歷年考研英語二真題及答案

考研英語二真題及答案

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,

CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Giventheadvantageofelectronicmoney,youmightthinkthatweshouldmovequicklytothecashless

societyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically1,atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthe

corner.Indeed,predictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.Forexample,Business

Weekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoonwrevolutionizethevery3_ofmoneyitself

onlyto4_itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtocashlesssocietybeenso5_incoming

1.AmoreoverBhoweverCthereforeDotherwise

2.AoffBbackCoverDaround

3.ApowerBhistoryCconcept1)sole

4.AreverseBresistCresumeDreward

5.AsilentBslowCsuddenDsteady

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,Cor

D.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Inanessay,entitled“MakingItinAmerica,winthelatestissueofTheAtlantic,theauthorAdam

Davidsonrelatesajokefromcottoncountryaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:The

averagemi11hasonlytwoemployeestoday,“amanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedog,andthedogis

theretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines。"

Davidson'sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthe

reasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentandsaggingmiddle-classincomestodayislargelybecauseof

thebigdropindemandbecauseoftheGreatRecession,butitisalsobecauseofthequantumadvancesinboth

globalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwith

machinesorforeignworkerso

Inthepast,workerswithaverageskills,doinganaveragejob,couldearnanaveragelifestyle.But,

today,averageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon'tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan'twhensomany

moreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlabor,cheaprobotics,cheap

software,cheapautomationandcheapgenius.Therefore,everyoneneedstofindtheirextra—theiruniquevalue

contributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment.Averageisover。

Yes,newtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforever,andalwayswill.Astheysay,ifhorsescouldhave

voted,thereneverwou1dhavebeencars.Butthere'sbeenanacceleration.AsDavidsonnotes,“Inthe10years

endingin2009,[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70

years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs-about6millionintotal-disappeared。"

Andyouain'tseennothin,yet.LastApril,AnnieLowreyofSlatewroteaboutastart-upcalled”E

laCarte”thatisouttoshrinktheneedforwaitersandwaitresses:Thecompany“hasproducedakindofsouped-up

iPadthatletsyouorderandpayrightatyourtable.ThebrainchildofabunchofM.I.T.engineers,thenifty

invention,knownasthePresto,mightbefoundatarestaurantnearyousoon.…Youselectwhatyouwantto

eatandadditemstoacart.DependingontherestaurantJspreferences,theconsolecouldshowyounutritional

information,ingredientslistsandphotographs.Youcanmakespecialrequests,like'dressingontheside'

ortquintuplebacon.’Whenyoutredone,theorderzingsovertothekitchen,andthePrestotellsyouhow

longitwilltakeforyouritemstocomeout.…Boredwithyourcompanions?Playgamesonthemachine.When

you'rethroughwithyourmeal,youpayontheconsole,splittingthebillitembyitemifyouwishandpaying

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howeveryouwant.Andyoucanhaveyourreceipte-mailedtoyou.…Eachconsolegoesfor$100permonth.If

arestaurantservesmealseighthoursaday,sevendaysaweek,itworksoutto42centsperhourpertable一

makingthePrestocheaperthaneventheverycheapestwaiter。"

WhattheiPadwon'tdoinanaboveaveragewayaChineseworkerwill.ConsiderthisparagraphfromSunday,

sterrificarticleinTheTimesbyCharlesDuhiggandKeithBradsheraboutwhyAppledoessomuchofits

manufacturinginChina:wApplehadredesignedtheiPhone*sscreenatthelastminute,forcinganassembly-line

overhaul.Newscreensbeganarrivingatthe[Chinese]plantnearmidnight.Aforemaninunediatelyroused8,000

workersinsidethecompany1sdormitories,accordingtotheexecutive.Eachemployeewasgivenabiscuitand

acupoftea,guidedtoaworkstationandwithinhalfanhourstarteda12-hourshiftfittingglassscreensinto

beveledframes.Within96hours,theplantwasproducingover10,000iPhonesaday.'Thespeedandflexibility

isbreathtaking,'theexecutivesaid.’There'snoAmericanplantthatcanmatchthat.’"

Andautomationisnotjustcomingtomanufacturing,explainsCurtisCarlson,thechiefexecutiveofSRI

International,aSi1iconVaileyidealabthatinventedtheAppleiPhoneprogramknownasSiri,thedigitaipersonal

assistant."Siriisthebeginningofahugetransformationinhowweinteractwithbanks,insurancecompanies,

retailstores,healthcareproviders,informationretrievalservicesandproductservices。"

Therewillalwaysbechange-newjobs,newproducts,newservices.Buttheonethingweknowforsure

isthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolution,thebestjobswillrequireworkerstohave

moreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage.HerearethelatestunemploymentratesfromtheBureau

ofLaborStatisticsforAmericansover25yearsold:thosewithlessthanahighschooldegree,13.8percent;

thosewithahighschooldegreeandnocollege,8.7percent;thosewithsomecollegeorassociatedegree,7.7

percent;andthosewithbachelor,sdegreeorhigher,4.1percento

Inaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyover,therearemanythingsweneedtodotobuttressemployment,

butnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.I.Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthat

everyAmericanhasaccesstopost-highschooleducation。

亞當?戴維森(AdamDavidson)《在美國制造》一文中提到南部種棉地區(qū)的一個笑話，內容涉及現代紡織廠自動化的

程度：如今的普通工廠只有兩個雇員，“個人外加一條狗。人是負責喂狗的，狗是讓人不要靠近機器的?！?/p>

我們的失業(yè)率為何居高不下、中產階級收入為何卜.降，其實大部分是由于大衰退造成的需求大幅下降。這其中也有

全球化和信息科技革命巨大進步的推動：機器或者外國工人取代勞力的速度空前。最近有大量文章都在討論這些，戴維森的

文章只是其中一篇而已。

過去，只要有個一般的手藝，做份普通的工作，工人生活就過得還湊合。但如今，擁有一般水平不行了。不出眾就

沒法像過去一樣活著了。因為現在越來越多的雇主有大把的機會接觸到不錯的外國廉價勞動力、便宜的機器人、廉價的軟件、

低廉的自動化設備和要價低的人才。因此，人人都需要有另外的價值：異于常人的獨特價值能夠讓他們在各自的雇傭市場上

脫穎而出?？科接咕湍苓^日子的時代結束了。

是的，新技術一直就在吞噬我們的工作，將來還會繼續(xù)吞噬。而且喬噬的速度在加快。俗話說，如果馬會投票，那

就永遠不會有小轎車了。如戴維森所言，“2009年之前的十年內，美國工廠裁撤工人速度之快，基本上等于過去70年新增的

工人數量;大概每三個工作崗位就有一個崗位消失了，總共約有600萬之多

還有好戲呢。去年四月，Slate雜志的安妮?洛瑞(AnnieLowrey)寫了―?篇初創(chuàng)公司ElaCarte的文章，其口標是

減少對服務生的需要：這家公司“已經生產出了一種增強版的iPad,它可以讓您在桌邊點菜和買單。也許很快在身邊的餐館

里你就會見到這個麻省理工工程師們的杰作、時髦的發(fā)明Presto了。你可以選擇你想吃的，把它放進小推車里。根據餐館

的選擇，控制設備會顯示營養(yǎng)信息、成分清單和圖片等。你也可以有具體的需求，比如說‘調料放在邊上‘或者'五倍的熏

肉你都決定好之后，訂單立馬會傳到廚房，Presto會告訴你所點的東西花多長時間可以出來。...與同伴等得不耐煩了？

那就再iPad上玩玩游戲吧。吃完飯之后，你可以在控制設備上付款，如果你愿意，你可以一個菜一個菜地分割賬單付款，

你也可以選擇付款方式?你還可以要求將收據發(fā)郵件給你。...使用每個控制設備每月需要100美金。如果?家餐館每天營

業(yè)8小時，每周營業(yè)7天，那么每張餐桌每小時的成本只有42美分：因此Presto比最廉價的服務員都便宜?！?/p>

iPad不能以超常方式做的，中國工人都可以做。來看看查爾斯？杜赫(CharlesDuhigg)和基斯？布拉德舍(Keith

Bradsher)在周日在本報(《紐約時報》)上的?篇美文吧，文中有?段講述了蘋果公司為什么將那么多的生產環(huán)節(jié)放在中國：

“最后一刻，蘋果公司重新設計了iPhone的屏幕，因此裝配線需要全部調整。午夜時分左右，新屏幕開始到達中國工廠。

根據這位執(zhí)行官的敘述，一名領班立即叫醒了公司宿舍的8000名工人。每人領了一份餅干和一杯茶后，就被帶到一個車間，

半小時內，他們就開始了12小時的輪班，將玻璃屏幕裝到斜面框架中。96小時之后，這家工廠每天就能生產1萬臺iPhone.

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'這種速度和靈活性令人目瞪口呆。'這位執(zhí)行官說，’在美國找不到這樣的工廠。

自動化也不僅僅發(fā)生在生產領域，硅谷科技公司孵化器斯坦福國際研究院(SRIInternational)的首席執(zhí)行官柯蒂斯？

卡爾森(CurtisCarlson)說。該公司發(fā)明了蘋果iPhone的個人數字助理服務Siri程序?！霸诟淖兾覀兣c銀行、保險公司、零

售商店、醫(yī)療保健提供商、信息檢索服務公司和產品生產公司的關系方面，Siri只是這個巨大轉變的開始J

變化總是會存在的，新工作、新產品和新服務都會出現。但我們確信無疑的是，全球化和科學技術每前進一步，最

好的工作都會要求工人接收過更多的更優(yōu)質的教育，這樣他們才會超于常人。下面是美國勞工局對美國25歲以上人群的最

新失業(yè)率統(tǒng)計：高中學歷都沒有的失業(yè)率為13.8%;有高中學歷，但沒大學學歷的為8.7船有大學或大專學歷的為7.7%;有學

士甚至更高學位的只有4.1機

在?個平庸者已經無法生存的時代，我們需要做的促進就業(yè)的事情有很多，但沒有哪個比通過像《退伍軍人權利法

案》之類的法案來得重要。只有這樣，才能保證21世紀的每個美國都能接受高中之后的教育。

Text2

Imagineanewimmigrationpolicy

Acenturyago,theimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincludedsettlersandsojourners.Alongwiththe

manyfolkslookingtomakeapermcinenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostay,and

whowouldmakesomemoneyandthengohome.Between1908and1915,about7millionpeoplearrivedwhileabout

2milliondeparted.AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrants,forexample,eventuallyreturnedtoItalyfor

good.Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname,“uccellidipassaggio,*birdsofpassage0

Today,wearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.Wedividenewcomersintotwocategories:legalorillegal,

goodorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthemaking,orbrandthemasaliensfitfordeportation.Thatframework

hascontributedmighti1ytoourbrokenimmigrationsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit。

Wedon'tneedmorecategories,butweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.Weneedtolook

beyondstrictdefinitionsoflegalandi1legal.Tostart,wecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassage,thoseliving

andthrivinginthegrayareas.Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallengeso

Croppickers,violinists,constructionworkers,entrepreneurs,engineei's,homehealth-careaidesand

particlephysicistsareamongtoday,sbirdsofpassage.Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydriven

bytheflowofwork,moneyandideas.Theyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthem.Theycanmanageto

haveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother。

Withorwithoutpermission,theystraddlelaws,jurisdictionsandidentitieswithease.Weneedthem

toimaginetheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanbeproductiveforawhilewithoutcommittingthemselves

tostayingforever.Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwo

nationshonorablyo

Imaginelifewitharadicallydifferentimmigrationpolicy:TheJamaicanwomanwhocameasavisitor

andwaslookingafteryourauntuntilshediedcouldtrylivinginCanadaforawhile.Youcouldeventuallyask

hertocomebacktocareforyourmother。

TheIndiansoftwaredevelopercouldtakesomeofhisSiliconValleyearningshometojoinfriendsin

alittlestart-up,knowingthathecouldalwaysworkinCaliforniaagain.OrtheMexicanlaborerwhobustshis

backonaWisconsindairyfarmforwagesthatkeepmiIkcheapwou1clcomeandgoasneededbecausehecoulddecide

whichdairytoworkfor,andabi-nationalbankprogramwashelpinghimsavemoneytobuildabetterlifefor

hiskidsinMexico。

Accommodatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesoftheimmigration

battle.Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstanding

thatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes,includingsomethatarenoteasy

toaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem。

Anewsystemthatencouragesbothsojournersandsettlerswouldnotonlyhelpensurethatoursociety

receivesthehumanresourcesitwillneedinthefuture,italsocouldhaveanaddedbenefit:Changingtherigid

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frameworkmighthelpusresolvethestatusoftheestimated11millionunauthorizedmigrantswhoareourshared

legacyofpolicyfailures。

Currently,wedonotdograyzoneswell.Hundredsofthousandsofpeopleslosharoundinindeterminate

statusbecausethey'recaughtinbureaucraticlimboorbecausetheyhavebeengrantedtemporarystaysthatare

repeatedlyextended.PresidentBarackObamacreatedapalershadeofgraythissummerbyexercisingprosecutorial

discretionnottodeportsomeyoungpeoplewhowerebroughttothiscountryillegallyaschildren.Butthese

areexceptions,notrules。

Thebasicmechanismforlegalimmigrationtoday,apartfromthespecialcategoryofrefugee,isthelegal

permanentresidentvisa,orgreencard.Mostrecipientsarepeoplesponsoredbycloserelativeswholiveinthe

UnitedStates.Asthenameimplies,thismechanismisdesignedforimmigrantswhoaresettlingdown.Thevisa

canberevokediftheholderdoesnotshow*intenttoremain"bynotmaintainingaU.S.address,goingabroad

toworkfulltimeorjusttravelingindefinitely.Legalresidentsareassumedtobeontheirwaytobecoming

Americans,physically,culturallyandlegally.Afterfiveyearsoflivinghere,theybecomeeligiblefor

citizenshipandachancetogainvotingrightsandfullaccesstothesocialsafetynet。

Thisisafinewaytodealwithpeoplewhoarrivewithdeepconnectionstothecountryandwhoresolve

tostay.Thatcanandshouldbemostimmigrants.Butthismechanismhastwoproblems:Thenationisnotprepared

tooffercitizenshiptoeverymigrantwhoisofferedajob.Andnoteveryonewhocomesherewantstostayforevero

Itmayhaveoncemadesensetothinkofimmigrantsassodbusterswhowerecomingtosettleemptyspaces.

Butthatantiquereasoningdoesnotapplywhenthecountryislookingatalong,steepracetoremaincompetitive

intheworldeconomy,particularlynotwheninnovationandentrepreneurshiparesupposedtobeourcomparative

advantage.Tosucceed,weneedmodernbirdsofpassageo

Thechallengesdifferdependingonwhetheryouarelookingatthehighendoftheskillsspectrum,the

informationworkersoratlow-skiliedlaborers0

Afrequentproposalforhighlyskilledworkerscomeswiththeslogan,“Stapleagreencardtothediploma.

ThatissupposedtoensurethatagreatershareofbrainyinternationalstudentsremainintheUnitedStates

afterearningdegreesinscienceandtechnology.Butwhatiftheyarenotreadyforalong-termcommitment?No

onewouldsuggestthatinvestmentcapitalordesignprocessesneedtoresidepermanentlyinonenation.Talent

todayyearnstobeequallymobile.Ratherthantrytoobligesmartyoungpeoplefromabroadtostayhere,we

shouldallowthemtothinkoftheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanalwaysreturn,aplacewheretheywill

spendpart,notall,oftheirlives,oneofseveralplaceswheretheycanliveandworkandinvesto

Temporary-workerprogramsareaconventionalappi'oachtomeetinglow-skilledlaborneedswithoutillegal

immigration.That,swhatPresidentGeorgeW.Bushproposedin2004,sayingthegovernmentshould“matchwilling

foreignworkerswithwi11ingAmericanemployers."Animmigrantcomestodoaparticularjobfora1imitedperiod

oftimeandthengoeshome.Butsuchprogramsriskreplacingonekindofrigiditywithanother.Therelatively

smallprogramscurrentlyinplacedon'tmanagethematchmakingverywello

Competingdomesticworkersneedtobeprotected,asdothemigrantworkers,andtheprocessmustbenimble

enoughtomeetlabormarketdemand.Nobodyreallyhaspulledthatoff,andthereisnoreasontobelieveitcan

bedoneonagrandscale.Rcitherthantryingtolinkspecificmigrantstospecificjobs,differenttypesoftemporary

workvisascouldbepeggedtoindustries,toplacesortotimeperiods.Youcouldgetanengineeringvisa,not

onlyavisatoworkatIntelo

Bothshort-termvisasandpermanentresidenceneedtobepartofthemix,buttheyarenotthewho1e

answer.Anothervaluabletoolistheprovisionalvisa,whichAustraliausesasakindofintermediarystagein

whichtemporaryinunigrantsspendseveralyearsbeforebecomingeligibleforpermanentresidency.TheU.S.system

practicallyobligesvisitorstospendtimeherewithoutauthorizationwhenthey，vemarriedacitizen,gotten

ajobordonesomethingelsethatqualifiesthemtostaylegally。

WealsocouldborrowfromEuropeandcreatelong-termpermissiontoresideforcertainmigrantsthat

iscontingentonsimplybeingemployed,notonhavingaspecificjob.And,legislationcouldloosenthedefinitions

ofpermanentresidencysothatmigrantscouldgainalifetimerighttoliveandworkintheUnitedStateswithout

havingtobehere(andpaytaxeshere)moreorlesscontinuouslyo

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Theideathatnewcomersareeithersaintsorsinnersisnotwrittenindeliblyeitherinourheartsor

inour1aws.Asthesizeoftheunauthorizedpopulationhasgrownoverthepast20yearsorso,thepolitical

responsehasdictatedseeingimmigrationpolicythroughthestarklensoflawenforcement:

Whomdowelockup,kickout,fenceoff?Prominentpoliticiansofbothparties,includingbothpresidential

candidates,haveengagedinmachoone-upmanshipwhenitcomestoimmigration.So,PresidentObamabrokerecords

fordeportations.MittRomney,meanwhile,vowstobreakrecordsforbordersecurityo

Breakingoutoftheeither/ormentalityopensupmanyavenuesformanagingfutureimmigration.Itcould

alsohelpbreakthestalemateoverthecurrentpopulationofunauthorizedmigrants.Noelectionresultwillproduce

aCongressthatoffersapathtocitizenshipforeverybody,butthereisnosupportfortotaldeportation,either。

Ifweacceptthattherearespacesbetweenlegalandillegal,thenoptionsmultiply。

Citizenshipcouldbeaneventualoutcomeformost,notall,peoplehereillegally,buteveryonewould

getsomekindofpapers,andwecanengineerawayforpeopletoworktheirwayfromonestatustoanother.The

newlyarrivedand1eastattachedcouldbegrantedstatusfora1imitedtimeandreceivehelpwithreturningto

theirhomecountries.Othersmightbeofferedlife-longprivilegestoliveandworkhere,butnotcitizenship.

We'dgivethefullestwelcometothosewithhomes,childrenorlongtimejobs。

ByinsistingthatimmigrantsareeitherAmericansoraliens,wemakeitharderforsomegoodfolksto

comeandweobligeotherstostayforthewrongreasons.Worse,weensurethattherewillalwaysbepeopleliving

amonguswhoareoutsidethelaw,andthatisnotgoodforthemorus。

Text3

BeyondtheBlink

WhentheSupremeCourtannounceditsdecisionontheAffordableCareActlastmonth,themediawentwild.

Therushtojudgmenttookseconds.CNNandFoxNewsinitiallydescribedthedecisionincorrectly,sayingfive

justiceshadstruckdownthelaw.Evenaftercorrections,thesnapanalysisthatfollowedwasn*tveryhelpful.

Themultipartdecisioniscomplex,anditsramificationswilltakemonthsorevenyearstounderstand。

Theblinkresponsetothiscaseisonlythelatestexampleofatroublingincreaseinthespeedofour

reactions.E-mail,socialmediaandthe24-hournewscycleareinformationalamphetamines,acocktailofpills

thatwepopatanincreasinglyfastpace一andthatleadustomakemistakensplit-seconddecisions.Economists

labeltheproblemupresentbias"：wearevulnerabletofast,salientstimulation。

Fortunately,thereisanantidote:theconsciouspause.Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughweareprone

tosnapoverreactions,ifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreact,wecanreduceoreven

eliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquick,hard-wiredresponseso

Forexample,countlessstudieshaveshownthatphysicians'immediate,unconsciousreactionstoracial

minoritiesleadthemtoundertreatblackpatients.InonestudypublishedintheJournalofGeneralInternal

Medicinein2007,researchersaskedseveralhundreddoctorsaboutahypothetical50-year-oldmalepatientwho

showedupwithchestpain.Theresearchersgavethedoctorsaphotographoftheman,randomlyvaryinghisrace.

Halfsawhimaswhite;halfsawhimasblacko

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Sureenough,althoughthedoctorsinsistedtheywerenotraciallybiased,theyweremorelikelyto

prescribethrombolysis,ananti-blood-clottingprocedure,forthewhitepatient,whilegivingtheblackpatient

aless-aggressiveprescription.Thedoctorsdidn'tappearracist,yettheirunconscioussnapreactionsledthem

totreatblacksdifferently—theverydefinitionofracism。

However,aboutoneinfourofthedoctorsguessedthatthestudywasdesignedtotestracialbias.They

stoppedforamomentandconsideredhowtheymightreactdifferentlydependingonrace.Theresearchersfound

thatthis“aware“subgroupdidnottreatpatientsdifferently.Oncetheypausedtoconsiderwhetherracewas

anissue,racewasnolongeranissue。

Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerous,our

brainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquickly,withinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassess

otherfactors.Toaccuratelytel1whethersomeoneissociable,studiesshow,weneedatleastaminute,preferably

five.Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonality,likeneuroticismoropen-mindedness.Ifweneed

tounderstandhowninejusticesresolvedadifficultlegalissue,weneedevenmoretime。

Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapid,evensubliminalstimuliaren'texclusivetotheinterpersonal

rea1m.SanfordDeVoeandChen-BoZhong,psychologistsattheUniversityofToronto,foundthatviewingafast-food

logoforjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20percentfaster,eventhoughreadinghaslittletodowith

eating.Weunconsciouslyassociatefastfoodwithspeedandimpatienceandcarrythoseimpulsesintowhatever

elsewe,redoing.Subjectsexposedtofast-foodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong?

Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsorhousingoptions

whenweseeahappyface(onereasongoodsalesrepresentativesandrealestateagentsarealwayssmiling),

wecantakeamomentbeforebuying.Ifweknowfemalejobscreenersaremorelikelytorejectattractivefemale

applicants,asastudybytheeconomistsBradleyRuffleandZe'evShtudinershows,wecanhelpscreenersunderstand

theirbiases-orhireoutsidescreenerso

JohnGottman,themarriagegurumadefamousinMalcolmGladwel1'sbest-sel1ingbook“Blink,“explains

thatwequickly“thinslice“informationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsin“thicksliced”

long-termstudy.WhenDr.Gottmanreallywantstoassesswhetheracouplewillstaytogether,heinvitesthem

tohisislandretreatforamuchlongerevaluation:twodays,nottwoseconds。

Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesusfromanimals:primates

andclogscanthinkaboutthefutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.Buthistoricallywehavespent

about12percentofourdayscontemplatingthelongertermo

Thebeginningofsummerissupposedtobethetimeforustoslowdownandtakeabreath.Gotothebeach

withafewbooks.Spenddowntimewithfamily.Tuneout.Butinsteadofjumpingintotheswimmingpool,wehave

leaptintoawhirlpoolofnews。

Sti11,althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereact,ithasn,tchangedournature.Westi11have

6

theimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend.Thereareacoupleofsummer

monthsleft,andnotimetowasteo

FrankPartnoyisalawprofessorattheUniversityofSanDiegoandtheauthorof"Wait:TheArtand

ScienceofDelay。

Text4

Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactions,ifwetakeamomentandthink

abouthowwearelikelytoreact,wecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquick,hard-wired

responses.,

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitable

onefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfit

inanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.

YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

46.Icanpickadatefromthepast53yearsandknowinstantlywhereIwas,whathappenedinthenews

andeventhedayoftheweek,I'vebeenabletodothis,sinceIwas4.

Ineverfeeloverwhelmedwiththeamountofinformationmybrainabsorbs.Mymindseemstobeableto

copeandtheinformationisstoredawayneatly.When1thinkofasadmemory.Idowhateverybodydoes-tryto

putittooneside.Idon'tthinkit'sharderformejustbecausemymemoryisclearer.Powerfulmemorydoesn'

tmakemyemotionsanymoreacuteorvivid.Icanrecal1thedaymygrandfatherdiedandthesadnessIfeltwhen

wewenttothehospital