifferent漠不關(guān)心的；critical批評(píng)的；ironic諷刺的；skeptical質(zhì)疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving不贊同的；pessimistic悲觀的；dismissive輕蔑的，不屑一顧的考例1（2023年全國(guó)甲卷C篇）Iwasabout13whenanunclegavemeacopyofJosteinGaarder’sSophie’sWorld.Itwasfullofideasthatwerenewtome,soIspentthesummerwithmyheadinandoutofthatbook.Itspoketomeandbroughtmeintoaworldofphilosophy(哲學(xué)).ThatloveforphilosophylasteduntilIgottocollege.NothingkillstheloveforphilosophyfasterthanpeoplewhothinktheyunderstandFoucault,Baudrillard,orConfuciusbetterthanyou—andthentrytoexplainthem.EricWeiner’sTheSocratesExpress:InSearchofLifeLessonsfromDeadPhilosophersreawakenedmyloveforphilosophy.Itisnotanexplanation,butaninvitationtothinkandexperiencephilosophy.Weinerstartseachchapterwithasceneonatrainridebetweencitiesandthenframeseachphilosopher’sworkinthecontext(背景)ofonethingtheycanhelpusdobetter.TheendresultisareadinwhichwelearntowonderlikeSocrates,seelikeThoreau,listenlikeSchopenhauer,andhavenoregretslikeNietzsche.This,morethanabookaboutunderstandingphilosophy,isabookaboutlearningtousephilosophytoimprovealife.Hemakesphilosophicalthoughtanappealingexercisethatimprovesthequalityofourexperiences,andhedoessowithplentyofhumor.Weinerentersintoconversationwithsomeofthemostimportantphilosophersinhistory,andhebeespartofthatcrowdintheprocessbydecoding(解讀)theirmessagesandaddinghisowninterpretation.TheSocratesExpressisafun,sharpbookthatdrawsreadersinwithitsapparentsimplicityandgraduallypullsthemindeeperthoughtsondesire,loneliness,andaging.Theinvitationisclear:Weinerwantsyoutopickupacoffeeorteaandsitdownwiththisbook.Iencourageyoutotakehisoffer.It’sworthyourtime,eveniftimeissomethingwedon’thavealotof.28.Whoopenedthedoortophilosophyfortheauthor?A.Foucault. B.EricWeiner.C.JosteinGaarder. D.Acollegeteacher.29.Whydoestheauthorlistgreatphilosophersinparagraph4?A.TopareWeinerwiththem.B.Togiveexamplesofgreatworks.C.Topraisetheirwritingskills.D.TohelpreadersunderstandWeinersbook.30.WhatdoestheauthorlikeaboutTheSocratesExpress?A.Itsviewsonhistoryarewellpresented.B.Itsideascanbeappliedtodailylife.C.Itincludesmentsfromreaders.D.Itleavesanopenending.31.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofWeinersbook?A.Objectiveandplain.B.Daringandambitious.C.Seriousandhardtofollow.D.Humorousandstraightforward.考例2（2021年新高考I卷D篇）Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感的)intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson’smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskillbasedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重視)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwellbeing.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersreevaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.32.Whatisamonmisunderstandingofemotionalintelligence?A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest. B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson'smind.C.Itincludesasetofemotionalskills. D.Itreferstoaperson’spositivequalities.33.Whydoestheauthormention“doctor”and“cheater”inparagraph2?A.Toexplainarule. B.Toclarifyaconcept.C.Topresentafact. D.Tomakeaprediction.34.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A.Favorable. B.Intolerant. C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.35.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?A.Itsappealtothepublic. B.Expectationsforfuturestudies.C.Itspracticalapplication. D.Scientistswithnewperspectives.歷年真題歷年真題速遞1（2018·全國(guó)·高考真題）We’veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeunfortablesilence.What’stheproblem?It’spossiblethatweallhavepromisedconversationalintelligence.It’smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseit’sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit’sannoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.Expertssayit’saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan’tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn’tevenexistifitweren’tforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(潤(rùn)滑劑)forsocialmunication,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast.＂Almosteverygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,＂heexplains.＂Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustmunicatewiththem.＂Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoacoffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction(互動(dòng))withitswaiter;theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience.＂It’snotthattalkingtothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband,＂saysDunn.＂Butinteractionswithperipheral(邊緣的)membersofoursocialnetworkmatterforourwellbeingalso.＂Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk.＂Smalltalkisthebasisofgoodmanners,＂hesays.1．Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?A．Addictiontosmartphones.B．Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C．Absenceofmunicationbetweenstrangers.D．Impatiencewithslowservice.2．WhatisimportantforsuccessfulsmalltalkaccordingtoCarducci?A．Showinggoodmanners. B．Relatingtootherpeople.C．Focusingonatopic. D．Makingbusinessdeals.3．Whatdoesthecoffeeshopstudysuggestaboutsmalltalk?A．Itimprovesfamilyrelationships. B．Itraisespeople’sconfidence.C．Itmattersasmuchasaformaltalk. D．Itmakespeoplefeelgood.4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ConversationCounts B．WaysofMakingSmallTalkC．BenefitsofSmallTalk D．UnfortableSilence2（2024·浙江·統(tǒng)考高考真題）TheStanfordmarshmallow(棉花糖)testwasoriginallyconductedbypsychologistWalterMischelinthelate1960s.Childrenagedfourtosixatanurseryschoolwereplacedinaroom.Asinglesugarytreat,selectedbythechild,wasplacedonatable.Eachchildwastoldiftheywaitedfor15minutesbeforeeatingthetreat,theywouldbegivenasecondtreat.Thentheywereleftaloneintheroom.Followupstudieswiththechildrenlaterinlifeshowedaconnectionbetweenanabilitytowaitlongenoughtoobtainasecondtreatandvariousformsofsuccess.Asadultswefaceaversionofthemarshmallowtesteveryday.We’renottempted(誘惑)bysugarytreats,butbyourputers,phones,andtablets—allthedevicesthatconnectustotheglobaldeliverysystemforvarioustypesofinformationthatdotouswhatmarshmallowsdotopreschoolers.Wearetemptedbysugarytreatsbecauseourancestorslivedinacaloriepoorworld,andourbrainsdevelopedaresponsemechanismtothesetreatsthatreflectedtheirvalue—afeelingofrewardandsatisfaction.Butaswe’vereshapedtheworldaroundus,dramaticallyreducingthecostandeffortinvolvedinobtainingcalories,westillhavethesamebrainswehadthousandsofyearsago,andthismismatchisattheheartofwhysomanyofusstruggletoresisttemptingfoodsthatweknowweshouldn’teat.Asimilarprocessisatworkinourresponsetoinformation.Ourformativeenvironmentasaspecieswasinformationpoor,soourbrainsdevelopedamechanismthatprizednewinformation.Butglobalconnectivityhasgreatlychangedourinformationenvironment.Wearenowceaselesslybombarded(轟炸)withnewinformation.Therefore,justasweneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourcaloricconsumption,wealsoneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourinformationconsumption,resistingthetemptationofthemental“junkfood”inordertomanageourtimemosteffectively.5．WhatdidthechildrenneedtodotogetasecondtreatinMischel’stest?A．Takeanexaminationalone. B．Showrespectfortheresearchers.C．Sharetheirtreatswithothers. D．Delayeatingforfifteenminutes.6．Accordingtoparagraph3,thereisamismatchbetween___________.A．thecaloriepoorworldandourgoodappetitesB．theshortageofsugarandournutritionalneedsC．therichfoodsupplyandourunchangedbrainsD．thetemptingfoodsandoureffortstokeepfit7．Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdo?A．Absorbnewinformationreadily. B．Beselectiveinformationconsumers.C．Usediverseinformationsources. D．Protecttheinformationenvironment.8．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．EatLess,ReadMore B．TheBitterTruthaboutEarlyHumansC．TheLater,theBetter D．TheMarshmallowTestforGrownups3（2023·全國(guó)·統(tǒng)考高考真題）OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathasetobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbeecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollowupstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether”.Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecisionmakingareenormous.9．Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A．Themethodsofestimation. B．Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C．Thecausesofpeople’serrors. D．ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.10．Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A．thecrowdswererelativelysmall B．therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC．individualsdidnotmunicate D．estimateswerenotfullyindependent11．Whatdidthefollowupstudyfocuson?A．Thesizeofthegroups. B．Thedominantmembers.C．Thediscussionprocess. D．Theindividualestimates.12．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving.名校好題速遞名校好題速遞4（2023·云南昆明·昆明一中?？家荒＃㏑ecentlyI’vebeendrawntobookswhichmotivatemetolookatmyself,andhopefullymakemeabetter“me”.TheCouragetoBeDisliked,byIchiroKishimiandFumitakeKoya,hasatitleIjustcan’tgopast.ThebookhastakenJapanbystorm,usingthetheoriesofphilosopherAlfredAdlertocreateconversationsbetweenafictionalphilosopherandayoungman.Theconversationscovermanybroad,interestingandtouchytopics.ThephilosophercharactersticksbythetheoriesofAdler,andexplainshowwearepetenttodetermineourownlives,andbefreeoftheinfluenceofpastexperiencesandothers’expectations.It’sawayofthinkingthatallowsustodevelopthecouragetochangeandtoignorethelimitationsplacedonus.Theseoftenplextopicsareplayedoutinaconversationalstylebetweenthetwomen.Whileit’seasytofollowtheconversations,thetopicswillknockaroundinyourownheadasyouworkoutwhetheryousitonthesideofthephilosopher,theyoungman,orsomewhereinbetween.Thebookiswellreceivedbyreadersprimarilyowingtothefactthatitpresentstwowellbalancedperspectivesinthearguments.You’llfindyourselfdoinghouseholdchores,oratyourkeyboard,unpackingalltheinformationinyourmindandingtoyourownconclusions.Youwillwholeheartedlyagreeonsomepointsandwanttothrowthebookatthewallatothers.Itscontentispolarising(兩極化的)andIcertainlydon’tagreewitheverythingthephilosopherortheyoungmansays,butIthinkthat’sthepoint.TheCouragetoBeDislikedistheretosparkaconversationwithyourselfanddosomeslightlyunfortablesoulsearching.13．Whichcategorydoesthebookbelongto?A．Classicliterature. B．Sciencefiction.C．Philosophytheory. D．Selfimprovement.14．Whichstatementmightthephilosophercharacteragreewith?A．Peoplecantakechargeoftheirlifecourse.B．Peoplearefreeoftheinfluenceoftheirpast.C．Peopleshouldhidetheireagernesstochange.D．Peopleoughttotaketheirlimitationsseriously.15．Howdoesthebookdevelop?A．Bypresentingdialogues. B．Bymakingparisons.C．Byarguingtheoretically. D．Bylistingadequate