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第一部分基礎(chǔ)知識選修八Unit3—Unit51.了解有關(guān)發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的知識,學(xué)習(xí)發(fā)明家嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、求實(shí)、創(chuàng)新等科學(xué)精神。2.了解希臘神話Pygmalion與蕭伯納戲劇之間在表現(xiàn)形式、人物塑造等方面的異同。3.了解早期人類的生活方式和人類文明的發(fā)展進(jìn)程,增長考古學(xué)知識。一、重點(diǎn)單詞需牢記1.distinguishvi.&vt.顯示……的差別;使……有所不同;辨別distinguishAfromB辨別A與Bbedistinguishedfrom不同于……bedistinguishedby以……為特征bedistinguishedfor因……而著稱distinguishoneself顯揚(yáng)自己;使自己揚(yáng)名Themandistinguisheshimselfbyhiswisdom.這個(gè)人因智慧而揚(yáng)名。distinguishedadj.著名的;卓越的;受人尊敬的;顯得重要的2.productn.產(chǎn)品,產(chǎn)物;產(chǎn)量;出產(chǎn)結(jié)果,成果Theplanwastheproductofmanydaysofcarefulthought.這個(gè)計(jì)劃是許多天仔細(xì)考慮的成果。However,notalladvertisingisaboutsellingproductsandservicesforaprofit.然而,并非所有的廣告都是為了推銷商品和為贏利服務(wù)。produce,production和productproduce作名詞時(shí)多指農(nóng)產(chǎn)品product多指工業(yè)產(chǎn)品production一般指生產(chǎn)過程3.seizevt.抓?。蛔阶。粖Z;占據(jù);(指強(qiáng)烈的感情﹑愿望等)突然影響或控制(某人)Thelittleboystretchedouthishandstoseizethetoy.小男孩伸出雙手去抓玩具。seizeholdofsth.抓住某物seizeachance/anopportunity抓住時(shí)機(jī)seizeon/uponsth.意識到某事物而加以利用seizesb.bythearm抓住某人的手臂seize指突然抓住某物,強(qiáng)調(diào)突然的猛烈動(dòng)作,語氣比catch強(qiáng)。4.bearvt.忍受;忍耐;負(fù)擔(dān)n.熊can'tbeardoing忍受不了做某事Theplanwon'tbearcloseinspection.這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃經(jīng)不起仔細(xì)研究。Idon'tfeelverywell.Ican'tbearthisweather.我感到不太舒服。我受不了這種天氣。tolerate,stand,bear和enduretolerate可與stand換用,tolerate更正式。tolerate可指容忍不同觀點(diǎn)。stand后除可以跟“困難”外更多地接人作賓語。bear則指承受重負(fù)、重量等。endure可指忍受痛苦、苦難、困難等。5.hesitatevi.猶豫;躊躇hesitatetodosth.做某事猶豫不決hesitateabout/over(doing)sth.對某事猶豫不決Istillhesitateaboutjoiningthemintheexploringintheforest.我仍在猶豫是否參加他們的森林探險(xiǎn)。Wewillnothesitatetogiveourlivestoourmotherland.我們可以毫不猶豫地為祖國獻(xiàn)出自己的生命。hesitationn.不愿躊躇;猶豫不決withouthesitation毫不猶豫havenohesitationindoingsth.毫不猶豫干某事6.remarkn.談?wù)摚谎哉?;評述vt.&vi.談?wù)?;評論;說起remarkon/upon...談?wù)?,議論,評論……pass/makearemark批評;發(fā)表議論Everyoneremarkedloudlyonhisabsence.每個(gè)人都在高聲談?wù)撍娜毕idyouremarkthedifferencebetweenthetwinsisters?你覺察出這兩個(gè)孿生姊妹的不同之處了嗎?7.acquaintancen.相識;了解;熟人makeone'sacquaintance=maketheacquaintancewithsb.結(jié)識某人haveapassing/noddingacquaintancewithsb.對……知之甚少ShewasacasualacquaintanceinAmerica.她是我在美國的一個(gè)熟人。 IhavesomeacquaintancewiththeRussian.我懂一點(diǎn)兒俄語。acquaintsb.with...使某人認(rèn)識/了解……Youmustacquaintyourselfwithyournewduties.你必須熟悉你的新任務(wù)。8.robvt.搶劫;盜竊;剝奪robsb.ofsth.搶了某人某物Theyknockedhimdownandrobbedhimofhiswatchandpen.他們把他打倒在地,搶走了他的表和鋼筆。robbern.強(qiáng)盜robberyn.搶劫rob和stealrob意為“搶”,指用暴力奪取別人的東西,其賓語總是人(被劫者)或某一機(jī)構(gòu)(地方),而不是被劫走的物。steal意為“偷”,指暗中竊取別人的東西,其賓語是物,而不是被盜者本人。常用結(jié)構(gòu)是stealsth.fromsb.。9.promisen.&vi.妥協(xié);折中promisewithsb.onsth.和某人就某事達(dá)成妥協(xié)reach/arriveat/workoutapromise達(dá)成妥協(xié)makeapromisewith與……妥協(xié)Wehadtopromisewithhimonthispoint.我們只好就這一點(diǎn)向他妥協(xié)。10.fadevi.&vt.(使)褪色;減弱;逐漸消失Hopesofapeacefulsettlementarenowfading.和平解決的希望正在消失。fadein(電影畫面或廣播聲音)漸現(xiàn),淡入,漸強(qiáng)fadeaway消失,消退,逐漸衰弱fadeout使淡出,使?jié)u隱,使?jié)u弱Thesoundofthefootstepsfadedaway.腳步聲漸漸消失了。11.assumevt.假定;設(shè)想assumethat...假設(shè)……assumeanair/expressionof...裝出……的樣子/表情assumingthat...假定……(作連詞用,相當(dāng)于if)Assumingthatitrains,whatshouldwedo?假定下雨了,我們該怎么辦?assumptionn.假定;設(shè)想;承擔(dān);擔(dān)任makeanassumption假設(shè);認(rèn)為ontheassumptionthat...在假定……的情況下Weareworkingontheassumptionthattherateofinflationwillnotincreasenextyear.我們在假定明年通貨膨脹率不增加的情況下工作。12.significancen.意義;意思;重要性;重要意義Hedidnotunderstandthesignificanceofmywink.他沒有領(lǐng)會(huì)我眨眼的意思。amatteroflittlesignificance無關(guān)緊要的事情beofmuchsignificance重要的(2)完成句子這是重要新聞。Itisanevent__of__significance__.beofno/littlesignificance無關(guān)緊要的significantadj.重要的13.arrestvt.逮捕;吸引n.逮捕;拘留bearrestedforsth.因某事而被捕underarrest被捕;被拘留arrestone'sattention吸引某人的注意Whatshedidarrestedmyattention.她的所作所為吸引了我的注意力。Hewasunderhousearrestuntilthedayofhistrial.直到受審之日為止,他一直被軟禁著。HelearnedthatanotherundergroundPartymemberhadbeenarrested.他聽說另一個(gè)地下黨員被捕了。二、重點(diǎn)短語需精通1.setabout(不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài))開始(某工作);著手做某事Imustsetaboutmypacking.=Imustsetouttopack.我得開始收拾行李了。setabout意為“開始,著手”,與setout同義。setout意為“出發(fā),開始”,側(cè)重于開始做某事,還有規(guī)劃,展現(xiàn)的意思,后加不定式。setoff意為“出發(fā)”,側(cè)重于去某個(gè)地方。2.hangon不掛斷;稍等;緊緊握住Thelineisbusy,wouldyouliketohangon?正在通話中,請別掛斷好嗎?Hangonaminute—I'llbewithyouinamoment!再等一小會(huì),我會(huì)和你一起出去。hanground/around聚集在……附近;閑蕩hangabout閑待著,終日無所事事;閑蕩hangup掛斷;延遲;推遲或擱置3.intermsof...就……來說;從……角度Itisdifficulttoexpressitintermsofscience.要用科學(xué)的字眼來表達(dá)它是很困難的。Intermsofmoney,he'squiterich,butnotintermsofhappiness.就錢來說他很富有,但就幸福來說就不然了。ingeneral/practical/financialterms從總體/實(shí)際/經(jīng)濟(jì)角度來說inrealterms(=infact;asamatteroffact)事實(shí)上inrelativeterms相對而言inthelongterm從長遠(yuǎn)看來intheshortterm在目前看來etotermswithsth.沒法忍受某事etotermswithsb.=maketermswithsb.與……和好;與……達(dá)成協(xié)議4.regardlessof不管;不顧I'lltakethejobregardlessofthepay.不管報(bào)酬多少我都要這份工作。Hesayswhathethinks,regardlessofotherpeople'sfeelings.他怎么想就怎么說,不考慮別人的情緒。regardlessof,disregarding,inspiteof三者意義和用法相同,區(qū)別不大。5.getthrough設(shè)法聯(lián)系上(尤指打通);(設(shè)法)做完;通過考試;用光;用完;使成功;使理解;明白Wewerealldelightedwhenweheardyouhadgotthroughtheexam.聽到你通過考試時(shí),我們都很高興。getacross通過;使……理解getover越過,克服(困難);從(疾病)……恢復(fù)過來getthroughwith結(jié)束;完成;花光(錢財(cái)?shù)?6.cutup切碎;使傷心,嚴(yán)厲批評Peter,whydon'tyoucutupvegetables?彼得,為何不把蔬菜切碎了呢?Thenewsofhisrade'sdeathcuthimupgreatly.他的同志死去的消息,使他極為悲痛。cutoff切斷;剪掉cutdown砍伐;削減cutin打斷cutout剪去,刪去;略去cutup=cutintopieces切成碎片7.dateback追溯到……ThiscastledatesbacktoRomantimes.這個(gè)城堡可追溯到羅馬時(shí)代。Ourpartnershipdatesbackto(=Wehavebeenpartnerssince)1960.我們從1960年就合伙了。datebackto/from用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中,沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。同義短語還有g(shù)oback(to)和datefrom。 三、重點(diǎn)句式能熟用1.Thedayisingwhentelegraphwireswillbelaidontohousesjustlikewaterandgas.這樣的一天即將到來,到那時(shí),電報(bào)線將會(huì)鋪到各家各戶,就像水和煤氣鋪到各家各戶一樣。本句中包含了一個(gè)定語從句,但是先行詞theday和定語從句whentelegraphwireswillbelaidontohousesjustlikewaterandgas并沒有緊跟在一起,所以這是一個(gè)典型的分隔式定語從句。ThefilmbroughtthehoursbacktomewhenIwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage。這部電影把我?guī)Щ氐皆谀莻€(gè)遙遠(yuǎn)的村莊里得到很好照顧的那些時(shí)光。Thedaysaregonewhenwesufferedsomuch.我們受苦受難的日子將一去不復(fù)返了。2.WhatifIwas?如果我是又怎樣呢?在這個(gè)句子中的Whatif...?意為“如果……會(huì)怎樣/怎么樣?”,通常用來表示令人不快的情況或提出有益的建議。Whatifsomethinggoeswrong?要是出了問題將會(huì)怎么樣?Itsoundslikeagoodoffer,butwhatifitisatrick?那個(gè)提議聽起來很誘人,但如果是個(gè)騙局會(huì)怎么樣?3.Ifonlyitcouldbejustlikelastyear!要是能像去年那樣就好了!本句中的Ifonly意為“但愿……;要是……就好了”。其后一般用虛擬語氣。如果是對現(xiàn)在的虛擬,則用一般過去時(shí);如果是對過去的虛擬,則用過去完成時(shí)。IfonlyIhadmoremoney!要是我有更多的錢就好了!Ifonlythealarmclockhadrung.當(dāng)時(shí)鬧鐘響就好了?!纠?】(1)使用恰當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空①Canyoudistinguish__between__thosetwoobjects?②Speechdistinguisheshumanbeings__from__theanimals.③TheChinesenationisdistinguished__for__itsdiligenceandcourage.(2)完成句子Childrenshouldbetaughtto__distinguish__right__from__wrong__(分辨好壞).【例2】用produce,production或product的適當(dāng)形式填空①Theplaceisknownforitsdairyproduce.②Thousandsofmenwereemployedintheproductionofcars.③Theycamehereinsearchofnewmarketsfortheirproducts.【例3】用seize的適當(dāng)形式填空①Hisfatheraskedhimto__seize__the__chance__tomakesomemoney(抓住時(shí)機(jī)賺一些錢).②We__were__seized__(身不由己)byasuddenimpulsetorun.③Thecritics__seized__on__(抓住)mymistakeandsaidIwasignorant.【例4】(1)用tolerate,stand,bear和endure的適當(dāng)形式填空①Whatcan'tbecuredmustbe__endured__.②He__stood__thetestofwar.③Intheend,Icouldnot__bear__it.④Consideringhishomesituation,hehadto__tolerate__hiswife.(2)用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空Shejustcan'tbear__having__(have)catsinthehouse.【例5】用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空①Hewasstill__hesitating__(hesitate)overwhethertojointheexpedition.②Hedidnothesitate__to__ask__(ask)hertositbesidehim.=Hedidnothesitateabout__asking__(ask)hertositbesidehim.③Withoutany__hesitation__(hesitate),hejumpedintotherivertosavethedrowningchild.④There'snoroomfor__hesitation__(hesitate).【例6】完成句子①他們對她的相貌妄加評論,這讓她很氣惱。Theymaderude__remarks__aboutherappearance,whichmadeherupset.②那批評的話是對我說的嗎?Doesthat__remark__refertome?【例7】根據(jù)句意完成句子①Themusicianhadlittleacquaintance__with__modernscience.②Iamdelightedto__make__youracquaintance.③Shehasmany__acquaintances__inthebusinessmunity.④Ihavesomeacquaintance__with__Spanish.⑤Ineedto__acquaint__myselfwiththenewregulations.【例8】(1)用rob的適當(dāng)形式填空The__robbers__robbed__thejewellerystoreinbroaddaylight.TheTVnewsreportedtherobbery__assoonaspossible.(2)完成句子①He__stole__much__money__from__the__shop__(偷了那家商店的很多錢)butwascaughtsoonafter.②Aman__robbed__her__of__her__purse____(搶了她的錢包),andpushedherdownfiercely.【例9】完成句子①兩國之間的政治和解已經(jīng)取得進(jìn)展。Progresshasbeenmadetowardsapolitical__promise__betweenthetwonations.②兩國間的紛爭通過互相讓步而解決了。Thedisputebetweenthetwocountrieswassolved__by__promise__.【例10】用適當(dāng)?shù)亩陶Z填空①當(dāng)男主角策馬向夕陽馳去時(shí),尾聲音樂逐漸消失。Theclosingmusic__fades__out__whentheheroridesoffintothesunset.②照片中的人物逐漸褪色。Thefiguresinthepicturehadbegunto__fade__away__.【例11】(1)用assume的適當(dāng)形式填空①我是在假定能拿到錢的情況下工作。I'mworkingonthe__assumption__thatthemoneywillethrough.②許多人認(rèn)為貧困僅存在于第三世界。Alotofpeoplemakethe__assumption__thatpovertyonlyexistsintheThirdWorld.(2)句型轉(zhuǎn)換Iassumedthathewaswellqualifiedfortheposition.=I__made__an__assumption__thathewaswellqualifiedfortheposition.【例12】(1)用significance的適當(dāng)形式填空我認(rèn)為他從不知道他自己的父親是誰這點(diǎn)很重要。Ithinkitwas__significant__thatheneverknewhisownfather.【例13】(1)使用恰當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空①Igotarrested__for__carelessdriving.②Herunclewas__under__arrest,butnobodyknewthereason.(2)用arrest的適當(dāng)形式填空①Fiveyouths__were__arrested__inconnectionwiththeattack.②Thepublicapplaudedthe__arrest__ofthecriminalsuspect.【例1】用setoff,setout,setabout的適當(dāng)形式填空①Theysucceededinwhattheyhad__set__out__todo.②Havingmadeuphismind,he__set__about__carryingouttheplan.③Ifyouwanttocatchthattrainwe'dbetter__set__off__forthestationimmediately.【例2】用hang或其相關(guān)短語的適當(dāng)形式填空①She__hung__up__thephoneangrilybeforeIcouldspeak.②He__was__hanged__formurder.③Thecurtain__hangs__well.④__Hang__on__aminute;I'mjusting.【例3】完成句子①這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)就兒童所掌握的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容方面發(fā)現(xiàn)什么差異嗎?Didtheexperimentfindanydifferences__in__terms__of__whatchildrenlearned?②單純從經(jīng)濟(jì)的角度描繪一個(gè)社會(huì)是錯(cuò)誤的。Itwouldbewrongtodescribeasocietypurely__in__economic__terms__.③從長遠(yuǎn)看,運(yùn)動(dòng)/鍛煉對你的健康有益。__In__the__long__term__,__doingexerciseisgoodtoyourhealth.【例4】完成句子①俱樂部對所有新成員不分年齡一律歡迎。Theclubwelesallnewmembers__regardless__of__age.②不管天氣怎樣,我都會(huì)去。Iwillgo__regardless__of__theweather.【例5】完成句子①ItriedringingyouseveraltimesyesterdaybutIcouldn't__get__through__(toyou).②He'snotverygoodat__getting__hisideas__across__.③Hewasdisappointedatnotgettingthejob,buthe'll__get__over__it.【例6】用cut相關(guān)短語的適當(dāng)形式填空①Herlittlefingerwas__cut__off__inanaccidentatthefactory.②She__cut__out__theadvertisementofthenewspaper.③I'msorryto__cut__in__onyourconversation.④Ihaven'tgivenupdrinkingbutI'm__cutting__down__.【例7】完成句子——你知道中國海軍是什么時(shí)候建立的嗎?——是1949年四月?!猈henwasthePeople'sLiberationArmy'sNavyfounded?—It__dates__back__to__theAprilof1949.【例1】完成下列定語從句①Thereisamandownstairs__who__wantstoseeyou.②Iwastheonlypersoninmyoffice__who__wasinvited.③HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfields,__when__Ishouldhavestudied.④Canyoumentionanyonethatweknow__who__issotalentedashe?【例2】選擇合適的答案__What__if__(Whatif/Whatabout)wegoandseeafilmtomorrownight?Whatif...?后面跟的是句子。Whatabout和Howaboutsth./doingsth.用法相同,用于提建議,后接名詞或動(dòng)名詞?!纠?】用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空LookatthetroubleIamin!IfonlyI__had__followed__(follow)youradvice.一、單句語法填空1.The__merciful__(mercy)kingsavedtheyoungofficersfromdeath.2.Isit__convenient__(convenience)foryoutoenextSunday?3.Hewas__cautious__(caution)aboutmittinghimselftoanything.4.Thatwewereawardedagoldmetalforourproductwasindeedoutof/beyondour__expectation__(expect).5.It'sverycoldtoday;thetemperaturehasdroppedto__freezing__(freeze)point.6.The__adaptation__(adapt)ofanimalstotheenvironmentisratherslow.7.Sometimeswhatwesayisoften__mistaken__(mistake)byothers.8.Inthepost-office,mail__is__classified__(classify)accordingtotheplaceswhereitistogo.9.Thiseventwasorganizedin__association__(associate)withtheSportsCouncil.10.Thejudge__condemned__(condemn)thethieftooneyearofhardlabor.二、用短語的適當(dāng)形式填空callup,castdown,nowandagain,oncemore,diveinto,outof

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